Metalurgy

The characterization of non-metallic inclusions is of great importance for the production of metals and alloys. The precise determination of their size, abundance, shape and chemistry is of crucial interest to control and to improve production and quality of steel or other alloys. For two years, a combined research team including ERAMET RESEARCH and AUBERT & DUVAL has developed a new characterization method based on automated SEM measurements. This method allows analyzing centimeter-sized samples within a few hours. Each inclusion with a diameter larger than two microns is detected and analyzed. A fast BSE measurement coupled with EDS analyzes, calibrated with a microprobe, enables to establish precisely, for each inclusion, its size, morphology, chemistry and mineral composition. The main advantage of this method, in comparison with the other commercially available applications, is that with increasing inclusion size, the amount of chemical analyses can be increased. It is even possible to determine the compositional variations within large inclusions. In particular, these data are used to plot inclusion compositions on thermodynamically derived phase diagrams. It is also possible to establish the evolution based on variations in inclusion chemistries during a process. This method is efficient, both on samples originating from liquid metal sampling and on forged samples.

INTRODUCCIÓN La artesanía del metal en Egipto ha constituido un estudio a través de sus tecnologías, su funcionalidad, su significado social y divino y su extensión territorial. El origen del trabajo metalúrgico en Egipto y Próximo Oriente está muy ligado a la aparición de asentamientos permanentes, el cambio de una economía recolectora por la domesticación agrícola y ganadera. Las evidencias de producción metalúrgica más tempranas se hallan en Irán y el Oriente Próximo, en torno al 6500-5000 a.C. En Egipto el proceso fue similar al de Mesopotamia, los primeros asentamientos surgen en torno al VI milenio a.C., con las culturas de Merimdé, del Fayum, Asyut, Badari y Naqada. Los primeros metales en ser explotados fueron el cobre y el oro. Ahondaremos, pues, en el desarrollo de la minería, los principales metales explotados en Egipto y su significado social.

La extracción con disolventes se emplea con tres fines fundamentales: de con-centrar, purificar y separar sus elementos o metales disueltos. Normalmente estas mi-siones van acopladas, pero el predominio de cada una hace que la extracción con disol-ventes tenga una función específica y que se intercale en distinto ‹‹sitio›› de un proceso metalúrgico.

Simpson, E., ed. The Adventure of the Illustrious Scholar: Papers Presented to Oscar White Muscarella. Leiden: Brill, 2018.

The Adventure of the Illustrious Scholar: Papers Presented to Oscar White Muscarella, edited by Elizabeth Simpson, is a Festschrift celebrating the career of one of the foremost archaeologists of the ancient Near East. Oscar Muscarella is a former curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and a formidable scholar who has excavated at sites in Turkey, Iran, and the United States. He has published eight books and nearly 200 articles, excavation reports, and reviews on topics ranging from the arts of antiquity and the importance of connoisseurship, to the difficulties of dating and the problems of forgeries, the looting of ancient sites, and the antiquities trade. The forty-seven contributors are experts in the areas of Muscarella's interests and are major scholars in their fields. This volume constitutes an unusual, important, and timely addition to the archaeological and art historical literature.

Con el presente trabajo se persigue facilitar el conocimiento básico que permita un reciclado de los polvos de acería de la forma más integral posible, mejorando las tecnologías actuales (Método Waelz y otros), al objeto de eliminar los graves problemas medioambientales que representan los óxidos de acería y similares, y todo ello sin olvidar una perspectiva económica rentable.

