Lawsuit

Gallo-römische Bischöfe und ihr wachsender Einfluss während Spätantike und Frühmittelalter haben in der Forschung seit einiger Zeit Konjunktur. Während bisherige Arbeiten dabei zumeist auf verschiedene Gesichtspunkte bischöflicher Autorität abzielten, nimmt vorliegende Studie solche Situationen in den Blick, in denen bischöfliche Macht herausgefordert wurde und an ihre Grenzen stieß. Die Untersuchung zu Loyalitätskonflikten zwischen Bischöfen und Königen geht zum einen der Frage nach, welche politischen und sozialen Konstellationen für das Aufkommen der Konflikte verantwortlich waren. Zum anderen wird untersucht, wie die Zeitgenossen mit den Konfliktsituationen umgingen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass durch die Austarierung der Zuständigkeitsbereiche der königlichen und bischöflichen Gerichtsbarkeit konkrete Mechanismen entwickelt wurden, die den beteiligten Akteuren eine einvernehmliche Beilegung der Auseinandersetzungen in Aussicht stellten. Indem bewusst darauf verzichtet wird, die Thematik aus einer klassisch-verfassungsgeschichtlichen Perspektive zu betrachten, und statt dessen auf die historischen Akteure fokussiert wird, verspricht die Untersuchung neue und grundsätzliche Einblicke in das Verhältnis von Königtum und Episkopat.

Kárpátalját 47 évig uralta a szovjet hatalom, amelynek erőszakos kommunista ideológiája erkölcsromboló társadalmi folyamatokat indított el. Ezek nem múltak el a rendszer eltűntével, sajnos kézzel foghatóan jelen vannak mindennapjainkban. Amit a Kommunizmus Bűnei Alapítvány megfogalmazott, az nem csak a mai magyarországi társadalomra, hanem a kárpátaljai magyar közösségre is igaz (a jelenleg aktív korúakra éppúgy, mint a fiatalságra): a szisztematikus kommunista félrevezetés eredménye képen csak nagyon nehezen tudnak tájékozódni a társadalmi, politikai, és erkölcsi kérdésekben. Hiányzik a biztos fogódzó, amelyet a múlt ismerete meg tudna adni. A koncepciós perekkel leggyakrabban az iskolai történelem tananyagban találkozunk, s hajlamosak vagyunk azt hinni, ez csak tőlünk messze, idegen és/vagy fontos emberekkel történt/történhetett meg. Pedig a szovjet csapatok 1944-es bevonulása után vidékünkön valószínűleg nem volt olyan magyar település, ahol ne tartóztattak volna le tucatnyi, vagy több tucatnyi embert, akiket aztán zárt bírósági tárgyalás során, koholt vádak alapján ítéltek el. Tanulmányomban e mai napig csak tisztogatott képből szeretnék egy újabb darabkát megmutatni, amely a jelenlegi Kárpátalja Nagybereg községében történt anno, de szinte mindegyik kárpátaljai magyar faluban lejátszódott, csak más nevekkel és történetekkel.

ENG
Domestic workers in Spain occupy a vulnerable position in the labor market, and in society in general, due to economic, legal and cultural factors. Because of this vulnerability, they are frequently accused of crimes by their employers, in particular theft, robbery or fraud. These accusations, in fact, hide work-related motives and reveal the defenselessness of the workers in the face of the justice system, as well as unequal dynamics in their relationships with employers, legal and state agents. We address two judicial cases reconstructed from direct testimonies. Showing overlaps in the legal and moral dimensions of law, we highlight the banalization of criminal accusations by employers; the use of the frame of deservingness by all parties; the cruelty in the action of employers and their representatives; and the objective risks that the workers are submitted to when performing their work in private homes. We also address the stigmas and prejudices related to gender, class and race that give credibility to the lawsuits and determine, to a large extent, their outcomes. Contrary to what we might expect, the law becomes an instrument of aggression to sustain injustice, defenselessness and vulnerability.

CAST
Las trabajadoras del hogar en España ocupan una posición vulnerable en el mercado laboral, y en general en la sociedad, causada por un complejo entramado de factores económicos, legales y culturales. Esta vulnerabilidad se traduce en una exposición elevada a acusaciones de tipo penal, principalmente por hurto, robo o estafa, las cuales esconden, en realidad, motivaciones laborales. Estas acusaciones desvelan la indefensión que sufren las trabajadoras en el ámbito de la justicia estatal, así como significados y dinámicas de fondo en su relación con empleadores/as, operadores jurídicos y agentes del Estado. Abordamos aquí dos casos judicializados, reconstruidos a partir de testimonios directos. Mostrando las imbricaciones de las dimensiones legales y morales del derecho, destacamos: la banalización de las acusaciones penales por los/as empleadores/as; la interpretación en términos de merecimiento por todas las partes; el ensañamiento con que actúan los/as empleadores/as y sus representantes; y los factores objetivos de riesgo que sufren las trabajadoras al desempeñar su labor en domicilios particulares. También analizamos los estigmas y prejuicios de género, clase y raza que otorgan credibilidad a las demandas y determinan, en gran medida, los procesos judiciales. Contrariamente a lo que podríamos esperar, el derecho se convierte en un instrumento de agresión para sostener injusticias, indefensiones y vulnerabilidades.

