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| region11 = {{flag|Taiwan}}
| pop11 = 649
| ref11 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tibetan Diaspora in Taiwan: Who Are They and Why They Are Invisible (2)|url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2022/11/17/tibetan-diaspora-in-taiwan-who-are-they-and-why-they-are-invisible-2/|access-date=26 April 2024|website=taiwaninsight.org|date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| region12 =
| pop12 =
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| languages = [[Tibetic languages]] and [[Chinese languages]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Tibetan Buddhism]]; minorities of [[Bon]] (significant), [[Tibetan Muslims|Islam]] and [[Christianity]]
| related-c = [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]{{·}}[[Tamang people|Tamang]]{{·}}[[Bhutia]]{{·}}[[Qiang people|Qiang]]{{·}}[[Ngalop people|Ngalop]]{{·}}[[hazaras]]{{·}}[[Sharchop people|Sharchop]]{{·}}[[Ladakhis]]{{·}}[[Balti people|Baltis]]{{·}}[[Purigpa|Burig]]{{·}}[[Kachin people|Kachin]]{{·}}[[Yi people|Yi]]{{·}}[[Bamar people|Bamar]]{{·}}Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]-speaking peoples
| related_groups =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| ibox-order = bo, zh
<!-- Tibetan -->
| tib = བོད་པ་
| wylie = bod pa
| thdl = bö pa
<!-- Chinese -->
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|藏族}}
| l = [[Ü-Tsang|Tsang]] nationality
| p = Zàngzú
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===In China===
[[File:Tibet - Lhasa - 6406860611.jpg|Children in Lhasa, Tibet, China|thumb]]
[[File:Tibet - Lhasa - 6406880041.jpg|thumb|Children in Lhasa, Tibet, China]]
According to the [[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China]] (2010), there are 6,282,187 Tibetans nationwide:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm|title=国家统计局-中国2010年人口普查资料}}</ref>
 
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[[File:チベット人の物売りnepal・Img188.jpg|thumb|Tibetan peddler living in [[Nepal]]]]
The Tibetic languages ({{bo|t=བོད་སྐད།}}) are a cluster of mutually unintelligible [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken by approximately 8 million people, primarily Tibetan, living across a wide area of [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]], including the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and [[Baltistan]], [[Ladakh]], Nepal, [[Sikkim]], and Bhutan. [[Classical Tibetan]] is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] literature.
<ref name="Thurgood LaPolla 2016 p. ">{{cite book | lastlast1=Thurgood | firstfirst1=G. | last2=LaPolla | first2=R.J. | title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Language Family Series | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-315-39949-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref>
The [[Central Tibetan language]] (the dialects of [[Ü-Tsang]], including [[Lhasa]]), [[Khams Tibetan]], and [[Amdo Tibetan]] are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while [[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], and [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] are generally considered to be separate languages.<ref name="Smith 2016 p. 85">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=D. | title=China’sChina's Frontier Regions: Ethnicity, Economic Integration and Foreign Relations | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-85772-945-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=85}}</ref>
 
[[File:Tibetan Middle Aged Lady.jpg|thumb|Tibetan Middle aged woman in [[Sikkim]]]]
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==Ethnic origins==
The ethnic roots of Tibetans can be traced back to a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing the indigenous population of the Tibetan plateau since c. 40,000 to 30,000 years ago, and arriving nomadsNeolithic farmers from Eastthe Siberia[[Yellow River]] within the last 10,000 years, and which can be associated with having introduced the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Chi-Chun |last2=Witonsky |first2=David |last3=Gosling |first3=Anna |last4=Lee |first4=Ju Hyeon |last5=Ringbauer |first5=Harald |last6=Hagan |first6=Richard |last7=Patel |first7=Nisha |last8=Stahl |first8=Raphaela |last9=Novembre |first9=John |last10=Aldenderfer |first10=Mark |last11=Warinner |first11=Christina |last12=Di Rienzo |first12=Anna |last13=Jeong |first13=Choongwon |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ancient genomes from the Himalayas illuminate the genetic history of Tibetans and their Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbors |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28827-2 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1203 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28827-2 |pmid=35260549 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1203L |s2cid=247317520 |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free |pmc=8904508 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Hongru |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |last4=Lu |first4=Hongliang |last5=Chen |first5=Honghai |last6=Li |first6=Linhui |last7=Dong |first7=Guanghui |last8=Tsring |first8=Tinley |last9=Yuan |first9=Haibing |last10=He |first10=Wei |last11=Ding |first11=Manyu |last12=Wu |first12=Xiaohong |last13=Li |first13=Shuai |last14=Tashi |first14=Norbu |last15=Yang |first15=Tsho |date=15 March 2023 |title=Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=eadd5582 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.add5582 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10022901 |pmid=36930720|bibcode=2023SciA....9D5582W }}</ref>
 