The Brazilian House of Representatives has taken an active role in the last three years in helping provide for liability and redress from global mining and smelting corporations. The House’s Committee on Human Rights and Minorities has conducted investigations that unearthed a complex web of corporations, both Brazilian and foreign-owned, which have been evading their responsibilities for serious damage to the environment and to the health of thousands of Brazilian citizens. 
The Committee’s works have revealed that the Plumbum/Peñarroya group is active throughout the country, leaving a tragic wake of liabilities. In cooperation with the Office of Public Prosecutors, the House is studying the feasibility of out-of-court negotiations to settle the various suits, through civil and labor redress and through compensation to the Brazilian state for all the investments it has made and will still have to make to treat its people and the environment polluted with lead and other heavy metals.
Achieving a resolution to this conflict, with such alarming social and environmental consequences, now looks like a feasible objective. The millions of tons of lead slag that have been dumped haphazardly around Brazilian cities are apparently no longer just waste or tailings. Today they seem to have become a valuable resource. The company ultimately liable for that pollution, through its various national and international personae, now has the technology and the wherewithal to recycle and reuse those pollutants. This hopeful circumstance opens up a useful avenue for negotiation.

Cet ouvrage fait suite à la tenue d’un Séminaire Archéologique de l’Ouest sur la relation entre l'Homme et son environnement pendant l'âge du Fer dans l'Ouest de la France, qui s'est déroulé le 24 mars 2014 à l’Université de Nantes. La plupart de ces communications a donné lieu à des articles traitant de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles, tant végétales, animales que minérales, mais aussi de l’impact de  l’Homme sur son environnement, et ceci à travers des disciplines aussi variées que l'anthracologie, l'archéozoologie, l'ichtyologie, la malacologie terrestre et marine, la pétrographie et les productions métalliques.
Marqués par leur pluridisciplinarité, ces actes rassemblent des articles d’intérêt majeur, puisqu’ils proposent des synthèses auxquelles s’ajoutent des données récentes et originales, issues pour la plupart de sites récemment fouillés en archéologie préventive. Ils offrent ainsi un état très actuel de la recherche sur la question des interactions Homme/milieu durant l'âge du Fer et participent à une meilleure compréhension des systèmes socio-économiques de ces communautés.

mots-clés : archéologie environnementale, âge du Fer, Ouest de la France

This publication follows on from a seminar which took place on the 24th of March 2014 at the University of Nantes and approached the question of the relationship between people and their environment during the Iron Age in Western France. During this seminar, various works on environmental disciplines were presented addressing a common period, the Iron Age. Most of these papers led to articles dealing mainly with the exploitation of natural resources, vegetal, animal and mineral, but also with the impact of people on their environment, through studies of archaeobotany, archaeozoology, ichthyology, terrestrial and marine malacology, petrography and metal production studies.
Characterized by their pluridisciplinarity, these proceedings gather articles of major interest as they provide synthesis, recent and original data, coming from recent rescue excavations. Dealing exclusively with Iron Age they contribute to a better understanding of the socio-economic systems of these communities.

Key-words: environmental archaeology, Iron Age, Western France.

Meningkatnya permintaan produk dari konsumen membuat aktifitas
produksi padat, namun disisi lain ada beberapa permasalahan pada produktifitas yang belum terselesaikan membuat aktifitas produksi terhambat dan harus menambah jam kerja secara berkelanjutan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh hardness material kuningan dan clearance pada progressive die terhadap kualitas produk kunci serta menentukan clearance yang optimal untuk proses produksi. Penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode eksperimental suguhan untuk mengkaji sebab akibat dalam keadaan yang tidak memungkinkan,
dengan dilakukan pembagian menjadi dua bagian, yaitu kelompok treatment dan kelompok kontrol. Penelitian menggunakan variasi kekerasan material kuningansebagai kelompok treatment dan variasi clearance progressive die sebagai kelompok kontrol, material die menggunakan SKD11 yang sebelumnya dipanaskan agar memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi serta quenching dengan teknik modusi agar
memiliki kerapatan yang baik agar lebih mudah proses analisa pada die. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan progressive die. Pengukuran ketinggian burr diukur dengan dial indicator. Hasil dari penelitian adalah semakin kecil clearance maka akan semakin besar burr yang dihasilkan, semakin besar clearance maka akan menghasilkan burr yang semakin besar, akan tetapi semakin kecil clearance dengan hardness material yang tinggi maka semakin kecil burr yang dihasilkan namun visual kurang baik untuk pemakaian jangka panjang, sedangkan semakin
lebar clearance dengan hardness material lembek maka semakin kecil burr yang dihasilkan, namun terlalu lebar clearance dengan hilangnya burr samping tetapi akan timbul potongan tidak sempurna pada tekstur potongan. Besarnya gaya yang dibutuhkan untuk memotong part adalah minimal 77,3 ton.

