Ayesha Pamela Rogers

Anarkali Bazaar is one of the oldest shopping areas of South Asia, famous for centuries as a lively, opulent and sophisticated market, literary and art centre and culinary destination. Although it may now be outshone by more modern arcades and shopping centres in Lahore, it still retains the magic captured by Punjabi poet Anwar Masood in his poem Anarkali Dian Shaana "tou kia janay bholiay majhay Naar Kali dia shaanan"-"Oh! sweet naive young buffalo what would you know of the majestic Naarkali"? This map and guide are designed to help you navigate through its ancient streets and to show you some of the heritage of Anarkali Bazaar in all its rich colour and complexity

Drawing from case studies across Asia (Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lao PDR, and Thailand), this paper investigates how the range of values attributed to the intangible aspects of cultural heritage places supports their overall significance, including ways in which the values ascribed to both intangible and tangible dimensions of such places relate to each other. It highlights a range of intangible or living values derived from many different stakeholders-values that are often overlooked or ignored in the significance assessment process. The consequences, in some cases, have been destruction or irreparable damage to heritage. Failure to identify and incorporate living values, as defined by the occupants and users, has resulted in lost opportunities and the shortchanging of significance and meaning. Putting intangible values at the center of conservation decision making is central to maximizing these opportunities and maintaining meaning for all.

... 2003. Safeguarding the Plain of Jars. In Fishbones and Glittering Emblems: Southeast AsianArchaeology 2002 (eds A. Karlstrom and A. Kallen). Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, pp. 471-9. Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa and Bellwood, P. 2000. ...

Rogers, A.P (2012) The Herald Annual, Special Issue " Critical Heritage: the future of Pakistan's past ". Karachi For a nation so rich in cultural heritage in all its forms, Pakistan is chronically short of qualified professionals in conservation and management. This is due, in part, to a failure to understand and impart the basic skills that new professionals require. There is confusion concerning the complimentary roles of heritage conservation and management, the two essential partners in the goal of safeguarding cultural heritage. To conserve is to take action to stop the degradation or loss of heritage assets while management ensures that the conserved assets continues to thrive, to have meaning for the community and to retain that meaning for the future. Training in both is needed to ensure that actions designed to safeguard heritage are well-informed and practicable. Both conservation and management are above all " processes " , not just isolated actions. This should be reflected in our approach to teaching by structuring programs that follow the " process " rather than presenting a series of poorly linked topics. These processes must be translated into teachable course content that logically guides the student through procedures and options and instills the confidence to make decisions along the way. These procedures and options make up the core competencies needed to conserve and manage heritage. At seminars held at National College of Arts in 2009 and 2010, scholars and practitioners met to discuss the core competencies needed by heritage professionals, to inform the design of postgraduate programs at the Center for Cultural Heritage Conservation and Management. They were asked " what skills do heritage professionals require? " Each spoke from a different professional point of view about the skills and knowledge they would like to see in those they employ or contract in a heritage conservation and management role. The results of these seminars tells us a great deal about what we should be teaching students who want to make a difference in the way cultural heritage is safeguarded in Pakistan. First of these competencies is cultural competency, by which we mean the basic understanding of one's own culture and of culture as a wider concept. This includes grounding in the basics of history, anthropology, material culture studies, economics and related disciplines and the critical and research skills to frame questions, collect data and analyze findings that draw on many disciplines. Similarly, basic technical competency is needed in such diverse skills as documentation, data handling and processing, mapping, knowledge of building materials and techniques and causes of deterioration, architectural drawing and archaeological methodology. Conserving and managing heritage is first and foremost an active process that integrates technical skills and theories from many different disciplines. Teaching needs to impart these skills and also the flexibility to adapt and improvise to solve problems. Knowledge of the theory of practice is an essential component of any program to ensure that practice is set in a context of wider understanding and self-awareness. By theory of practice we mean an understanding of the history of discourse on conservation and management and the development of current approaches; professional ethics; normative documents, guidelines and local and international

Built heritage faces increasing pressures and threats from development and change in the contemporary world, a situation that frequently results in compromise or loss of historic fabric and its associated values. This paper examines how Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) methodology specifically addresses and mitigates threats to built heritage within an overall sustainable development framework. The methodology will be explained and examples will be given from across Asia of HIA applications to the urban and rural built environment to illustrate how this can be achieved. These case studies reflect a variety of ways in which development and heritage come into conflict and have been selected to show how versatile and adaptable HIA can be as a tool for finding balance and solutions. HIA is an approach rooted in a balanced and sustainable relationship between 'the needs of the present and future generations and the legacy from the past' (UNESCO 2011). The paper also illuminates some of the basic assumptions on which HIA functions and some of the contradictions that often arise when the methodology is applied to real world problems.

