Casting

This book presents a new study of Greek large-scale bronze statuary of the late Archaic and Classical periods. It examines the discovery, origin, style, date, artistic attribution, identification, and interpretation of the surviving bronzes, and focuses in particular on their technical features and casting techniques. It contains over 170 plates of photographs and drawings to illustrate its discussion.

It also places the development of the casting techniques in connection with the stylistic evolution in Greek free-standing sculpture. During the Classical period, artists preferred bronze to marble when creating their contrapposto figures. Indisputably, bronze gave particular freedom to artists in creating three-dimensional figures. In addition, the evolution in style encouraged the development of the uses of bronze to serve the new needs and tendencies in sculpture during the late Archaic and especially the Classical period. Through the examination of how technical matters affect style, this book presents fresh interpretations of these important monuments of Greek art and offers a new approach in the field of Greek free-standing bronze sculpture.

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of heat treatment hardening of AlMgSi-Fe12% casting aluminium alloys on wear. The tests were carried out on specimens of raw materials and heat-treated specimens with variations of temperature used were 550 C, 575 C, 600 C and 625 C, and used 15 minutes of holding time in each heat treatment, then quenching in SAE 20 oil. The method used for wear tested was high speed ogoshi universal testing machine wear. The result had shown on raw material a specific wear rate was 2.256102E-07 mm2/kg. Test results on the specimens that has received heat treatment hardening temperature 550 C increased the wear value decreased to 1.7471E-07 mm2/kg. In materials with temperature heat treatment 575 C causes wear values were increased when compared with raw material, respectively, 2,83739E-07 mm2/kg. In materials with temperature heat treatment 600 C also causes wear values were increased when compared with raw material, respectively, 2,65105E-07 mm2/kg. Test results on the test material that has received heat treatment temperature 625 C increased the wear value decreased to 2.16777E-07 mm2/kg.

Manufacturing processes are processes to manufacture parts in an ordered and standardized form. Casting is a well common process because of its wide usage among the different big series manufacturing companies. The mold and, therefore, the pattern, are important parts in the part manufacturing by casting. This mold and model are created following a series of restrictions and recommendations in order to manufacture the part as best as possible. In this document, exhaustive analysis will be performed on the design of the mold and pattern to manufacture a replacement for the AKT AK EVO 150CC R3 motorcycle connecting rod made in zamak 410.

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of Fe12% powder alloy on aluminum to porosity and micro structure by gravity casting method. Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is an engineering material formed from the combination of two or more materials to obtain new materials with better properties. Making of composite material with aluminum matrix or metal matrix composite (MMC) can be done by casting method. The composite forming elements are called boosters (fibers or particles) and binders (matrices). In the process of casting metal can occur porosity In the casting process with sand molds usually occur porosity, causing the mechanical properties of casting objects decreased. Porosity is caused by bubbles of gas, gas released by the core when exposed to metal liquid heat, resulting in pores or perforated defects.The process of smelting was carried out at the metal foundry laboratory of Mechanical Engineering UP 45 Yogyakarta. The smelting process uses a krusible furnace with coke fuel, on which it is placed kowi to place aluminum and iron powder to be melted. Aluminum and 12% iron powder are weighed in accordance with the volume of the pattern, so that the melt does not suffer from metal deficiency. Observation of porosity is done by looking visually on each side of the outer part of the casting object. Observation of microstructure using optical microscope is done by taking three samples of specimen castings that have been in the preparation of polishing machine and etching. The effect of Fe 12% alloys on porosity is the average porosity occurring on specimens A, B and C of 2,766 gr / cm3. The effect of Fe 12% alloys on micro structure is the spreading of Fe, Si and Mg elements evenly, but for the C specimens of Fe and Si bersenyawa, while the Al and Mg elements are separate.

Most cast objects produced by the Ghanaian local foundries are of low quality, and it is because they utilize the wrong method of casting (mould feeding). The local foundries were looked into to find out the casting techniques they employed, and centrifugal casting machines were investigated to be able to come up with a design that best suited the operations of the local foundries to improve their work- and a miniature of it was fabricated. Qualitative research design (descriptive, studio based, and experimental) was used to collect data from a sample size of 70 foundry men from an accessible population of 180 professional foundry men. It was found that the local foundries limit themselves to sand casting and cuttlefish bone casting, but most foundry workers are willing to learn and apply any new technique to improve their productivity. Also, gravitational mould feeding mostly produces casts with poor surface quality, and because mass production is done manually and hurriedly, the f...

