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{{shortShort description|Ancient ruined Lycian city, partin of a UNESCO World Heritage Site insouthwest Turkey}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2023}}
{{other uses}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Xanthos
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|management =
|public_access =
|website = [https://turkishmuseums.com/museum/detail/1975-antalya-xanthos-orenyeri/1975/1 turkishmuseums.com]
|website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
|notes =
|designation1=WHS
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}}
 
'''Xanthos''' or '''Xanthus''', also referred to by scholars as '''''Arna''''', its [[Lycian language|Lycian]] name,{{sfn|Fried|2004|p=145}} ({{lang-tr|Ksantos}}, [[Lycian language|Lycian]]: 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 ''Arñna'', {{lang-el|Ξάνθος}}, [[Latin]]: ''Xanthus'') was an ancient city near the present-day village of [[Kınık, Kaş|Kınık]], in [[Antalya Province]], Turkey. The ruins are located on a hill on the left bank of the River Xanthos. The number and quality of the surviving [[tombs at Xanthos]] are a notable feature of the site, which, together with nearby [[Letoon]], was declared to be a [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|World Heritage Site]] in 1988.
 
The city of Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the [[Lycians]], and later for the [[Persians]], [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Roman Empire|Romans]] who in turn conquered the region. As an [[Lycia]]n important city, Xanthos exerted architectural influences uponinfluenced its neighbours architecturally; the [[Nereid Monument]] directly inspired the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]] in the region of [[Caria]] region.
 
==History==
Two [[Lycians|Lycian]] heroes of the [[Trojan War]], [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]], is described in the ''[[Iliad]]'' as an ally of [[Troy]].{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=56}}
 
The acropolis of Xanthos dates from the 8th century BCE.{{sfn|Fried|2004|p=148}} The city was mentioned by [[ancient Greek]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] writers. The Greek historian [[Strabo]] noted that Xanthos was the largest city in [[Lycia]].<ref name="Pli2">{{cite web |title=Strabo, Geography: 6 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D6 |website=Perseus Digital Library |publisher=[[Tufts University]] |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> The important religious sanctuary of [[Leto]] at [[Letoon]], {{convert|4|km}} south of Xanthos, dates from the late 6th century BC,{{sfn|Dusinberre|2013|p=219}} and was closely associated with the city and linked by a sacred road.{{sfn|Kinsey|2012|p=173}}
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The Greek historians [[Herodotus]] and [[Appian]] both described the conquest of the city by the [[Medes|Median]] general [[Harpagus]] on behalf of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]], According to Herodotus, the [[Persians]] defeated a small Lycian army in the flatlands to the north of the city in {{circa|540 BC}}.<ref name="Pli1">{{cite web |title=Herodotus, The Histories, A.D. Godley, ed.: 176 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.%201.176&lang=original |website=Perseus Digital Library |publisher=[[Tufts University]] |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> The Lycians retreated into the city, which Harpagus then besieged. The Lycians destroyed their [[acropolis]], and killed their wives, children and slaves, before engaging the enemy in a suicidal attack.{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=56}}
 
During the Persian occupation, a local leadership was installed and by 520&nbsp;BC it was [[Mint (facility)|minting]] coins.{{sfn|Keen|1992|p=58}} By 516&nbsp;BC Xanthos had been included in the first [[Prefectures of Greece|nomos]]''Nomos'' of [[Darius I]] in the tribute list.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-McKinley|2015|p=98}}
 
In the final decades of the 5th century BC, Xanthos was strong enough to conquer nearby [[Telmessos]] and incorporate it into Lycia. The prosperity of Lycia during the Persian occupation is demonstrated by the extensive architectural achievements in Xanthos, that include the [[Nereid Monument]], the tomb of the Lycian ruler [[Arbinas]] who asserted control over the region in 400&nbsp;BC, and built in 390&nbsp;BC.{{citation required|date=May 2023}}
 
=== Conquest by Alexander the Great ===
From [[Telmessos]] the army of [[Alexander the Great]] marched over the mountains to Xanthos. There representatives from each of the cities of the Lycian League, including the port of [[Phaselis]], personally offered the Lycians' submission, which was accepted. Alexander was encouraged when he found a sacred spring close to the River Xanthus, and obtained from there an inscribed bronze tablet that predicted that the Greeks would destroy the Persian Empire.{{sfn|Freeman|2011|p=98}}
 
