Hydraulic

Today, we must remember that many place on the planet Earth are threatened by flooding when the flood level of rivers cause damage.It is in this context that this study, we appeared interesting enough to carry in order to better help understand the behavior of a given watershed compared to the flood. The amount of this flow will be estimated and determined the frequencies of the order of the decade and from conventional empirical formulas and adjustments. Geomorphological characteristics of the watershed and the amount of rainfall over a given period, will enable us to determine this flow by choosing one that is closer to reality. Geomorphological characteristics of the watershed and the amount of rainfall over a given period, will enable us to determine the peak flow during floods, choosing the one that is closer to reality.

For many water authorities worldwide, one of the greatest potential areas for energy savings is in pump selection and in the related effective scheduling of daily pump operations. The optimal control and operation of an irrigation pumping station is achieved here by first solving the nonlinear governing model using Lagrange Multipliers (LM) and then through Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach. Computation

Mixed flows characterized by a simultaneous occurrence of free surface and pressurized flows are often encountered in hydraulic engineering. Numerous researches have been dedicated to unify the mathematical description of both flows. Herein, shock-capturing models succeed in giving a unique set of equations. However, no method accounts for both air-entrapment and air-entrainment. This study proposes an original model to simulate air–water interactions in mixed flows. The new approach relies on the area-integration of a three-phase model over two layers. The applicability of this free surface model is extended to pressurized flows by a modified pressure term accounting for the dispersed air. The derived modelling system WOLF IMPack is then validated. The code successfully simulates open channel flows, mixed flows and water hammer in a unified framework, including air–water interactions, in structures like the drainage network.

Within the framework of its implementation, PDIDAS plans to develop irrigation infrastructure for 2,555 ha of secondary irrigation and 832 ha of tertiary irrigation in the
Lac De Guiers and Ngalam areas in the regions of Saint-Louis and Louga. The Californian irrigation system is the model adopted in this area. This system is easy to set up
and low cost. However, there are other irrigation systems that could optimize the use of
water resources, such as drip and sprinkler systems. Our final year project comes within
this context and aims to make a comparative study for the design and dimensioning of
drip, sprinkler and Californian irrigation systems for the Ngnith perimeter in the Lac De
Guiers area. To carry out this work : (i) basic data (climatic, pedological, topographical,
on crops and on water resources) of the site were collected and processed, (ii) the technical
design and the sizing of the different networks were carried out, (iii) an evaluation of the
development cost of each system was made, (iv) the potential environmental and social
impacts were identified as well as the measures that can mitigate them. The results show
that the water demand is highest for the California system with an irrigation flow rate
of 630m3/ha, followed by the sprinkler system at 590m3/ha, then the drip system which
is the most economical with 490m3/ha. The delivery and primary pipes have the same
diameters of 630 mm and 500 mm respectively for all three networks. But the secondary
pipes have smaller diameters in the drip system (between 160 mm and 315 mm), followed
by the sprinkler system (between 160 mm and 355 mm) and larger in the Californian
system (between 315 mm and 400 mm). The drip system allows the watering of 110 plots
in 4.5 hours with a total flow rate of 1650 m3/h, the sprinkler system can water 95 plots
in 4.5 hours with 1602 m3/h, while the Californian system with 1620 m3/h allows the
watering of 60 plots in 3.5 hours. For energy consumption, the sprinkler system requires
more energy with 152 solar panels to operate the photovoltaic generator against 134 for
the Californian, while the drip system needs only 46 solar panels. As for the development
cost, it is higher for the drip system with 7,974,412 FCFA/ha slightly exceeding that of the
sprinkler system with 7,850,085 FCFA/ha, and the Californian is considerably less expensive with 6,038,395 FCFA/ha. The social and environmental impacts are more perceptible
with the californian system, which provides more direct employment during the exploitation but promotes land loss, pollutions and the development of diseases such as malaria.

The Archimedean screw pump is one of the oldest hydraulic machines. Today, it is employed in pumping as well as - operating in reverse - in an energy conversion role. Despite its age, no consistent theory links the screw's geometry with its mechanical efficiency. Based on geometrical parameters and an idealised energy conversion process for one turn of the helix, a theoretical model is developed and compared with experimental results. Theoretical maximum efficiencies were found to be a function of the screw's geometry and matched reported experimental results well. The statement that the efficiency of a screw is a function of losses only could not be confirmed.

