Bandwidth management

The authors propose a computationally simple approximate expression for the equivalent capacity or bandwidth requirement of both individual and multiplexed connections, based on their statistical characteristics and the desired grade-of-service (GOS). The purpose of such an expression is to provide a unified metric to represent the effective bandwidth used by connections and the corresponding effective load of network links. These link metrics can then be used for efficient bandwidth management, routing, and call control procedures aimed at optimizing network usage. While the methodology proposed can provide an exact approach to the computation of the equivalent capacity, the associated complexity makes it infeasible for real-time network traffic control applications. Hence, an approximation is required. The validity of the approximation developed is verified by comparison to both exact computations and simulation results

When data is transmitted over a communication medium, a number of things must be provided on the link, including framing of the data, error checking and the ability to manage the link. For For optical communications these functions have been standardized by the ANSI T1X1.5 committee as Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and by the ITU as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). This paper attempts to describe how SONET/SDH works, down to the octet level.

ABSTRAK
Pada masa sekarang ini teknologi informasi terutama pada jaringan internet berkembang sangat pesat. Dan seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan, tingkat kebutuhan masyarakat akan informasi dalam bermasyarakat semakin tinggi. Pada penerapannya jaringan yang biasa digunakan saat ini hanya menggunakan switch, dimana kekurangan menggunakan switch adalah pada saat bersamaan user user yang menggunakan koneksi internet akan saling memperebutkan bandwith dan berakibat tidak balance nya kecepatan pada masing masing user. Pada penulisan ini penulis ingin mencoba merancang pc router menggunakan ClearOS.
ClearOS adalah system operasi berbasis Linux.Pengaturan Bandwidth adalah pengalokasian yang tepat dari suatu bandwidth yang tersedia untuk mendukung kebutuhan atau keperluan aplikasi suatu layanan jaringan. MultiWan atau load balancer adalah metode penggabungan beberapa line internet.Dalam hal ini sifatnya adalah menyeimbangkan beban trafik di setiap line internet yang ada sehingga pemanfaatannya bisa merata. Untuk dapat melakukan konfigurasi tersebut dilakukan pada sistem operasi Linux dengan menggunakan Command Line Interface (CLI). ClearOS adalah Linux server yang distribusikan berdasarkan CentOS dan Red Hat Enterprise Linux, di desain khusus untuk keperluan gateway dan server pada perusahaan kecil dan menegah dengan menggunakan sistem administrator berbasiskan Graphical User Interface (GUI). Selain itu digunakan aplikasi webHTB sebagai tools untuk mengatur bandwidth dan prioritas langsung pada traffik contol pada kernel Linux ClearOS berbasikan GUI. Dengan mengimplementasikan metode Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) pada sistem operasi ClearOS diharapkan menjadikan jaringan yang menerapkan Bandwidth manajemen sistem ini dapat mengatur bandwidth dan prioritas bandwidth dengan baik. Pengujian dilakukan dengan cara pembatasan bandwidth dan merubah index prioritas dengan beberapa client. Hasil pengujian webHTB terhadap Linux ClearOS menunjukan bahwa nilai prioritas pada metode Load Balancing atau MultiWan memegang peranan paling besar untuk kecepatan pada client. Dimana bandwidth menetukan nilai transfer rate minimal.
Kata Kunci : Pengaturan Bandwidth, Load Balancer,Multi Wan, Priority Service (PS), ClearOS
ABSTRACT
At the present time , especially information technology on the Internet is growing very rapidly . And along with the development of technology and science , the level of community need for the information in the higher society . In practice commonly used network is currently only using the switch , which shortfall using switches at the same time the user is a user who uses the internet connection will be vying for bandwidth and balance its repercussions on the speed of each user . In this paper the authors want to try to design a pc router using ClearOS .
ClearOS is a Linux-based operating system .Bandwidth settings are appropriate allocation of the available bandwidth to support the needs or purposes of the application of a network service . MultiWAN or load balancaer is a method of combining several line internet.Dalam this nature is balancing the traffic load on any existing internet line so that utilization can be evenly distributed . To be able to perform the configuration is done on the Linux operating system using the Command Line Interface ( CLI ) . ClearOS is a Linux server that is distributed based on CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux , specifically designed for the purposes of gateways and servers in small and medium enterprises by using a system administrator based Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) . Also used as a tool webHTB application to set the bandwidth and priority at traffic contol directly on the Linux kernel berbasikan ClearOS GUI . By implementing the methods Hierarchical Token Bucket ( HTB ) on ClearOS operating system is expected to make the network bandwidth management that implements this system can manage the bandwidth and priority bandwidth well . Testing is done by limiting the bandwidth and priority index change with a few clients . The test results on the Linux ClearOS webHTB shows that the priority value on Load Balancing method or MultiWAN greatest role to speed on the client . Where bandwidth determines the minimum value of the transfer rate.
Keywords: Bandwidth Settings, Load Balancer, Multi Wan, Priority Service (PS), ClearOS

Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas tentang bagaimana merancang dan menyediakan infrastruktur serta layanan yang sesuai, dalam mendukung pembelajaran di SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan berupa layanan internet kepada siswa beserta guru maupun staff. Memastikan layanan internet yang diberikan secara cepat, aman dan sehat, serta membangun sebuah sistem management bandwidth dan support untuk menjaga kelancaran mengkases layanan tersebut. Langkah yang diambil pada persiapan awal yakni dengan melakukan observasi dan wawancara, untuk meranang sebuah kebutuhan sistem, kebutuhan hardware yang akan dibangun proses serta integrasinya sistem tersebut sehingga sistem dapat dimonitoring dan evaluasi. Management bandwidth dibutuhkan agar semua user dapat menggunakan layanan tanpa ada hambatan, keampuan AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalisasi serta mengefisiensikan bandwidth serta mempunyai sistem monitoring dan reporting yang mudah dimengerti.

The growth of internet users growing very rapidly and fast, especially in the world of education is used to find resources. But one of the main factors that determine the availability of information depends on an organization's bandwidth. The high price of bandwidth led to restrictions on the amount of bandwidth provided by the operator. Without the bandwidth management, many computers can use the Internet irregularly causing another computer that did not receive a fair bandwidth allocation. Steps taken in preparation for the start of the observation and interviews, to meranang a system requirements, hardware needs to be built as well as the process of integration of the system so that the system can be monitored and evaluation. Management of bandwidth needed for all users to use the service without any obstacles. This bandwidth management method using a Captive Portal, Class Based Queee, Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB). The design logic using use case diagrams and flowcharts to describe the process and the logic of the system RADIUS server, both in terms of users and administrators. Assessment is done by checking the bandwidth management based user and group limitations. Radius server is running on the device Mikrotik RB 1100 which has been configured using usermanager. appraisal last mile connectivity be checked ping time dengan < 150 ms and throughput download 1.16Mbps, upload 1.42Mbps. Radius Server optimization is done for security in accessing the internet, by doing some blocking certain sites typically contains pornographic content. ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan pengguna internet berkembang dengan sangat pesat dan cepat, terutama dalam dunia pendidikan digunakan untuk mencari sumber informasi. Akan tetapi salah satu faktor utama yang menentukan ketersediaan informasi tergantung dari bandwidth yang dimiliki organisasi tersebut. Mahalnya harga bandwidth menyebabkan pembatasan jumlah bandwidth yang diberikan oleh operator. Tanpa adanya manajemen bandwidth, banyak komputer yang dapat menggunakan internet secara tidak beraturan sehingga menyebabkan komputer yang lain tidak mendapat jatah bandwidth yang adil. Langkah yang diambil pada persiapan awal yakni dengan melakukan observasi dan wawancara, untuk meranang sebuah kebutuhan sistem, kebutuhan hardware yang akan dibangun proses serta integrasinya sistem tersebut sehingga sistem dapat dimonitoring dan evaluasi. Management bandwidth dibutuhkan agar semua user dapat menggunakan layanan tanpa ada hambatan. Metode manajemen bandwidth ini menggunakan Captive portal, Class Based Queee, Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB). Perancangan logik menggunakan use case diagram dan flowchart untuk menggambarkan proses dan logika dari sistem RADIUS server, baik dari sisi user maupun administrator. Penilaian management bandwidth dilakukan dengan pengecekan user berdasarkan limitasi dan grup. Radius server berjalan pada perangkat Mikrotik RB 1100 yang telah dikonfigurasi menggunakan usermanager. Penilaian last mile connectivity dilakukan pengecekan ping time dengan < 150 ms dan throughput download 1.16Mbps, upload 1.42Mbps. optimalisasi Radius Server yang dilakukan untuk keamanan dalam mengakses internet, dengan melakukan beberapa blocking situs-situs tertentu khususnya mengandung konten pornografi.

