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Compiled and adapted by Joe Tambe from Ancient Sicily by M.S. Finley; Medieval Sicily and Modern Sicily by Denis Mack Smith; and The Rulers of the South by Francis Marion Crawford

Prehistoric (All Dates = B.C.)

ci.	20,000	Earliest migrants	Levanzo
	10,000	Cave paintings in Levanzo (island off coast at Trapani)
	3,000	First use of copper
	1,800	Beginning of Bronze Age
	1,600 - 1,400	"Late Minoan" Crete
	1,200	Sicels arrive from mainland Italy
	1,200	End of Mycenaen Age in Greece

Phoenicians (From Present Day Lebanon)

ci.	800	Founded Carthage on north coast of Africa-near modern Tunisia	Recreation of Motya
	700	Motya colonized (between Marsala and Trapani)
	536	Founded Panormus (now Palermo)

Ancient Greek - (Oligarchies Of Aristocrats)

	733	Siracusa colonized (Corinth - Dorian)	Agrigento
	730	Zancle (Messina) colonized
	728	Megara Hyblaea colonized (Megara)
	688	Gela colonized (Rhodes/Crete)
	650	Himera colonized (with Thermae is now Termini Imerese)
	630	Selinus (Selinunte) colonized
	600	Kamerina colonized
	580	Akragas (Girgenti - Agrigento) colonized
	396	Tyndaris colonized

Classical Greek - Golden Age-Tyrants In Sicily (generally wise and popular rulers)

	504 - 466	Cleander, Hippocrates and Gelon in Gela	Siracusa
		Gelon in Siracusa, Theron in Akragas and Himera
	490 - 497	Persian Wars
	480	Defeat of Carthaginians at Himera
	476 - 467	Hiero

Democratic Interlude

	452	Revolt of Ducetius	Gela
	431 - 404	Peloponnesian War
	427 - 424	War between Siracusa and Leontini
	424	Congress at Gela
	415 - 413	Athenian invasion
	410 - 405	Carthaginian invasion
	409	Himera destroyed
	406	Akragas abandoned and sacked

Siracusan Domination

	405 - 367	Dionysius I	Motya
	398 - 396	War with Carthage
	397	Fall of Motya
	398 - 397	Plato visits Siracusa
	367 - 344	Dionysius II
	359 - 336	Philip II of Macedon
	354	Dion rules Siracusa
	346 - 345	Carthaginian invasion
	344 - 338	Timoleon
	340	Defeat of Carthaginians
	336 - 323	Alexander the Great (Macedonia)

Hellenistic Greek

	317 - 289	Agathocles	Selinunte
	311	Carthaginian invasion of Sicily
	310 - 306	North Africa invaded
	305	Agathocles assumes royal title
	282	Gela destroyed by Phintias of Akragas
	280	Carthaginian invasion
	278 - 276	Pyrrhus in Sicily
	272	Rome captured Tarentum
	265 - 215	Hieron II becomes King of Siracusa

Roman - Republican Period

	264 - 241	First Punic War (Romans vs western Phoenicians/Carthaginians)	Punic Warship
	261	Romans capture Akragas
	250	Selinunte destroyed
	238	Rome seizes Sardinia
	218 - 201	Second Punic War
	215	Death of Hiero II
	212	Siracusa falls to Marcellus of Rome
	210	Sicily becomes first Province of Rome
	139 - 132	Slave Revolts
	73 - 71	Governorship of Verres of Rome
	73 - 71	Slave Revolt in Italy under Spartacus
	44 - 36	Sextus Pompey in Sicily
	31	Battle of Actium

Anno Domini - A.D.

Imperial Rome

	14	Death of Augustus	Santa Lucia Piazza Armerina
	117 - 138	Hadrian emperor
	139	Slave revolt-led by Eunus in Enna
	193 - 211	Septimus Severus
	284 - 305	Diocletian emperor
	304	Martyrdom of Santa Lucia
	306 - 337	Constantine
	313	Edict of Toleration
	325	Council of Nicaea
	429	Vandals in North Africa
	440	First vandals raid (Germanic people)
	440 - 461	Pope Leo I
	451	Council of Chalcedon
	468 - 476	Vandal control of Sicily (Gaiseric,King)
	476 - 535	Ostrogoth rule (eastern Goths from part of modern Ukraine & Belarus)
	476 - 493	Odoacer
	492 - 496	Pope Gelasius I
	493 - 526	Theodoric
	527 - 565	Emperor Justinian I of Byzantium

Byzantine Period (Byzantium > Constantinople-Now Istanbul)

	535	General Belarius captures Sicily	Tindari San Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo
	590 - 604	Pope Gregory the Great
	610 - 641	Heraclius
	651 - 652	First Arab Raid
	663 - 668	Emperor Constantine II in Sicily
	687 - 705	Pope Sergius I
	689	Arabs capture Carthage (North Africa)
	692	Sicily becomes Byzantine theme
	717 - 741	Pope Leo III
	726	Constantine confiscates papal patrimony
	741 - 775	Constantine V
	781 - 782	Revolt of Elpidius
	827	Revolt of Euphemius

Arab Invasion			Monreale
	831	Palermo falls to Arabs (Saracens)
	878	Siracusa falls to Arabs
Norman Period
	1061	Norman invasion of Sicily
	1071	Normans take Palermo
	1091	Norman conquest of Sicily complete

Norman Rulers and Kings			Cefalù
	1091 - 1101	Roger I (the Great Count)
	1101 - 1112	Adelaide Regent
	1112 - 1154	Roger II (King Roger of Sicily from 1130)
	1154 - 1168	William I ('the Bad')
	1166 - 1189	William II ('the Good')
	1189 - 1194	Tancred

Hohenstaufens (Swabia, southwest Germany)

	1194 - 1197	Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)	Frederick II (on the left)
	1197 - 1250	Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor)
	1250 - 1254	Conrad IV (Holy Roman Emperor-Conrad I of Sicily)
	1254 - 1266	Manfred (crowned 1258)
	1266 - 1268	Conradin
House of Anjou (Angevine - French)
	1268 - 1282	Charles I

House of Aragon (Spain)

1282 - 1458

Viceroys appointed from Spain			Victor Amadeus II
	1458/1713/1718/1720
Savoy-Piemonte
	1713 - 1718	Victor Amedeus (King of Sicily)
	1718 - 1720	(Viceroy)
Austrian Viceroys
	1720 - 1734

Bourbon Rule from Naples			Ferdinand IV
	1734 -1759	Charles III
	1759 - 1825	Ferdinand IV (I of the Two Sicilies)
	1825 - 1830	Francis I
	1830 - 1859	Ferdinand II
	1859 - 1860	Francis II
Union with Italy
	1861 - 1946	House of Savoy, Kings of United Italy
	1946	Republic of Italy
	1947	First Sicilian Regional Parliament elected

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