Downpull on tunnel gates installed in the intake structure of a hydroelectric power plant was studied experimentally using a hydraulic model. The pressure distribution on the gate lip surface was measured, and the lip downpull was evaluated by surface-area integration of the measured pressure distribution. An easy to use lip downpull coefficient was defined as a function of the lip angle and gate opening. The lip downpull coefficient function is linked to a one-dimensional mathematical model of unsteady flow in the intake-penstock system. The model is based on the integral energy and continuity equations. Overflow through the gate spacings is also included in the model to compute the water level in the gate shaft and to evaluate the downpull component on the top face of the gate. Time-dependent calculation of the total downpull force acting on a closing gate is exemplified. The total downpull is also measured by the direct weighing method for fixed and closing gates. Predictions of the mathematical model compare favorably with the downpull obtained from the direct weighing method.

El proyecto de un sistema hidráulico, comprende el diseño, selección de materiales y construcción del pistón hidráulico, circuito hidráulico y el ensamble con la bomba y accesorios, este equipo será accionado por la fuerza de un fluido en movimiento, cuya aplicación es en los dispositivos de máquinas herramientas, estampado, perforación, empaques y otras.

A complete set of books on hydraulics authored by Joji Parambath, in Paperback & Kindle eBooks versions, is now available. The books are written to spread the knowledge of hydraulics. The language of these books is simple, the topics in each book are logically arranged, and information is most up-to-date.

Now a day’s hydraulic system plays very important role in almost all the application in automobile industries, small service center, aircraft industries are used where precision is required. Traditional method of bearing removal or installation is hammering but unnecessary hammering causes several damages to the bearing as well as shaft due to which chances of failure of bearing may possible. The modification is to give less human effort, simplify the operation without damaging shaft and bearing. The hydraulic bearing puller and pusher work on the principle of Pascal’s law. A hydraulic puller. The puller comprises a double acting hydraulic having a ram projecting from it front end. A piston I connected to ram and is reciprocable within the cylinder upon the application of the hydraulic pressure. A strong back of spaced limbs extends laterally from each side of the cylinder. The strong back is fixed relative to the cylinder. Notches are formed in the rear edge of each limb of the strong back and each notch is aligned with a notch on the limb. A puller arm is positioned between the spaced limbs of the strong back on both sides of the hydraulic cylinder. Each puller arm has a plurality of holes, each hole being alignable with the notches in the strong back. There are pulling jaws at the end of the puller arms and these jaws are positioned to cooperate with the ram when the puller is in used to remove, for example, a bearing from a shaft. A clip is positioned on the upper limb of the strong back on each side of the hydraulic cylinder. A lug formed on each clip abuts the front end of the strong back. Engagement means project from each clip. The engagement means are positioned so that when the lug on the clip abuts the front edge of the strong back, the engagement can pass through a hole in each puller arm to engage a pair of aligned notches in the strong back. The hydraulic puller of the construction and, in particular, is easily adjusted for use with varying size of bearing and the like.In hydraulic bearing puller and pusher is a special arrangement which will be attached to a hydraulic pump, bearing clamp and shaft clamp respectively. First, we use hydraulic pump. There after the hydraulic pump is connected to the bearing clamp with the help of pusher arrangement. Then the shaft clamp is attached with the help of stud rod which is connected to the clamp. In order to maintain geometrical precision and the surface integrity of ball and roller bearing raceways and rolling elements, it is mandatory that care in storage, handling and installation be observed. The hydraulic bearing puller and pusher perform both pulling and pushing operation safely and without harming bearing surface. The machine is a arrangement of for removing as well as installing bearing on the shaft. Hydraulic pulling consists of adjustable mechanical jaw puller inbuilt with the hydraulic pump. When pump operated, plunger comes outside. Then mechanical jaws adjusted bellow the bearing and again operate the pump.By using hydraulic bearing puller equal and consistent force is applied so that bearing can easily remove from the shaft without damaging surface finish of the shaft. Same as in mounting the bearing on the shaft in reverse fashion

Solución paso a paso para los 2 problemas de redes de tuberías sencillas, se utiliza el método matricial, método de la línea de gradiente Hidráulico en el nodo y la comparación con el software EPANET. El documento es provisto únicamente con el objetivo de servir como guía de estudio para estudiantes de cursos de Hidráulica, se prohíbe su reproducción no autorizada y su uso inadecuado.

AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ukuran tabung udara terhadap efisiensi pompa hidram PVC double katup limbah. Pompa hidram yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini memiliki diameter pipa masukan 2 inchi dan diameter pipa keluaran ½ inchi. Variasi tinggi tabung udara yang dilakukan adalah 100 cm, 120 cm dan 140 cm. Sedangkan tinggi pipa keluaran yang dilakukan adalah 7 m. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan efisiensi tertinggi yang diperoleh terdapat pada tinggi tabung udara 140 cm dengan tinggi pipa keluaran 7 m yaitu 81,9 % dan efisiensi terendah yang diperoleh terdapat pada tinggi tabung udara 100 cm yaitu 70,24 %. Pernambahan tinggi ukuran tabung udara dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pompa hidram. Hal ini terjadi karena rongga udara yang besar menambah tekanan air melalui pipa keluaran.Kata kunci Pompa Hidram PVC Double Katup limbah; Tinggi Tabung Udara;  Efisiensi  AbstractTthe purpose of this study was carried out toknow the effect of air tube sizeon t...

In this thesis four different instances of embankment dams affected by overtopping flow are investigated. In the first investigation new relationships for predicting fill-dam failures based on the available history of dam failures around the world are introduced. These new relationships facilitate the estimation of the maximum discharge and breach formation time in the embankment dams which failed due to overtopping flow. The relationship for maximum discharge estimation is derived by introducing a new method for handling the outflow hydrograph. In this method, the flow duration curve is split into three shapes and superimposed to calculate the peak outflow discharge. The relationship for predicting the breach formation time was obtained by using regression analysis. The accuracy of the breach formation time is improved considerably by introducing a parameter related to the dam construction type.  In the second investigation a one-dimensional program is developed in order to calculate the breach outflow hydrograph during embankment dam failure. This program calculates the flow parameters by solving the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equation. Furthermore, it calculates bed evolution by solving the Exner equation with finite difference method. Herein, the model accuracy is increased by dividing the bed slopes into three categories: small slope (0.0–1%), mild slope (1–20%), and steep slope (> 20%). At each time step, based on the real bed slope, bed load transport is modelled by using the relevant equations. In addition, the two-dimensional open-source TELEMAC software has been applied and a subroutine modified in order to model the embankment dam failure. This modification is done by calibrating the slope correction formulas in the sediment part of this software. In the third investigation of this study, the influence of different geometrical parameters on the breach outflow hydrograph are numerically modelled and compared with each other. The modelling results infer that the downstream slope has more influence on the breach outflow hydrograph in comparison to the other geometrical parameters. Finally, two new relationships are introduced in order to estimate the hydraulic parameters of the flood resulting from a dam breach which travels through channels and floodplains. The first relationship is concerned about calculating the peak outflow discharge curve. This curve is obtained by connecting the maximum values of cross section hydrographs downstream of a dam. The second relationship calculates the flood wave arrival time using a new method. In this method, it is assumed that arrival time increases linearly along the channel. This means that by calculating the slope of this line, arrival time can be calculated at each point of the channel. In conclusion, to evaluate the accuracy of the empirical and numerical approaches, reliable dam failure data are collected from a variety of sources around the world. The final results show that estimation of the breach outflow hydrograph and flood wave parameters have been improved by using the new approaches. These improvements are demonstrated by comparing the new approaches results against the existing formulas and observed results.