Keywords: Management Bandwidth, Monitoring, Authentication,Captive Portal

Abstract. This paper presented an analysis on network bandwidth utilizations and traffic pattern in an organization. It presents pattern of network traffic used of bandwidth utilization and network trends properties. Internet traffics are analyzed and the traffic pattern behavior is identified. Network Protocol Analyzer is used as a centre agent and has been setup and plug at the main entrance of internet traffic flow from outside world into the inside network of the organization.

Pada era globalisasi saat ini penggunaan internet merupakan salah satu kebutuhan penting bagi manusia, dengan adanya internet pada era globalisasi saat ini dapat mempermudah pekerjaan manusia diantaranya bisnis, pendidikan, mendapatkan informasi dan instansi – instansi lain yang membutuhkan internet. Manajemen bandwitch juga dibutuhkan dalam suatu jaringan komputer agar tercipta suatu pencapaian yang diharapkan yaitu efektifitas dan efisiensi jaringan. Mikrotik salah satu vendor hardware dan software yang menyediakan fasilitas untuk membuat router. Mikrotik juga menyediakan fasilitas untuk manajemen bandwidth. Software defined network yang merupakan salah satu evolusi teknologi jaringan sesuai dengan tuntutan yang berkembang dimana memisahkan fungsi data plane dan control plane pada suatu perangkat, pada proses pemisahan antara control plane dan data plane diperlukan sebuah protokol. Untuk saat ini protokol yang paling populer adalah OpenFlow. Quality of Service adalah kemampuan jaringan untuk menyediakan layanan yang lebih baik pada trafik jaringan tertentu melalui teknologi yang berbeda-beda dan diatur menggunakan First in first out. Kata kunci—manajemen bandwitch,Software Defined Network, Quality of Service, first in first out.

Kata  kunci—manajemen  bandwitch,Software  Defined  Network, Quality of Service, first in first out.

In this paper, a low power bulk-driven quasi-floating gate MOSFET based Miller compensated Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is proposed required particularly in design of Gm-C filter. The analysis of amplifier is compared with low power bulk-driven technique. The performance comparison indicates that bulk-driven quasi floating gate configuration offers better performance. In this configuration the combination of bulk-driven input with quasi-floating gate results in improved transconductance and
hence results in high gain and UGB of the OTA. Moreover, simulation of the bulk-driven quasi-floating gate OTA does not suffer from DC convergence problem. A voltage mode multifunction 2nd order filter design based on proposed BDQFG OTA is also presented. The analysis of all the circuits have been carried out in industry specific node UMC 0.18 micron technology with the help of HSpice simulator.

Ahead of Cameroon’s October 17 parliamentary and presidential elections, it was feared that the  government would wholly shut down the Internet like it did during the 230-day shutdown between January 2017 and March 2018. Although this did not occur, it slowed down (throttled) social media and messaging apps when vote counting was under way. It did this under the pretext of preventing violence in the Anglophone regions. The disruption was ‘Just in time, ’when information exchanges to enable citizens’ organisation to defend their vote was necessary (therefore when it had the highest value) and the throttling was applied in ways that assured plausible deniability. Based on the totality of presenting evidence, this paper concludes that the government directly instructed ISPs to throttle bandwidth in order to slow down the accessibility of the affected services. It does so by examining how offline factors directly influenced such events.  The paper was inspired by the work of Freyburg,T and Garbe, L’s (2018) empirical study which systematically investigates the link between offline factors such as state majority ownership of ISPs in a country and the politically motivated temporal interruption of access to the Internet during contentious events, namely the 33 presidential and parliamentary elections in SSA between 2014 and 2016.  However, whereas Freyburg and Garbe’s paper focuses on conditions under which governments are able to shut down/manipulate internet access (capacity to actually implement a shutdown), this paper focuses on reasons for which government want/need to control and manipulate internet access (necessity to control).
In examining Cameroon’s recent disruptions, this paper concludes that both historical and recent network interferences were, by and large, caused by the following reasons: An authoritarian government, that doesn’t view elections as a procedural instrument by which political authority is legitimised but as a vehicle they can manipulate to ensure their prolonged rule; The state ownership of the ISP CamTel which runs crucial parts of the national fibre backbone on which other providers rely to service their subscribers which  had an indirect but unquantifiable bearing; and A combination of an authoritarian government (condition 1), specific ISP ownership structure (condition 2) which led to a “hostile attitude” and measures restricting internet access.