Reports on the city's surrender to [[Alexander the Great]] differ: [[Arrian]] reports a peaceful surrender, but [[Appian]] claims that the city was sacked.{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=56}} After Alexander's death, Xanthos was captured by [[Ptolemy I Soter]] from [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonos]].{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=58}}
 
=== Roman and Byzantine ruleperiod ===
Xanthus was in the [[Roman province]] of [[Lycia]].{{sfn|Bunson|2014|p=335}} In 42 BC [[Brutus]] came to Lycia in the [[Roman Civil War]]s, to obtain funds for his campaign in that year before the [[Battle of Philippi]]. The Lycian League refused to contribute; Brutus besieged Xanthos and the city was once again destroyed and only 150 Xanthian men survived the carnage. But Plutarch describes the carnage as self-inflicted, with Brutus and his Romans trying but unable to save the city from flames. In his words, 150 “did not escape having their lives saved.” Plutarch explains such suicidal behavior by the city’s similar response to Persian conquest generations earlier. {{sfn|Tempest|2017|pp=246{{ndash}}247}} It was rebuilt under [[Mark Antony]].{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=60}}
 
Most of the buildings visible today were built during the Later Empire. The town took on a grid plan. A large piazza with porticoes was built in the west, probably where the classical agora was. There was also a triple-naved building which may have started as a pagan basilica and then become a church. There was probably a large porticoed avenue terminated with. a gateway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=des Courtils |last2=Cavalier |first2=Laurence |title=The City of Xanthos from Archaic to Byzantine Times |url=https://www.academia.edu/10481469 |journal=}}</ref>
==Archaeology==▼
{{Main|Tombs at Xanthos}}▼
 
===Byzantine period===
Xanthos, like the rest of Lycia, prospered in the later Roman period. Luxury houses were built on the Lycian acropolis. Several churches were also built, including a large basilica (74m x 29m), a small chapel, and another large basilica on the acropolis. In the sixth century, earthquakes damaged many buildings, and they were repaired. The city wall was also reinforced because of the Arab threat. The city was subsequently destroyed and deserted.<ref name=":0" />
 
===Ecclesiastical history===
 
Xanthus was a [[suffragan]] of the Metropolitan Archbishopric of [[Myra]].{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=60}}
 
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Xanthoupolis was a titular diocese under the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], whose bishop assisted the Metropolitan Province of Smyrna, part of the larger Province of Asia Minor. Its last known bishop was Father Ignatios, later Metropolitan of Libya under the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria|Patriarchate of Alexandria]], who presided over this diocese from 1863 to 1884.{{citation required|date=May 2023}}
 
In the Catholic Church, the diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as the [[Titular bishopric]] of {{lang|la|Xanthus}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donovan |first1=Ned |title=The bishops who've never seen their dioceses |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/issues/oct-5th-2018/bishops-whove-never-seen-their-dioceses/ |access-date=15 May 2023 |work=Catholic Herald |date=4 October 2018 |ref=Don |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724230510/https://catholicherald.co.uk/issues/oct-5th-2018/bishops-whove-never-seen-their-dioceses/ |archive-date=24 July 2019}}</ref>
 
▲==Archaeology==
▲{{MainFurther|Tombs at Xanthos}}
[[File:The_Harpy_Tomb_reliefs,_about_480_BC,_Xanthos,_British_Museum,_London_(8825525382).jpg|thumb|The [[Harpy Tomb]] sculptures in the [[British Museum]]]]
ArchaeologyExcavations demonstrates thatat Xanthos's woodenhave tombsshown andthat templeswooden structures were destroyed in approximately {{circa|470 BC}}, probably by the [[Athens|Athenian]] [[Kimon]] to retaliate for the destruction of the Athenian Acropolis by the Persians and their Lycian allies. As there is no reference to this destruction in either Persian or Greek sources, some scholars attribute the destruction to natural or accidental causes. Xanthos was later rebuilt in stone.{{cnsfn|dateJenkins|2006|p=June 202223}}
 
The [[Nereid Monument]], the [[Tomb of Payava]], and the original sculptures of the [[Harpy Tomb]] are exhibited in the [[British Museum]].<ref name="Bri1">{{cite web |title=Room 17: Nereid Monument 390–380 BC |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/nereid-monument |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bri2">{{cite web |title=Room 20: Greeks and Lycians 400–325 BC |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/greeks-and-lycians-400-325-bc |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bri3">{{cite web |title=Room 15: Greece: Athens and Lycia 520–430 BC |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/greece-athens-and-lycia |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> The Harpy Tomb itself is located in its original location at Xanthos, now with replica reliefs.{{sfn|Jenkins|2006|p=163}}
Of the monumental tombs, three, the [[Nereid Monument]] the [[Tomb of Payava]] and the sculptures of the Harpy tomb, are now exhibited in the [[British Museum]] on account of their splendid sculptural decoration and architecture. The [[Harpy Tomb]], of equal merit but less well preserved, is still located in Xanthos with replica reliefs.
 