The paper offers results of an analysis of spurs with terminals arms bent inside made from copper alloys (so-called Technotype I). These artefacts are divided into a few variants based on the differences in the height of the arch. In former archaeological literature, spurs with the lowest arch were considered as the earliest ones. The analysis of the topography and chronology of finds, combined with results of examinations of the chemical composition of alloys suggests that spurs of Variants A and B-C are not evolutionary links, but two different groups of specimens, with the same chronology but separate territory of use and different chemical composition.

artoloni, G., La Lupa capitolina nuove prospettive di studio; IL PUNTO DI VISTA DELLE SCIENZE: ANALISI RADIOMETRICHE E TECNICHE: Formigli, E., La tecnologia; Giardino, C., Aspetti archeometallurgici; Lombardi, G., Lo studio dei residui di terra di fusione; Martini, M., La datazione dei residui di terra di fusione; Sannibale, M., Per un approccio calibrato all' esame tecnologico; IL PUNTO DI VISTA DELLO STORICO: ICONOGRAFIA E STILE: Carandini, A., L' opinione di uno studioso di Roma antica; Colonna, G., Un monumento pubblico dell' inizio della Repubblica; Cracco Ruggini, L., L' opinione di uno storico; La Rocca, E., Una questione di stile; Mura Sommella, A., Contributo alla lettura dell' opera; Parisi Presicce, C., Un opera bronzea di stile severo; Roncalli, F., Volontà d' arte, stile e téchne.

Resumen: Más allá de la simple existencia, se sabía muy poco de la explotación medieval de los yacimientos férricos del Moncayo. El presente estudio demuestra que se remonta, de forma probada, al siglo XIII, aunque es muy posible que sus raíces se retrotraigan, como mínimo, al siglo anterior. Reproduciendo con notable fidelidad los grandes flujos de avance y retroceso de la minería europea e integrando las novedades tecnológicas en el ámbito de la forja que iban sucediéndose, la producción de hierro del Moncayo alcanza cotas interesantes a fines de la Edad Media. Estos resultados, aunque modestos en comparación con los de las grandes áreas férricas del Cantábrico, debieron tener un efecto visible en la economía regional.

Palabras clave: hierro, siderurgia, minería, Moncayo, Aragón.

Abstract: We have few information about working on iron beds in the area of mount Moncayo in the Middle Ages, except for its only existence. This  study shows that those works can be proved for XIIIth century and,  perhaps they have some roots, at least, in the previous century. The iron production in mount Moncayo reaches interesting levels at the end of Middle Ages. It reproduces accurately the movements of European mining, going ahead or going back, and it integrates technological advances that were made in industrial sector. These results, even though they seem not very big, -if we compare them with the rest of great mining areas in the Cantabric coast-, must have been quite profitable for the local economy.

Keywords: Iron, iron industry, mining, Moncayo, Aragon.

Novim arheološkim istaživanjima na gradini Čolaci u Donjem Vakufu su zabilježene velike količine hematitne rude. Procesi rafiniranja, topljenja i obrade željezne rude su evidentirani brojnim ostacima amorfne željezne rude, troske koja je rezultat primarne i sekundarne metalurške obrade, te ostacima ognjišta/peći. Stoga se u radu donose rezultati istraživanja vezanih za talioničarsku djelatnost u naselju, kroz specifičnu grupu metalurških nalaza koji kvantitetom ukazuju na moguće postojanje metalurškog centra na prostoru srednjobosanske kulturne grupe u kojem su se odvijali procesi primarne metalurške aktivnosti.