RePAF (Resource Provisioning and Allocation Framework) Project proposes a new dynamic resource (LSP, bandwidth and lambda/ fibre) allocation solution computed  nearly on-the-fly with autonomic and cognitive characteristics.
        RePAF develops a generalized resource allocation model (RPAM – Resource Provisioning and Allocation Model) based on Bandwidth Allocation Models (BAMs) and a framework (FDARM – Framework for Dynamic and Autonomic Resource Management) that integrates RPAM functionalities towards resource allocation with autonomic and cognitive characteristics.
        FDRAM framework architecture is based on OpenFlow/SDN paradigm and integrates RPAM with the autonomic and cognitive functionalities by adopting  knowledge acquisition strategies and learning techniques for resource allocation.

We are experiencing a revolution in the wireless technology and mobile phone networks as they are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. On the other hand, there is another trend, gaining extreme popularity over the traditional wired Internet: Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking. Specifically, Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based Structured P2P overlay networks are capable to facilitate information storage and retrieval among a potentially very large number of users without the use of central server components. Providing such P2P services in mobile networks will allow a user to harness the potential of P2P services while on the move. However, due to technical issues in mobile phone networks and limited resources available on the handsets, designing such a system is a challenging issue. While the research of P2P overlays in wired networks is plenty, there is a limited study on the suitability of different existing P2P overlays for mobile networks. This article investigates the performance and efficiency of a number of structured P2P overlays that use recursive approach for routing strategy: R/Kademlia, Pastry and Bamboo and finds their suitability for use on mobile networks. The simulation result shows that among the three overlays, Bamboo exhibits a marginally better performance in comparison to the others with a 98% to 99% routing efficiency and a lower bandwidth consumption in high churn environment. Hence, Bamboo protocol is a good choice to be used over Kademlia and Pastry in mobile networks.

In complex network topologies, it is not easy to make sure that best allocation is in place in order to maximize network usage. The Openflow 1.3 protocol defines the Meters, an entity that can be related to Quality of Service (QoS) modeling. This paper analyses how Meters may be used to provide QoS through Software Defined Networking resource reservation, highlighting its purpose and presenting a proposal on how it helps in dynamic bandwidth control and resource management in a OpenFlow network. The architecture takes into consideration the knowledge accumulated in the study and experimentation of QoS capabilities proposed by ONF. Finally, the paper describes the results of our experiments developed to verify the usage of meters in bandwidth reservation and resource allocation.

This paper presents an application of Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and used of e-seal
in a container terminal gate in to do a clearance process. RFID
and Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
technologies are incorporated for the purpose of identifying
prime mover driver, truck (vehicle), and number of containers
used e-seal. An RFID middleware applied as to manage all the
information received from Gate Checker (GC) staff and RFID
reader. The used of RFID e-seal in Container Terminal
Management System (CTMS), as well as RFID reader. The
middleware receives information requested by GC from reader
then verified by CTMS database. Both passive and active
RFID tags are used in the proposed system. In order to comply
with the global standard of container terminal ports, passive
RFID was used for driver and vehicle tag, while e-seal, the
container tag, uses active RFID. The proposed system was
implemented and tested at a private Container Port in
Malaysia. ICT system implementation at receiving station gate
of the container terminal will reduce truck queue and
manpower. The processing clearance time in conventional
manual operational procedure is significantly reduced from
average 300 second per container to 59 second per container.

In accordance with the increase of the
demands on wide-area surveillance to minimize
the damage for incidents such as terrorism and
riots, the importance of the sharing of video
footage among local surveillance hubs is
increasing to take action quickly and effectively.
In this paper, we propose a system which can
reduce the network usage between local
surveillance hubs by changing bitrates
depending on contents of the video feeds. The
system was designed to support various camera
configurations available in a real surveillance
setup by using a middleware called ASCOT, on
which surveillance systems can be developed
by assembling different types of video analyses.
As an evaluation, we developed crowd
congestion detection, face detection and motion
detection on top of the middleware and
evaluated them with two footages taken in a
real important premise, one from entrance and
another one from corridor. Crowd congestion
detection reduced 41% of network usage for the
entrance video footage, and face detection
reduced 46% of network usage for the corridor
video footage where motion detection reduced
6% and 27% respectively. Furthermore, we
confirmed that the system can apply these video
analyses functions and flexibly combine these
analyses for video streams.