This paper proposes that Civil Engineering Heritage is a distinct form of heritage, related to but differing from Industrial Heritage and a separate field that should be treated independently. The critical element that signifies engineering heritage is ingenium or innovation in development of complex technological responses to physical challenges. Engineering heritage requires specific approaches to its identification, documentation, conservation and management. The important first step of this process is a clear understanding of the values and attributes that contribute to the significance of engineering heritage and must be safeguarded. The example of engineering heritage examined here is the colonial steel railway bridges of Pakistan; three case study bridges are presented and the values and attributes of each are discussed. The paper then identifies a set of shared essential values of this type of engineering heritage that can serve as a basis for value-based conservation and management.

Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) has developed out of the environmental assessment model to become an important tool for heritage planners and managers. Heritage resources are under pressure from development everywhere, with a resulting loss and compromise of values, authenticity and integrity. The ongoing development of a standardized methodology for carrying out HIA employs systematic examination of the full range of potential events and outcomes, combining overview with detail. It integrates heritage values and authenticity with development visions, engineering works and stakeholder input to engage with the bigger picture and provide a valuable decision making tool. Origins of Heritage Impact Assessment Impact assessment evolved during the 1960s in response to growing public interest in the protection of the environment from the consequences of development, using models and approaches from the natural sciences, particularly ecology. The aim was to empower the environment in decision-making and development planning. The success of the impact assessment model as a planning tool since the beginning of the sustainable development debate of the 1970s led to its wider application, including applications to heritage. It was first applied to archaeological resources of known importance that were threatened with destruction due to infrastructure development projects. Impact assessment applied to archaeological and other cultural heritage resources is now gaining universal acceptance as an essential development planning and heritage management tool. Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) fits into a comprehensive assessment process that links several levels of engagement: Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) which deals with the potential impacts that will result from area-wide plans or major policy decisions; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) which deals with the ascertained impacts that will result from a specific development project, and HIA which is applied to specific project and development proposals that potentially threaten resources of cultural significance. HIA is a systematic process of identifying the probable results of a proposed policy or action on the cultural heritage of a place and its communities. It is a decision support tool which provides input at the planning, works and operational stages to minimize or eliminate adverse effects through mitigation and to enhance positive impacts. In places where heritage is included in the EIA system as a component on a legal par with other environmental variables, practice has clearly shown the power of rigorous HIA as a tool to manage change and mitigate risk in order to preserve significance – the basic task of heritage management. As such, it is rapidly becoming the heritage manager's most important tool for managing change in historic resources. .

Based on documentation carried out by a community team in areas to be flooded by the Diamer-Basha Dam; written as a manual for teachers, trainers and students to introduce the concept of cultural landscapes into heritage management thinking in Pakistan

Twenty years ago, the Phuket Group, now well-known as an international tourist destination, was already poised for rapid economic development and thus inevitable social change for the indigenous inhabitants of the area, thriving groups of transhumant sea peoples known collectively in the Thai vernacular as " Chaw Lay, " or " Sea Gypsies " or " People of the Sea. " This island group lying off the west coast of southern Thailand is one of many such places in the South China Sea where most, if not all, beach sites yield evidence of past human exploitation. For these reasons-the widespread distribution of archaeological remains; the existence of an ethnographically analogous indigenous population; and impending social change-the area was chosen by the Phuket Project as the laboratory in which to investigate the issues concerning specialisation in maritime resources-issues which have wide relevance throughout insular Southeast Asia. The initial phase of ethnographic documentation and archaeological research continued for a period of three full years from 1978 through 1981, during which a series of nine living communities of Chaw Lay were studied and fifteen sites were excavated. Recognising that much ethno-archaeological research lacks a time dimension and thus is open to a critique of speculation, our research has been updated by periodic return visits culminating in a formal project extension in the spring of 1996 in which eight sites were re-excavated and one1 newly-discovered site investigated. The ethnographic data pertaining to the populations of four Chaw lay communities was updated and the demographic connections of these populations re-mapped in order to determine what, if any changes in the pattern of movements had taken place over the course of a generation. This was a unique opportunity to return and observe how ethnographic events which were first encountered as living behaviour more than fifteen years ago have now been converted into archaeological deposits-thus adding a temporal dimension to our ethno-archaeological model.

The HUL approach envisions the city as a " layering and interconnection of values " (UNESCO 2011). This concept allows for the living component of the city to be treated as one of these layers, with value and significance equal to all other layers. The question addressed in this paper is whether the current practice of the HUL approach in Asia is in fact taking full advantage of this opportunity; is it coming to grips with the intangible living heritage of historic cities and recognizing its importance and potential? To try and answer these questions, this paper looks at the essential steps and tools of the approach and how they are being applied in different pilot cities specifically in terms of living heritage. The case studies selected include six pilot cities for the HUL programme with the World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region (WHITRAP) in Shanghai, China – Zanzibar, Rawalpindi, Cuenca, Ballarat, Shanghai and Suzhou. Reviewing the case studies it is clear that the HUL approach and toolkit can be interpreted as sensitive to the particular needs of living heritage in " messy " cities: cities which " possess an order and hierarchy often visible and comprehensible only to their participants, thereby escaping common understanding and appreciation " (Chalana & Hou 2016). This is particularly the case for the first steps of the HUL approach, though less so for the tasks of integrating living culture into the urban planning process.