Die Autoren zeigen in dieser Arbeit den archäologischen Aspekt der Entwicklung der Metallurgie in Gebiet der mittelbosnische KulturGruppe während der Eisenzeitära. Die vorgeschichtliche Wallburgsiedlung Čolaci bei Donji Vakuf ist ein neuer Fundort der mittelbosnischen KulturGruppe. Die 2010 durchgeführten Forschungsaktivitäten hatten einen Probecharakter und dienten der Orientierung, um detaillierte Einsicht in Kulturschichten zu bekommen. Die vorgeschichtliche Siedlung Čolaci bei Donji Vakuf war früher in wissenschaftlicher Literatur nicht bekannt und ebenfalls unbekannt als potenzieller archäeologischer Fundort...

This is an introductory summary report presents the discussion organized by the department to the Prehistory Archaeological Institute and Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Is a discussion on Status of studies of so-called transition period in Bulgaria.

Since the 12th century in the Silesian-Cracovian area, lead, litharge, and silver have been produced by the pyrometallurgical processing of Pb-Ag-Zn ore. Slags and soils contaminated with heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, As) were the subject of this research. Samples were collected during archaeological works in the area of early medieval metallurgical settlement. The main goals of the analyses (Scanning Electron Miscroscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)) were the determination of the mineralogical composition of furnace batches and smelting temperatures and conditions. In soils, the anthropogenic phases enriched in Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, P, and primary minerals like goethite, ferrihydrite, sphalerite, galena, smithsonite, minrecordite, cerussite, gypsum, anglesite, jarosite, and hemimorphite were identified. The soil from former metallurgical settlements contained up to 1106 mg•kg −1 Pb, 782 mg•kg −1 Zn, 4.7 mg•kg −1 Cd in the fine fraction. Much higher heavy metal concentrations were observed in the waste products of ore rinsing, up to 49,282 mg•kg −1 Pb, 64,408 mg•kg −1 Zn, and 287 mg•kg −1 Cd. The medieval smelting industry and Pb-Ag-Zn ore processing are marked by highly anomalous geochemical pollution (Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba) in the topsoil. The methods of mineralogical investigation, such as SEM-EDS or EMPA, can be used to identify mineralogical phases formed during metallurgical processes or ore processing. Based on these methods, the characteristic primary assemblage and synthetic phases were identified in the area polluted by medieval metallurgy and mining of Pb-Ag-Zn ores, including MVT (Mississippi Valley Type) deposits. The minerals distinguished in slags and the structural features of metal-bearing aggregates allow us to conclude that batches have included mostly oxidised minerals (PbCO 3 , ZnCO 3 , CaZn(CO 3) 2 , FeOOH), sulfides (PbS and ZnS) and quartz (SiO 2). The laboratory experiment of high-temperature heating of the examined slags showed that smelting temperatures used in the second half of 13th century were very high and could have reached up to 1550 • C. The results indicate, that geochemical and mineralogical methods can be used to obtain important information from archaeological sites, even after archaeological work has long ceased.

In this paper we present the study of the copper-base assemblage of the Late Iron Age (c. 100–400 BC/AD) moated site of Lovea in northwestern Cambodia. Fourteen artefacts, approximately 20% of the metals assemblage, including bracelets, rings and earrings, were analysed for their elemental and lead isotopic composition, and these data compared with existing Southeast Asian archaeometallurgical databases. Results indicate the presence of bronze, leaded bronze, and possibly high-tin bronze alloys on-site. The unleaded-bronzes exhibit a strong consistency with the lead isotope signature of Sepon in central Laos, a major prehistoric copper production centre. We propose that the apparent presence of a sole copper source, when others were available, may be linked to economic and/or cultural factors during a period of increasing social complexity.