The [[archeology|archeological]] excavations and surface investigations at Xanthos have yielded many textsinscriptions in both the [[Lycian language|Lycian]] and Greek, including bilingual texts that are useful in the understanding of Lycian.{{sfn|Keen|1992|p=59}} The [[Xanthian Obelisk]], andotherwise known as the [[LetoonInscribed trilingual]]Pillar, areis twoa trilingual [[stele|stelae]] which werewas found in the city; and Letoon andit recordrecords an older Anatolian language conventionally calledknown as the [[Milyan language|Milyan]].{{sfn|Dusinberre|2013|p=192}}
 
==Location==
[[File:Xanthos Fluss.JPG|The River Xanthos, as seen from the ruins|thumb]]
Xanthos is located near to the modern village of [[Kınık, Kaş|Kınık]].{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=60}}
Xanthos is located near to the modern village of [[Kınık]].{{sfn|Akşit|2006|p=60}}{{refn|1=Strabo reports the original name of the river as Sibros.<ref name="Top">{{cite web |title=Xanthos/Sirbis river (Lycia) 18 Eşen Çay |url=https://topostext.org/place/363293WXan |website=Topostext |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> During the Persian invasion the river is called Sirbe, which means "yellow", like the Greek word "xanthos". The river usually has a yellow hue because of the soil in the alluvial base of the valley. Today the site of Xanthos overlooks the modern Turkish village of Kınık. Once over 500&nbsp;m long, the Roman [[Kemer Bridge]] crossed the upper reaches of the river near the present-day village of Kemer. The modern Turkish name of the river is Eşen Çayı.{{citation required|date=May 2023}}|group=note}}
 
==World Heritage Site==
Xanthos was added as a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], along with nearby [[Letoon]], in 1988.<ref name="UNE">{{cite web |title=Xanthos-Letoon |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/484 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
 