Piston which is used in internal combustion engine does some important jobs, it is a load bearing component, which take load from combustion chamber and transfer them straight and true through the connecting rod to the crankshaft. Materials for the piston are cast aluminium, forged aluminium and forged steel etc. The alloy from which a piston is made not only determines its strength and wears characteristics, but also its thermal expansion characteristics. Hotter engines require more stable alloys to maintain close tolerances without scuffing. Aluminium alloys are the ideal materials due to their very high thermal conductivity. At first materials of the casting is chosen, then the design of the piston is accomplished and finally the piston is constructed by die casting. This thesis paper, covering over effective references, aims to shed new light on the issues related to the piston.

Dry sliding wear behavior of electroless nickel-phosphorus (EN) coating of thickness ~35 μm deposited on a 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was studied. EN was deposited from a bath with sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent. In as-deposited conditions, plating with 6-9 wt.% phosphorus has a mixture of amorphous and microcrystalline phase. Three pretreatments of Zn (zincate), Ni strike and absorbed hypophosphite layer were given to the substrate before EN coating to examine their wear performance. The surface morphology of the pretreatments was studied by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The performances of these pretreatments of EN were evaluated by dry sliding wear studies and followed by SEM studies. The results suggest that the wear behavior of EN mostly depends on the pretreatment conditions. Heat treatment at temperature of 400 °C can enhance the wear resistance properties for all types of pretreatment conditioned samples and in addition that the average coefficient of friction of 400 °C specimens (μav) had minimum value as compared to 200 °C specimens. Ni strike provided better interlocking adhesion between EN and Al and this pretreatment noticeably improved the wear, frictional and hardness behavior of the EN coatings on 7075 Al substrate and further enhanced it by heat treatment of 400 °C/h.

The rigid and one-off moulds are quite insufficient to fabricate
differentiated and non-standard building components due to the low adaptation
capability of mass production to changing demands of the market. Aligning
with mass customisation, flexible tools are developed to solve time, cost and
waste problems in moulding and casting of variable building components in the
architecture, engineering, and construction. This study guides architects and
engineers in the development of flexible moulds and tooling for building
components. This paper aims to review the latest research trends by analysing
the publications from 2004 to 2019. The systematic mapping method was
adopted from software engineering to determine the-state-of-the-art
technologies in flexible tools. The review study shows that flexible tools can be
used to cast variable and non-standard building components by further
researching on large-scale implementation, process capability and control.
A survey of future trends in this promising field concludes this paper.

Under the direction of Josias Moleele, a group of students from Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) in Pretoria revived Mbongeni Ngema’s iconic anti-apartheid musical Sarafina! at the Soweto Theatre in July 2013. Moleele cast Tumi Lesejane, a black actress, and Suzaan Helberg, a white Afrikaans-speaking performer, in the title role. His casting decision angered some and inspired others. This article argues that colour-blind casting is a misnomer. Moleele employed, instead, colour-conscious casting. When the performance initially premiered at Pretoria’s Breytenbach Theatre, Lesejane and Helberg played Sarafina in repertory. This served only to reinscribe the racial separations institutionalized by apartheid. In its final two performances at the Soweto Theatre, Sarafina! in Black and White overcame this limitation. Both Sarafinas appeared in the same performance. Lesejane played the first act, Helberg the second, and both performers appeared hand-in-hand dressed as Nelson Mandela in the musical’s final moments. They intoned, ‘We are one colour.’ The performance, which garnered a standing ovation from the racially mixed audience, offers a new paradigm for approaching issues of social cohesion in contemporary South Africa.

The process of solidification is complex in nature and the simulation of such process is required in industry before it is actually undertaken. It is a non-linear transient phenomenon, posing a challenge in terms of modelling and analysis. Finite element method is used to simulate the heat transfer process accompanying the solidification process. During the solidification of a casting in a mold, the heat-transfer between the casting and the mold plays a vital role. This work attempts to study heat flow within the casting, as well as from the casting to the mold, and finally obtains the temperature history of all points inside the casting. The most important instant of time is when the hottest region inside the casting is solidifying. ANSYS software has been used to obtain the temperature distribution in the casting process by performing Transient Thermal Analysis.