Lift is a simple device use to raise the object from ground level to a certain height to perform a specific work with aiming of possible maximum load and minimum efforts. Lifts are generally operated either hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical type. In many vehicle manufacturing industries, there are using lifting mechanism for loading and unloading operations which have to invest a huge capital for installing a exsisting bulkey and large platform which generally based on hydraulic means. This type of machine uses while export and import business. The main purpose of our study is to design and development of loading and unloading platform for two wheelers. Material selection plays important role in designing a machine and also influence on several factor such as strength, reliability, durability and resistance which leads to increase the life of lift. The aim of the project is to design and development of wire rope operated platform which lifts maximum 877.5 kg load including factor of safety with minimum time and labour for per cycle operation. Platform movement is achieved safely by using wire rope with the help of gear motor and drum assembly mechanism is of 2.8 m from the ground level. The design is performed by considering a mechanical lift as a portable, suitable for all type of load application and without any hydraulic or pneumatic means. The design is developed keeping in mind that consideration of all safety parameters. Lubrication required in few moving parts only. The aim of this paper is design, analysis and fabrication of a mechanical lift model which operate efficiently, consistently, sholud be easy to handle, multifunctional, cost effective, compact in size. Drafting and drawing of loading and unloading mechanical lift carried out in AUTOCAD with suitable modeling. The analysis of mechanical lift includes total deformation load, reaction forces, buckling and bending failures, equivalent stresses were done in ANSYS Software. Finally this analysis of strength, toughness, elasticity and temperature distribution is carried out in order to check the coherance of the design value.

This book presents the necessary information about the configuration, performance specifications, and other details of pipes, tubing, and hoses and their fittings. The book uses the SI system of units. For more books, please visit: https://jojibooks.com Pipes Tubes and Hoses in Hydraulic Systems in the English Units By Joji Parambath This book presents the necessary information about the configuration, performance specifications, and other details of pipes, tubing, and hoses and their fittings. The book uses the English system of units. [Please click on the image links to go to the book link of Amazon.com] Fl uid conductors interconnect components of a hydraulic system for the safe and leak-free transmission of high-pressure hydraulic fluid throughout the system. Pipes, tubing, and hoses are the three basic types of fluid conductors used in hydraulic systems. Pipes are rigid conductors with relatively larger wall thickness used to contain and convey hydraulic fluids. It is difficult to shape rigid pipes into the desired configuration. Many fittings, such as elbows, tees, etc. are needed to be used while routing a piping system. Tubing is the most widely used type of conductor in hydraulic systems. Tubing is generally a small-diameter thin wall pipe. It can be bent into almost any shape, thus reducing the number of tube fittings while configuring a conductor system. Hoses are the most flexible and versatile type of conductors. They are capable of bending and flexing easily. The end fittings of a hose assembly are used to connect directly to adjoining pipe-work or fittings.

The cleanliness of hydraulic fluids needs to be monitored for maintaining the components of hydraulic systems at a satisfactory level. Many national and international organizations such as ISO, SAE, National Aerospace Standards (NAS), etc., have developed standards for specifying the particle size classification and contamination concentration levels in hydraulic fluids. All standards specify the contamination level in counts per volume and provide easy methods for converting the particle counts into limits that are simple to interpret. Here is an overview of these standards. The cleanliness classes are based on particle size [differential (e.g. 5-15 µm) or cumulative (e.g.>6 µm)], number, and distribution. Before proceeding further, the knowledge of the following terms and definitions would be of great help in understanding various cleanliness standards. Methods of particle counting There are two basic methods of counting particles in hydraulic fluids. 1. By using an optical microscope where the longest dimension sizes the particles. [See Figure 1(a)] 2. By using automatic particle counters (APCs) calibrated as per ISO 11171, where the particles are sized by the area rather than the length. [See Figure 1(b)] Figure 1 | Sizing of particles Particle size analysis Several methods and instruments, based on different physical principles, are used to determine the size distribution of the particles suspended in a given sample of hydraulic fluid. The numbers of particles found in the different size ranges characterize this distribution. A particle to be analyzed can be sized by: (1) the longest dimension, as sized by a microscope, or (2) the equivalent projected area, as sized by APC calibrated as per ISO 11171. The ISO System In ISO 4406: 1999, particle counts are determined cumulatively, for particle sizes > 4 μm(c), > 6 μm(c), and > 14 μm(c) as per the size classification standard ISO 11171, using particle counters and allocated to measurement codes. In 1999, the previous version of the standard, i.e., ISO 4406:1987, was revised and the size ranges of the particle sizes redefined. The contamination code rating system as per ISO 4406: 1999 is given in Table 1.

Although modern gravity dam spillways include often steep chutes operating in skimming flow regime, succession of free-falling nappes (i.e. nappe flow regime) are more common on low gradient chutes and cascades, and this flow situation received little attention to date. New experiments were conducted in nappe flows without hydraulic jump in two large-size facilities with flat slopes. The flow on