Abstract
White Rot Fungi (WRF) are able to decolorize dyes through the use of relatively non-specific extracellular oxidative enzymes. Nevertheless, decolorization does not imply that the resulting metabolites are less toxic than the parent molecules. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the detoxification potential of six strains (Pycnoporus sanguineus, Perenniporia tephropora, Perenniporia ochroleuca, Trametes versicolor, Coriolopsis polyzona and Clitocybula dusenii) during decolorization of dyes. Cytotoxicity assays were carried out on human Caco-2 cells, which are considered as a validated model for the human intestinal epithelium, and the results were compared with those obtained on classical bacterial cells. Genotoxic character was monitored through VITOTOX® assays. The biotransformation of an anthraquinonic dye (CI Acid Blue 62, ABu62) was studied. All tested strains were able to decolorize extensively ABu62 (between 83 and 95% decolorization), however, different cytotoxicity reduction levels were reached (from 44 to 99%). Best results were achieved with P. sanguineus strain and the major role of laccases in cytotoxicity reduction was underlined. Based on this result, efficiency of P. sanguineus strain was further studied. Four azo and two anthraquinonic dyes were treated by this strain. After WRF treatment, two dyes were found to be more toxic in one or both toxicity assays. Genotoxic character appeared during biotransformation of one dye, however, it was removed by the addition of hepatic rat extract to mimic liver transformation. These results stress the importance of monitoring several parameters, such as colour, toxicity and mutagenicity, to ensure the efficiency of the bioremediation process.
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Abbreviations
- ABTS:
-
2′,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
- ABu62:
-
CI Acid Blue 62, CI 62045
- ABu113:
-
CI Acid Blue 113, CI 26360
- ABu281:
-
CI Acid Blue 281
- AOr116:
-
CI Acid Orange 116
- AR266:
-
CI Acid Red 266, CI 17101
- AR299:
-
CI Acid Red 299
- BCCMTM/MUCL:
-
Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms/Mycothèque de l’Université Catholique de Louvain
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- MTT assay:
-
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay
- WRF:
-
White Rot Fungi
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Directorate for Technology, Research and Energy of the Walloon Regional Government of Belgium (BIOVAL 981/3870 and CHAMBOIS) as well as the European Commission, Sixth Framework Program (SOPHIED contract NMP2-CT2004-505899). The authors acknowledge for their efficient collaboration: V. Mertens (Wetlands Engineering, Belgium), S. Agathos and D. Wesenberg (Unit of Biological Engineering of the catholic University of Louvain, Belgium), S. Taghavi, L. Regniers, L. Verschaeve and D. van der Lelie (Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologische Onderzoek, Belgium). P. Villers, A. Bastiaens, F. Gouardères and the Musketeers are greatly acknowledged for their kind and continuous help.
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Vanhulle, S., Trovaslet, M., Enaud, E. et al. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evolution during decolorization of dyes by White Rot Fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24, 337–344 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9475-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9475-7