Global buyers demand defect-free castings and strict delivery schedule, which foundries are finding it verydifficult to meet. Metal casting industry suffers from poor quality and productivity due to the large number of process parameters, combined with lower penetration of manufacturing automation. Casting process involves complex interactions among various parameters and operations related to metal composition, methods design, molding, melting, pouring, shake-out, fettling and machining. For example, if shrinkage porosity is identified as gas porosity, and the pouring temperature is lowered to reduce the same, it may lead to another defect, namely cold shut. Casting defects result in increased unit cost and lower morale of shop floor personnel.Casting defect analysis has been carried out using techniques like cause-effect diagrams, design of experiments, if-then rules (expert systems), and artificial neural networks. Most of the previous work is focused on finding process-related causes for individual defects, and optimizing the parameter values to reduce the defects.The defects are classified in terms of their appearance, size, location, consistency, discovery stage and inspection method. This helps in correct identification of the defects. For defect analysis, the possible causes are grouped into design, material and process parameters. The effect of suspected cause parameters on casting quality is ascertained through simulation. Based on the results and their interpretation, the optimal values of the parameters are determined to eliminate the defects. An integrated understanding of heat transfer during solidification, friction/lubrication at solid–liquid interface, high temperature properties of the solidifying shell etc. is necessary to control the casting process.The influence of steel chemistry on solidification dynamics, particularly with respect to mode of solidification and its consequence on strength and ductility of the solidifying shell, has been dealt with in detail. The application of these basic principles for casting of stainless steel slabs and processing to obtain good quality products has been covered. Castings can unfortunately also sometimes contain other types of defects, such as inclusions of slag or moulding sand, but these are not classified as solidification defects.

AlSi8Cu3Fe alloy is a general purpose die casting alloy widely used to manufacture automotive parts. Forming of this alloy in the semi-solid state could largely eliminate problems inherent in die casting process and thus offers a number of advantages. Low superheat casting was employed in the present work to produce non-dendritic AlSi8Cu3Fe alloy feedstock. The ingots thus obtained were thixoformed in a laboratory press after they were held at 570 °C for 5 min, yielding a microstructure with predominantly α-Al globules and interglobular Si particles. The thixoformed parts attain hardness values as high as 125 HB after T6 heat treatment, implying a considerable age hardening potential. However, with a reheating temperature range of 568–572 °C, thixoforming of AlSi8Cu3Fe alloy components under industrial conditions may be challenging.

Se hace un análisis de la obra teatral sorprndendente de John Patrick Schalnley, llevada al cine bajo su dirección, para enriquecer el drama escénico, con su propio guión. Enfoco el artículo más desde la perspectiva del propio director, quien la llevaría al cine con actores de altísima calidad como Meryl Streep, Philip Seymour Hoffman , Amy Adams, Joseph Foster y Viola Davis, con un tema espeluznante.

The recent revival in scholarly interest in buckles of the early Byzantine period has included the group first called "the Sucidava class" by Joachim Werner. Several important studies have been dedicated to finds from the Balkans, the last and most relevant of which being Lyuba Traikova's dissertation. However, there has been no attempt to look at all finds from Eastern Europe, an approach meant to clarify problems of chronology and distribution. This paper deals with both buckles and belt mounts grouped in 11 lists on the basis of their open-work decoration. Its conclusions are in fact at variance to those of other scholars. There are two clusters of finds, one in the northeastern region of the Balkan Peninsula (now divided between Bulgaria and Romania), the other in the Crimea. All types are present in the former region, but some are conspicuously absent from the latter. The large numbers of miscasts in the northeastern region of the Balkans suggests a center of production. While only a few specimens have been found immediately to the north from the Danube frontier of the early Byzantine Empire, a great number of specimens are known from much farther afield. Particularly significant is the spread in the Middle Danube region, where buckles of the Sucidava class signaled military status when deposited in graves. Since there is no chronological distinction between the many types of the Sucidava class, the spread coincided in time with the popularity of those buckles in the Balkans during the second half of the 6 th century.

The importance of composites as engineering materials is reflected by the fact that out of over 1600 engineering materials available in the market today more than 200 are composites. These composites initially replaced Cast Iron and Bronze alloys but owing to their poor wear and seizure resistance, they were subjected to many experiments and the wear behavior of these composites were explored to a maximum extent and were reported by number of research scholars for the past 25 years. In the present study, based on the literature review, the effect of Silicon carbide on Stir cast Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites is discussed. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites with Silicon carbide particle reinforcements are finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater, and transportation applications. This is mainly due to improved mechanical and tribological properties like strong, stiff, abrasion and impact resistant, and is not easily corroded. In the present scenario, a review of different researchers have been made to consolidate some of the aspects of mechanical and wear behavior of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Silicon carbide particles in both untreated and precipitation hardened condition.

O documentário argentino contemporâneo tem expandido suas estratégias de convocação articulado aos recursos criativos da Cultura Popular. No alargamento das políticas do visível e audível, artistas populares, em especial mulheres, testemunham a crise latino-americana propondo questionamentos não hegemônicos para a leitura de suas próprias experiencias criativas. Analisaremos Yo no sé que me han hecho tus ojos de Muñoz e Wolf, Tango un giro extraño de García Guevara e El último aplauso de Kral.