== References ==
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== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Akşit|first1=İlhan |editor1-last=Kline |editor1-first=Stuart |title=Lycia: The Land of Light |date=2006 |publisher=Aksit Kultur Turizm Sanat Ajans Lt |location=Istanbul |isbn=975-7039-11-X|ref=}}
* {{cite book |last1=DusinberreBunson |first1=Elspeth R. M.Matthew |title=Empire,Encyclopedia Authority,of andthe AutonomyRoman in Achaemenid AnatoliaEmpire |date=20132014 |publisher=[[CambridgeFacts Universityon Press]]File, Inc. |location=CambridgeNew York |isbn=978-1107014381-1-826027-61 |edition=Revised |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/Empire_Authority_and_Autonomy_in_Achaeme/_Eb5fIvwS6oC?hlid=en&gbpv=0T5tic2VunRoC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick-McKinleyDusinberre |first1=AnneElspeth R. M. |title=Empire, PowerAuthority, and IndigenousAutonomy Elites: A Case Study of thein NehemiahAchaemenid MemoirAnatolia |date=20152013 |publisher=[[BrillCambridge PublishersUniversity Press]] |location=LiedenCambridge |isbn=978-9004211070-91-222826-26 |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/Empire_Power_and_Indigenous_Elites/qIC9BwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpvid=0_Eb5fIvwS6oC}}
* {{cite book |last1=FriedFitzpatrick-McKinley |first1=Lisbeth S.Anne |title=TheEmpire, PriestPower and theIndigenous Great KingElites: Temple-palaceA Case RelationsStudy inof the PersianNehemiah EmpireMemoir |date=20042015 |publisher=Eisenbrauns[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Lieden |isbn=978-1575090042-69-090222-32 |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/The_Priest_and_the_Great_King/Fvz9jnaKuPIC?hl=en&gbpvid=0qIC9BwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journalbook |last1=KeenFreeman |first1=Antony G.Philip |title=TheAlexander Dynasticthe Tombs of Xanthos: Who Was Buried Where? |journal=Anatolian StudiesGreat |date=19922011 |volumepublisher=42Simon |page=|via=JSTOR& Schuster |pageslocation=53{{ndash}}63New York |doiisbn=10.2307/3642950978-14391-9-328-0 |url=https://wwwbooks.jstorgoogle.orgcom/stable/3642950books?id=ApzbQNITyPcC}}
* {{cite book |editor1-lastlast1=KinseyFried |editor1-firstfirst1=BrianLisbeth S. |title=GodsThe Priest and Goddessesthe ofGreat GreeceKing: andTemple-palace RomeRelations in the Persian Empire |date=20122004 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |location=Tarrytown, New YorkEisenbrauns |isbn=978-0761415750-96-980090-03 |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/Gods_and_Goddesses_of_Greece_and_Rome/kBlfEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpvid=0Fvz9jnaKuPIC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Ian |title=Greek Architecture and its Sculpture |date=2006 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-06740-2-388-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLego4eAgZUC}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Keen |first1=Antony G. |title=The Dynastic Tombs of Xanthos: Who Was Buried Where? |journal=Anatolian Studies |date=1992 |volume=42 |via=JSTOR |pages=53{{ndash}}63 |doi=10.2307/3642950 |jstor=3642950 |s2cid=161228800 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642950}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kinsey |editor1-first=Brian |title=Gods and Goddesses of Greece and Rome |date=2012 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |location=Tarrytown, New York |isbn=978-07614-9-980-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBlfEAAAQBAJ}}
* Pius Bonifacius Gams, ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'', Leipzig 1931, p.&nbsp;450
* {{cite book |last1=Tempest |first1=Kathryn |title=Brutus: The Noble Conspirator |date=2017 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-300-18009-1 |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/Brutus/mmo3DwAAQBAJ?hlid=enmmo3DwAAQBAJ}}
<!-- * Strabo, 14.3.6
* Herodotus, 1.176
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* {{cite book |last1=Bayburtluoğlu |first1=Cevdet |title=Lycia |date=2004 |publisher=Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations |location=Antalya |isbn=978-97570-7-820-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bean |first1=George Ewart |author1-link=George Ewart Bean |title=Lycian Turkey: An Archaeological Guide |date=1978 |publisher=Benn |location=London |isbn=978-05100-3-205-0 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lycianturkeyarch0000bean/page/n5/mode/2up |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor |last2=Zahle |first2=Jan |title=The Lycians |date=1986 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |location=Copenhagen |isbn=978-87728-9-023-4 |page=|volume=1: The Lycians in literary and epigraphic sources |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/The_Lycians_The_Lycians_in_literary_and/tRKmN6PzvDoC?hlid=en&gbpv=0tRKmN6PzvDoC |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bunsondes Courtils |first1=MatthewJacques |title=EncyclopediaNews of theArchaeology Romanfrom EmpireAnatolia's Mediterranean Areas |date=20142005 |publisher=FactsSuna on& File,İnan Inc.Kıraç |location=NewResearch YorkInstitute |isbn=978-14381-1-027-1on Mediterranean Civilizations |editionpages=Revised41{{ndash}}46 |url=https://wwwakmedmedia.googleku.coedu.uktr/booksANMED/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Empire/T5tic2VunRoC?hlANMED_3.pdf |language=tr, en&gbpv |chapter=0Excavations and Research at Xanthos and Letoon in 2004|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Le Quien |first1=Michel |title=Oriens christianus, in quatuor patriarchatus digestus; quo exhibentur ecclesiae, patriarchae, caeterique praesules totius orientis |date=1740 |location=Paris |pages=981{{ndash}}984 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/lequienorienschristianus1/page/n7/mode/2up |language=la|ref=none}}
* McDonald, W.L., "Xanthos, Lycia, Turkey", in Richard Stillwell et al., ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Dxanthos full text at Perseus]
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Potts |editor1-first=D.T. |title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East |date=2012 |publisher=Wiley |location=Oxford |isbn=978-14443-6-077-6 |pages=|volume=1 |url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/A_Companion_to_the_Archaeology_of_the_An/P5q7DDqMbF0C?hlid=en&gbpv=0P5q7DDqMbF0C |ref=none}}
 
==External links==
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* [https://artsandculture.google.com/streetview/british-museum/AwEp68JO4NECkQ?sv_h=307.9921738854604&sv_p=2.6108338530838466&sv_pid=DfS00xyiDnlXQ4gsitRKFg&sv_lid=3582009757710443819&sv_lng=-0.12787338381815516&sv_lat=51.519015828288225&sv_z=0.691129249945928 A virtual tour of Room 17] at the [[British Museum]], which contains the reliefs from the [[Nereid Monument]].
 
== Related articles ==
 
* [[Hermogenes of Xanthos]]
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