Novi imperijalizam
(преусмерено са Novi Imperijalizam)
U istorijskom kontekstu, novi imperijalizam karakteriše period kolonijalne ekspanzije evropskih sila, Sjedinjenih Država i Japana tokom kraja 19. i početka 20. veka.[1] Tokom ovog razdoblja je došlo do neviđene potrage za prekomorskim teritorijalnim akvizicijama. U to vreme su se države fokusirale na izgradnju svojih carstava novim tehnološkim napretkom i razvojem, te na proširivanje svoje teritorije osvajanjem i iskorištavanje resursa potčinjenih država. Tokom ere novog imperijalizma, zapadne sile (i Japan) pojedinačno su osvojile gotovo celu Afriku i delove Azije. Novi talas imperijalizma odražavao je stalna rivalstva velikih sila, ekonomsku želju za novim resursima i tržištima i etos „civilizacijske misije”. Mnoge kolonije uspostavljene tokom ove ere stekle su nezavisnost u doba dekolonizacije koja je usledila posle Drugog svetskog rata.
Kvalifikator „novo” koristi se za razlikovanje modernog imperijalizma od ranijih imperijalnih aktivnosti, poput takozvanog prvog talasa evropske kolonizacije između 1402. i 1815.[1][2] U prvom talasu kolonizacije evropske sile su osvojile i kolonizovale Ameriku i Sibir; kasnije su osnovali više ispostava u Africi i Aziji.
Uspon[уреди | уреди извор]
Američki revolucionarni rat (1775–83) i kolaps Španskog carstva u Latinskoj Americi 1820-ih okončali su prvu eru evropskog imperijalizma. Posebno u Velikoj Britaniji ove revolucije su pomogle da se pokažu nedostaci merkantilizma, doktrine ekonomske konkurencije za ograničeno bogatstvo koja je podržavala raniju imperijsku ekspanziju. Godine 1846, Zakoni o kukuruzu su ukinuti i proizvođači su rasli, pošto su propisi nametnuti Zakonima o kukuruzu usporili njihovo poslovanje. Sa ukidanjem, proizvođači su mogli slobodnije da trguju. Tako je Britanija počela da usvaja koncept slobodne trgovine.[3]
Tokom ovog perioda, između Bečkog kongresa 1815. nakon poraza Napoleonove Francuske i pobede carske Nemačke u Francusko-pruskom ratu 1871. godine, Velika Britanija je požnjela prednosti svoje dominantne vojne i ekonomske sile u Evropi. Kao „svetska radionica“, Britanija je mogla da proizvodi gotovu robu tako efikasno da je obično mogla da proda uporedivu, lokalno proizvedenu robu na stranim tržištima, snabdevajući veliki deo proizvedene robe koju konzumiraju takve nacije kao što su nemačke države, Francuska, Belgija, i Sjedinjenih Država.[4]
Erozija britanske hegemonije nakon Francusko-pruskog rata, u kojoj je koalicija nemačkih država predvođena Pruskom snažno porazila Drugo francusko carstvo, bila je izazvana promenama u evropskoj i svetskoj ekonomiji i u kontinentalnom odnosu snaga nakon sloma Evropskog koncerta, ustanovljenog od strane Bečkog kongresa. Osnivanje nacionalnih država u Nemačkoj i Italiji rešilo je teritorijalna pitanja zbog kojih su potencijalni rivali bili upleteni u unutrašnje stvari u srcu Evrope u korist Britanije. Godine od 1871. do 1914. bile su obeležene krajnje nestabilnim mirom. Odlučnost Francuske da povrati Alzas-Lorenu, koju je aneksirala Nemačka kao rezultat Francusko-pruskog rata, i rastuće imperijalističke ambicije Nemačke će ove dve nacije održavati u stalnom stanju spremnosti za sukob.[5]
Ova konkurencija je zaoštrena dugom depresijom 1873–1896, produženim periodom deflacije cena isprekidanim ozbiljnim padom poslovanja, koji je izvršio pritisak na vlade da promovišu domaću industriju, što je dovelo do široko rasprostranjenog napuštanja slobodne trgovine među evropskim silama (u Nemačkoj od 1879. i u Francuskoj od 1881).[6][7]
Reference[уреди | уреди извор]
- ^ а б Louis, William Roger (2006). „32: Robinson and Gallagher and Their Critics”. Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. London: I.B.Tauris. стр. 910. ISBN 9781845113476. Приступљено 2017-08-10. „[...] the concept of the 'new imperialism' espoused by such diverse writers as John A. Hobson, V. I. Lenin, Leonard Woolf, Parker T, Moon, Robert L. Schuyler, and William L. Langer. Those students of imperialism, whatever their purpose in writing, all saw a fundamental difference between the imperialist impulses of the mid- and late-Victorian eras. Langer perhaps best summarized the importance of making the distinction of late-nineteenth-century imperialism when he wrote in 1935: '[...] this period will stand out as the crucial epoch during which the nations of the western world extended their political, economic and cultural influence over Africa and over large parts of Asia ... in the larger sense the story is more than the story of rivalry between European imperialisms; it is the story of European aggression and advance in the non-European parts of the world.'”