The objective of this paper is to find defects in casting process. Causes for shrinkage defects are discussed and remedies for the shrinkage defect would help to improve the quality of casting product. By proper casting technique, improving feeding design, proper location of ingates and risers will reduce the shrinkage defect. Simulation in software SOFTCAST helps to detect shrinkage defect and using discussed remedies help to reduce rejection rate.

En el panorama actoral español actual hay división de opiniones. Unos piensan que no hay oportunidades para todos, que los castings son muy cerrados y que solamente se contrata a aquellos con más tirón¿ Otros, los menos, piensan que ser actor es una carrera de fondo y que las carreras que triunfan rápidamente y surgen de la nada (sin formación, educación, entrenamiento y técnicas adecuadas) son carreras volátiles y que tienen una fecha de caducidad muy corta. Todos tienen razón pero ninguno tiene la razón absoluta, y menos las directrices exactas o la fórmula precisa para que la carrera de un actor sea lineal, fructífera y coherente.

Esta investigación se realiza desde el punto de vista de la experiencia de más 10 años de profesión como representante de actores. Una experiencia basada en la esperanza, en el tesón, en la formación, en el trabajo y también en un poco de dosis de factor suerte. ¿Por qué unos actores tienen éxito y otros no? ¿Por qué el éxito rotundo de un actor durante una temporada de una serie puede convertirse en el fracaso y olvido más estrepitoso en la siguiente? Todas estas preguntas, si las hacemos de manera genérica, no tienen una respuesta concreta. El campo de estudio se acotó en esta investigación para poder llegar a conclusiones más exactas.

Elegimos dos series que catapultaron a la fama a dos generaciones de actores: ¿Al Salir de Clase¿ y ¿Física o Química¿. De dichas series salieron distintos tipos de actores y la trayectoria de cada uno de ellos ha sido radicalmente diferente. La metodología consiste en tomar una muestra de los actores que aparecían en cada una de las series y realizar un estudio cuantitativo atendiendo al número de apariciones posteriores que habían tenido en cine y televisión, y un estudio cualitativo preguntando a unos cuantos protagonistas de dichas series sobre su evolución, formación, primeros trabajos, autopromoción y opinión acerca de su proyección como actor en particular y de la profesión de actor en general en España.

A las conclusiones que se llegó con dichos estudios fueron variopintas, pero sobre todo se centraron en dos ideas fundamentales: la carrera de un actor ha de ser catapultada de una manera u otra, el aparecer en una serie de éxito es una de las mejores formas de darse a conocer; y el criterio de selección entre el momento histórico de "Al Salir de Clase" ha sido bastante diferente al de "Física o Química": mientras que los actores de la primera, además de guapos y estrellas televisivas se fueron muchos de ellos forjando una carrera lineal ya fuera en cine, televisión o teatro, lo actores de la segunda, en su mayoría, son fenómenos mediáticos con carreras aisladas no estrictamente basadas en sus dotes interpretativas, precisamente.

As houses of memory and sources of information about the world, museums function as a dynamic interface between past, present and future. Museum collections are increasingly being recognized as material archives of human creativity and as invaluable resources for interdisciplinary research. Museums provide powerful forums for the expression of ideas and are central to the production of public culture: they may inspire the imagination, generate heated emotions and express conflicting values in their material form and histories. This series explores the potential of museum collections to transform our knowledge of the world, and for exhibitions to influence the way in which we view and inhabit that world. It offers essential reading for those involved in all aspects of the museum sphere: curators, researchers, collectors, students and the visiting public.

In recent years the Steel Rolling Mills have undergone a significant change regarding quality requirements, productivity and the thickness of the products being rolled. The Hot Strip Mills have emerged with higher productivity, excellent surface finish of coils with thinner gauge rolling. Stringent dimensional tolerance, strip finish and profile flatness requirements and higher mill productivity have called for improved wear resistance and fatigue crack resistance of the rolls used in the finishing stands. For the finishing stands of hot strip mills Duplex ICDP and ICDP-EC rolls are nowadays produced through either Vertical Centrifugal Casting (VCC) or Horizontal Centrifugal Casting (HCC) process. These duplex rolls generally consist of a Shell made of alloy cast iron and the Core made of spheroidal graphitic Iron. It has been observed that the Performance of the imported ICDP-EC Rolls manufactured by the Market leaders far superseded the Performance of the indigenous rolls due to higher wear and fatigue crack resistance of the imported rolls. Use of the imported rolls also improved the surface quality of products rolled and improved the campaign life of the rolls. A study of few Imported and Indigenous rolls was carried out to find out the deficiencies of the Indigenous Rolls in comparison to the Imported Rolls manufactured by the market leaders. In this paper the chemical compositions and microstructure of the imported rolls have been benchmarked with those of the indigenous rolls. The morphology and content of