Bandwidth Allocation Models (BAMs) configure and handle resource allocation (bandwidth, LSPs, fibre) in networks in general (IP/MPLS/DS-TE, optical domain, other). BAMs currently available for IP/MPLS/DS-TE networks (MAM, RDM, G-RDM and AllocTC-Sharing) basically define resource restrictions (bandwidth) by “class” (traffic class, application´s class, user´s class or other grouping criteria) and allocate on demand this resource. There is a BAM allocation policy inherent for each existing model which behaves differently under distinct network state, such as heavy traffic loads and dynamic traffic and/or application scenarios. A generalized Bandwidth Allocation Model (G-BAM) is proposed in this paper. G-BAM, firstly, incorporates the inherent behavior of currently used BAMs such as MAM, RDM, G-RDM and AllocTC-Sharing in IP/MPLS/DS-TE context. G-BAM, secondly, proposes a new policy/ behavior allocation in addition to existing ones in which additional private resources are incorporated. G-BAM, thirdly, allows a smoother BAM policy transition among existing policy alternatives resulting from MAM, RDM and AllocTCSharing adoption independently. The paper focuses on the first characteristics of G-BAM which is to reproduce MAM, RDM and AllocTC-Sharing behaviors. As such, the required configuration to achieve MAM, RDM and AllocTC-Sharing behaviors is presented followed by a proof of concept. Authors argue that the G-BAM reproducibility characteristics may improve overall network resource utilization under distinct traffic profiles.

Video broadcasting systems normally have limitations on power and bandwidth. Under these circumstances to achieve optimal video quality at the destination, video communication systems have to employ compression techniques with lossy coding schemes. These methods can potentially create some compression artifacts that may lead to degradation of perceptual video quality. Understanding and measuring such visual distortions, play an important role in the development of effective video processing, streaming and enhancement systems. Thus, there is an urgent need of efficient objective video quality assessment (VQA) tools in current media communication networks. This paper reviews a range of spatial and temporal compressed video artifacts and summarizes assessment methods (subjective and objective) and also introduces some of evaluation metrics (MSE, PSNR, VQM and SSIM). Although the true measure of any television system is viewer subjective satisfaction, objective assessment is the target in this article. Only distortions caused by compression process are considered and transmission errors are neglected here.

Bandwidth Management Points (BMP) are a necessity to manage the intra and inter-domain resources in the Internet. In this paper we propose a way to setup inter-domain Label Switched Path (LSP) with the help of a BMP in a MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) over Di#- serv network. We use extended Simple Inter-domain Bandwidth Broker Signalling Protocol (SIBBS) to distribute the labels inter-domain. We also use a BMP to interact with the MPLS to setup the intra-domain LSP and to provision the intra-domain tra#c. With the help of a BMP, we show how end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) can be achieved.

This paper presents a novel arrangement of dual polarized dual band antenna in shared aperture concept. It consists of multifunction feature for base station applications in a single radome with low profile and compact size. In this work two varieties of antennas working in separate bands are integrated in a single aperture, an aperture coupled patch antenna for covering low frequency band operation and for High frequency band a printed broadband cross dipole antenna were used. Both antennas shares the common aperture and making it suitable for multifunction application with orthogonal linear (+45/-45) slant polarization which is used for polarization diversity in the base station antennas. The Low band antenna covers GSM frequency band working over 0.698–0.960GHz and the second antenna operates in the band of 1.710–2.69 GHz frequency band, which is serving for 2G-3G-4G applications. The Returns loss (S11 = -10 dB) bandwidth of aperture coupled antenna is 31.6% (0.698– 0.960 GHz) and printed broadband cross dipole antenna has 44.5% (1.710–2.690 GHz). The measured S-parameters and pattern results are well matched with the simulation results.

This "presentation paper" discusses the innovation scenario with Software-defined Networking (SDN)/ OpenFlow for smart systems. A "presentation paper" format is used with slides and bibliographic references to subsidize and enrich contents lecture. This talk was presented at Campus Party-BA-Brazil 2017.