O presente trabalho busca apresentar a importância da arquitetura de metadados para a adequada organização e recuperação da informação. Primeiro é feito um panorama do volume excessivo de processos judiciais em tramitação no Brasil para depois discorrer sobre
as possibilidades na utilização adequada dos metadados em auxílio à tramitação e julgamento mais ágeis com o objetivo de reduzir a taxa de congestionamento existente. Em seguida, são feitas considerações iniciais sobre os metadados e a arquitetura instituída pelo Conselho
Nacional de Justiça. São depois abordados os metadados existentes para assunto, classe e tramitações dos processos judiciais, bem como para o resultado de decisões judiciais. Foi observada a necessidade de ajustes nas tabelas para que a informação possa ser representada
com maior precisão, em especial no que se refere ao assunto processual. A utilização de metadados para a recuperação de informação de processos judiciais ainda não foi objeto de
estudos no Brasil, o que abre muito campo para futuras pesquisas no assunto.

This study aims to present the importance of metadata architecture for the suitable organization and retrieval of information. First an overview is made of the excessive volume of lawsuits pending in Brazil and then discuss the possibilities in the appropriate use of metadata to aid in processing and more agile trial aiming to reduce the rate of existing
congestion. Then, initial considerations on the metadata and the architecture established by the National Council of Justice are made. Are then discussed the existing metadata for subject, class and formalities of the lawsuits as well as for the result of judicial decisions. The need for adjustments were observed in the tables so that the information can be represented with greater accuracy, especially in regard to the procedural issue. The use of metadata for information retrieval lawsuits has not yet been the subject of studies in Brazil, which opens much scope for future research on the subject.

Many construction projects in Thailand had insignificant conflicts that led to significant damages on stakeholders which main factors were the stakeholders. This article shows the factors causing the conflicts. The data were collected from the questionnaires. The factors were analyzed and ranked with the Relative Importance Index (RII). The factors with the highest indices in each group were as follows: the construction modification employers, designers causing design problems, constructors, worker shortage, three groups of the stakeholders, and misunderstandings about the completion levels. The three groups of the stakeholders demonstrated the problems before the construction projects that affected the constructions. For the employers, the worker shortage was the factor reflecting the unskilled workers in the construction industry and resulting in the low quality constructions.

In launching its military campaign against Ukraine four years ago, Russia violated not only fundamental norms and principles of international law, but also a slew of bilateral and multilateral agreements. Ukraine has, thus, chosen to defend itself using conventional (military) means as well as legal challenges in international courts. The application of various international arbitration mechanisms, including the PCA, become one of these non-military instruments to force consequences on the aggressor.

In legal contexts, lawsuits are considered important documents because they involve verdicts or the same decision of the judicial authority. All or some of the verdicts of the dispute are resolved. So, they are binding and decisive. By examining the texts, it was clearly seen that they are elliptic and ambiguous, including some verbs and nominal groups that according to equivalent-deletion rules are omitted. Moreover, these ambiguities and ellipsis arose over the coordination of one verb with another one by using and as relative clause in order to avoid repetition. The nominal groups as subjects which are omitted because of the topicalization to make a passive sentence, is another ambiguous factor. Therefore, the first question of this article is what each clause of the written lawsuits represents according to Halliday's transitivity model and the second question of the research seeks which processes, participants, and circumstances have the most frequency. The above discussion leads to selecting and analyzing 48 criminal and legal lawsuits randomly from the 50s to the 90s by utilization of the transitivity model of Halliday's ideational metafunction as an efficient tool. Frist of all, the ellipsis elements are found in the text. Then, by the diagnosis of the sort of the processes in terms of semantics, the variety of the participants are identified. Afterward, the sort of circumstances of each clause, which demonstrate the manner and reason of the occurrence of the process types are identified. All the elements of transitivity model are demonstrated in a table in the article. Further, descriptive statistics have been used to measure the frequency of data and some tables are drawn to show them. Finally, all the frequencies are compared and interpreted. According to the first question of this research, the material process in legal discourse involves the performance of action. The same clauses, which in terms of discourse are related to such processes, show the verbal strength of the judge or