- ^ Gilmartin, Mary (2009). „9: Colonialism/imperialism”. Ур.: Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter. Key Concepts in Political Geography. Key Concepts in Human Geography. London: SAGE. стр. 115. ISBN 9781446243541. Приступљено 2017-08-09. „Commentators have identified three broad waves of European colonial and imperial expansion, connected with specific territories. The first targeted the Americas, North and South, as well as the Caribbean. The second focused on Asia, while the third wave extended European control into Africa.”
- ^ „Corn Law”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10. 11. 2010.
- ^ Nadel, George H. and Curtis, Perry (1969). Imperialism and Colonialism. Macmillan.
- ^ „Franco-German War”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10. 11. 2010.
- ^ Kindleberger, C. P., (1961), "Foreign Trade and Economic Growth: Lessons from Britain and France, 1850-1913", The Economic History Review, Vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 289–305.
- ^ Porter, B., (1996), The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850-1995, (London: Longman), pp. 118ff.
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- Morrow, Ian F. D. (1932). „The Foreign Policy of Prince von Bulow, 1898-1909”. Cambridge Historical Journal. 4 (1): 63—93. JSTOR 3020573. doi:10.1017/S1474691300003292.
- Padfield, Peter (2005). The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914.
- Palmer, Alan (1972). Metternich: Councillor of Europe.
- Palmer, Alan (1995). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph.
- Palmer, Alan (2015). Bismarck.
- Scheck, Raffael (2008). Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945. full text online, a brief textbook by a leading scholar
- Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. (1916). England and Germany, 1740–1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press; [etc., etc.]
- Sheehan, James J (1993). German History, 1770–1866., a major scholarly survey
- Steinberg, Jonathan (2011). Bismarck: A Life., most recent scholarly biography
- Stürmer, Michael. „"Bismarck in Perspective,"”. Central European History. 4 (4): 291—331. JSTOR 4545614.
- Taylor, A.J.P. Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (1967)
- Taylor, A.J.P. The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815. (2001). 280pp.
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- Wawro, Geoffrey (2014). A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Hapsburg Empire.
- Forbes, Nevill,; et al. (1915). The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey. summary histories by scholars. The Balkans : A history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey. 1915.
- Fuller, William C (1998). Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914.
- Hall, Richard C. ed. War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (2014)
- Jelavich, Barbara (1974). St. Petersburg and Moscow: tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974.; 1st edition was A Century of Russian Foreign Policy 1814–1914 (1964)
- Jelavich, Charles, and Barbara Jelavich. (1977). The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804–1920. ISBN 9780295954448.
- LeDonne, John P (1997). The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. Oxford UP.
- McMeekin, Sean (14. 11. 2011). The Russian Origins of the First World War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674062108.. excerpt and text search
- Marriott, J. A. R. (1917). The Eastern question; an historical study in European diplomacy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." Journal of International Relations and Development 11. . 2: 128—151. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. Недостаје или је празан параметар
|title=(помоћ). - Nish, Ian Hill (1985). The origins of the Russo-Japanese war.
- Ragsdale, Hugh; Ponomarev, V. N. (29. 10. 1993). Imperial Russian Foreign Policy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052144229X.. excerpt and text search
- Reynolds, Michael (2011). Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908–1918. online review
- Schevill, Ferdinand. (1922). The history of the Balkan Peninsula; from the earliest times to the present day. New York Harcourt: Brace.
- Seton-Watson, Hugh (1988). The Russian Empire, 1801-1917. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198221525.
- Stavrianos, L.S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), major scholarly history; Stavrianos, L. S. (2000). The Balkans since 1453. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814797662.
- Sumner, B. H. Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880 (1937)
- Andrei Zayonchkovski Подготовка России к мировой войне в международном отношении; Штаб РККА, Упр. по исслед. и использованию опыта войн; Предисл. и под ред. М. П. Павловича. — [Л.]: Ленинград: Воен. тип. Упр. делами Наркомвоенмор и РВС СССР, 1926. — 398 с.
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- Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1959). A short history of American foreign policy and diplomacy.
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|title=(помоћ). - Nish, Ian (2001). Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka.
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- Walker, Mack. ed. Metternich's Europe, 1813–48 (1968) 352 pp of primary sources in English translation excerpt
Spoljašnje veze[уреди | уреди извор]
- J.A. Hobson's Imperialism: A Study: A Centennial Retrospective by Professor Peter Cain
- Extensive information on the British Empire
- -author= -
- „The Empire Strikes Out: The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws by Ivan Eland, director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute.”. Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. март 2016) (an article comparing contemporary defense policy with those of New Imperialism (1870–1914)
- The Martian Chronicles: History Behind the Chronicles New Imperialism 1870-1914
- 1- Coyne, Christopher J. and Steve Davies. "Empire: Public Goods and Bads" . (PDF). јануар 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070221033409/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoyneDaviesCommentJanuary2007.pdf. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2007-02-21. г. Недостаје или је празан параметар
|title=(помоћ)Wayback Machine] - „Imperialism - Internet History Sourcebooks - Fordham University”. Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. јануар 2010)
- „The New Imperialism”. (a course syllabus)
- -{„The 19th Century: The New Imperialism”.в
- 2- Coyne, Christopher J. and Steve Davies. "Empire: Public Goods and Bads" . (PDF). јануар 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070221033409/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoyneDaviesCommentJanuary2007.pdf. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2007-02-21. г. Недостаје или је празан параметар
|title=(помоћ)Wayback Machine]
