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==Ethnic origins==
The ethnic roots of Tibetans can be traced back to a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing the indigenous population of the Tibetan plateau since c. 40,000 to 30,000 years ago, and arriving Neolithic farmers from the [[Yellow River]] within the last 10,000 years, and which can be associated with having introduced the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Chi-Chun |last2=Witonsky |first2=David |last3=Gosling |first3=Anna |last4=Lee |first4=Ju Hyeon |last5=Ringbauer |first5=Harald |last6=Hagan |first6=Richard |last7=Patel |first7=Nisha |last8=Stahl |first8=Raphaela |last9=Novembre |first9=John |last10=Aldenderfer |first10=Mark |last11=Warinner |first11=Christina |last12=Di Rienzo |first12=Anna |last13=Jeong |first13=Choongwon |date=2022-03-08 |title=Ancient genomes from the Himalayas illuminate the genetic history of Tibetans and their Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbors |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28827-2 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1203 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28827-2 |pmid=35260549 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1203L |s2cid=247317520 |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free |pmc=8904508 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Hongru |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |last4=Lu |first4=Hongliang |last5=Chen |first5=Honghai |last6=Li |first6=Linhui |last7=Dong |first7=Guanghui |last8=Tsring |first8=Tinley |last9=Yuan |first9=Haibing |last10=He |first10=Wei |last11=Ding |first11=Manyu |last12=Wu |first12=Xiaohong |last13=Li |first13=Shuai |last14=Tashi |first14=Norbu |last15=Yang |first15=Tsho |date=2023-03-15 |title=Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=eadd5582 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.add5582 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10022901 |pmid=36930720|bibcode=2023SciA....9D5582W }}</ref>
=== Genetics ===
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==== Adaption to high-altitude environments ====
Genetic studies identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans' bodies well-suited for high-altitudes, including the [[EPAS1|EPAS1 gene]], also referred to as the "super-athlete gene", which regulates the body's production of hemoglobin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/|title = Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years|date = 30 November 2001}}</ref> allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-mount-everest/2014/04/24/9a30ace2-caf5-11e3-a993-b6b5a03db7b4_story.html |title=Five Myths About Mount Everest|date=24 April 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=18 May 2019 |quote=cites news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/ Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years}}</ref> The [[High-altitude adaptation in humans#Tibetans 2|genetic basis]] of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the [[EPAS1]] gene,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Simonson|first1=Tatum S.|title=Genetic Evidence for High-Altitude Adaptation in Tibet|date=2 July 2010|journal=Science Magazine|volume=329|issue=5987|pages=72–75|df=dmy-all|bibcode=2010Sci...329...72S|doi=10.1126/science.1189406|pmid=20466884|last2=Yang|first2=Yingzhong|last3=Huff|first3=Chad D.|last4=Yun|first4=Haixia|last5=Qin|first5=Ga|last6=Witherspoon|first6=David J.|last7=Bai|first7=Zhenzhong|last8=Lorenzo|first8=Felipe R.|last9=Xing|first9=Jinchuan|first12=RiLi|last12=Ge|first11=Josef T.|last11=Prchal|first10=Lynn B.|last10=Jorde|s2cid=45471238|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=O'Luanaigh|first=Cian|title=Mutation in key gene allows Tibetans to thrive at high altitude|date=2 July 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/02/mutation-gene-tibetans-altitude|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061901/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/02/mutation-gene-tibetans-altitude|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and has become prevalent in the past 5,000 years. Ancient Tibetans carried this allele at a frequency of 25-58%, while modern Tibetans carry it at a frequency of >75%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Chi-Chun |last2=Witonsky |first2=David |last3=Gosling |first3=Anna |last4=Lee |first4=Ju Hyeon |last5=Ringbauer |first5=Harald |last6=Hagan |first6=Richard |last7=Patel |first7=Nisha |last8=Stahl |first8=Raphaela |last9=Novembre |first9=John |last10=Aldenderfer |first10=Mark |last11=Warinner |first11=Christina |last12=Di Rienzo |first12=Anna |last13=Jeong |first13=Choongwon |date=2022-03-08 |title=Ancient genomes from the Himalayas illuminate the genetic history of Tibetans and their Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbors |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28827-2 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1203 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28827-2 |pmid=35260549 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1203L |s2cid=247317520 |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free |pmc=8904508 }}</ref> The widespread presence of this gene may represent one of "the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=S |first1=Robert |last2=ers |last3=relations{{!}} |first3=Media |date=1 July 2010 |title=Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref>
Recent research into the ability of Tibetans' [[metabolism]] to function normally in the oxygen-deficient atmosphere above {{convert|4400|m}}<ref>"Special Blood allows Tibetans to live the high life." ''New Scientist''. 3 November 2007, p. 19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elevated nitric oxide in blood is key to high altitude function for Tibetans|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cwru-eno103007.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103022631/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cwru-eno103007.php|archive-date=3 November 2007|website=Eurekalert.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 October 2014|title=Tibetans Get Their Blood Flowing|url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1029/2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031055223/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1029/2|archive-date=31 October 2007|website=Sciencenow.sciencemag.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoit|first1=Brian D.|last2=Dalton|first2=Nancy D.|last3=Erzurum|first3=Serpil C.|last4=Laskowski|first4=Daniel|last5=Strohl|first5=Kingman P.|last6=Beall|first6=Cynthia M.|year=2005|title=Nitric oxide and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in Tibetan highlanders|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=99|issue=5|pages=1796–1801|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00205.2005|pmid=16024527}}</ref> shows that, although Tibetans living at high altitudes have no more oxygen in their blood than other people, they have ten times more [[nitric oxide]] and double the forearm blood flow of low-altitude dwellers. Tibetans inherited this adaptation due to selected genes associated with [[Denisovan]] admixture among Asian populations, highlighting how different environments trigger different selective pressures.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2014|title=Tibetans inherited high-altitude gene from ancient human|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/tibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817200323/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/tibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human|archive-date=17 August 2018|access-date=17 August 2018|website=Sciencemag.org}}</ref> Nitric oxide causes dilation of blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities and aids the release of oxygen to tissues.
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