=== Genetics ===
{{See also|Genetic history of East Asia}}
Modern Tibetan populations are genetically most similar to other [[East Asian]] populations, especially [[JapaneseHan people|JapaneseChinese]], [[Demographics of Bhutan|Bhutanese]], and [[Nepal|Nepalese]], as well as other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations]].<ref name="Lu 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Dongsheng|display-authors=etal|title=Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders|journal=[[The American Journal of Human Genetics]]|date=1 September 2016|volume=99|issue=3|pages=580–594|pmc=5011065|pmid=27569548|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Jian|last2=Jin|first2=Zi-Bing|last3=Chen|first3=Jie|last4=Huang|first4=Xiu-Feng|last5=Li|first5=Xiao-Man|last6=Liang|first6=Yuan-Bo|last7=Mao|first7=Jian-Yang|last8=Chen|first8=Xin|last9=Zheng|first9=Zhili|last10=Bakshi|first10=Andrew|last11=Zheng|first11=Dong-Dong|date=18 April 2017|title=Genetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=16|pages=4189–4194|doi=10.1073/pnas.1617042114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28373541|pmc=5402460|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.4189Y |doi-access=free}}</ref> They show relatively more genetic affinity for modern [[Central Asian]] than modern Siberian populations.<ref name="Lu 2016"/> They also share some genetic affinity for [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian groups]].<ref name="Lu 2016"/>
 
Genetic studies shows that many of the [[Sherpa people]] have [[allele frequencies]] which are often found in other Tibeto-Burman regions, the strongest affinity was for Tibetan population sample studies done in the Tibet Autonomous Region.<ref name="Bhandari 20152">{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=Sushil |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |title=Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=5 |pages=16249 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516249B |doi=10.1038/srep16249 |pmc=4633682 |pmid=26538459}}</ref> Genetically, the Sherpa cluster closest with the sampled Tibetan and Han populations.<ref name="ColeCox20172">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Amy M. |last2=Cox |first2=Sean |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Petousi |first4=Nayia |last5=Aryal |first5=Dhana R. |last6=Droma |first6=Yunden |last7=Hanaoka |first7=Masayuki |last8=Ota |first8=Masao |last9=Kobayashi |first9=Nobumitsu |last10=Gasparini |first10=Paolo |last11=Montgomery |first11=Hugh |last12=Robbins |first12=Peter |last13=Di Rienzo |first13=Anna |last14=Cavalleri |first14=Gianpiero L. |year=2017 |title=Genetic structure in the Sherpa and neighboring Nepalese populations |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=102 |doi=10.1186/s12864-016-3469-5 |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=5248489 |pmid=28103797 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)]] license.</ref> Additionally, the Sherpa and Tibetans had exhibited affinity for several Nepalese populations, with the strongest for the [[Rai people]], followed by the [[Magars]] and the [[Tamang people|Tamang]].<ref name="ColeCox20172"/>
 
==== Haplogroups ====
[[File:Migration of the Y chromosome haplogroup C, D, N and O.png|thumb|Proposed migration routes of the East Asian Y chromosome haplogroups C, D, N and O]]Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage [[Haplogroup D-M174|D-M174]] followed by lower amounts of [[Haplogroup O-M175|O-M175]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=Sushil |last2=Zhang |first2=Xiaoming |title=Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region |journal=Scientific Reports |date=5 November 2015 |volume=5 |pages=16249 |doi=10.1038/srep16249 |pmid=26538459 |pmc=4633682 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516249B |issn=2045-2322}} "Comparing Sherpas, Tibetans, and Han Chinese showed that the D-M174 is the predominant haplogroup in Sherpas (43.38%) and prevalent in Tibetans (52.84%)5, but rare among both Han Chinese (1.4–6.51%)6,7 and other Asian populations (0.02–0.07%)8, aside from Japanese (6434.7%) who possesses a distinct D-M174 lineage highly diverged from those in Tibetans and other Asian populations 9populations9,10."</ref> Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a, M9a1b, D4g2, D4i and G2ac, showing continuity with ancient Eastmiddle Siberianand upper [[Yellow River]] populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ganyu |last2=Cui |first2=Can |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |title=Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4000 years |journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics |date=16 March 2023 |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=765–775 |doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.007 |pmid=36933795 |s2cid=257588399 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1673852723000711 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
Although "East Asian Highlanders" (associated with [[haplogroup D1]]) are closely related to East Asian lowland farmers (associated with [[Haplogroup O-M175|haplogroup O]]), they form a divergent sister branch to them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Dongsheng |last2=Lou |first2=Haiyi |last3=Yuan |first3=Kai |last4=Wang |first4=Xiaoji |last5=Wang |first5=Yuchen |last6=Zhang |first6=Chao |last7=Lu |first7=Yan |last8=Yang |first8=Xiong |last9=Deng |first9=Lian |last10=Zhou |first10=Ying |last11=Feng |first11=Qidi |date=1 September 2016 |title=Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=580–594 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=5011065 |pmid=27569548 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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===Cuisine===
[[File:Tibetan breakfast.jpg|thumb|A simple Tibetan breakfast]]
The [[Cuisine of Tibet]] reflects the rich heritage of the country and people's adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions. The most important crop is [[barley]]. Dough made from barley flour, called [[tsampa]], is the [[staple food]] of [[Tibet]]. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called [[momo (food)|momos]]. [[Meat]] dishes are likely to be [[yak]], [[goat]] or [[mutton]], often dried or cooked into a spicy [[stew]] with [[potato]]es. [[Mustard seed]] is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak [[yogurt]], [[butter]] and [[cheese]] are frequently eaten and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploretibet.com/blog/shoton-festival-in-tibet/|title=Shoton Festival – The Yogurt Celebration of Tibet|date=16 August 2018|website=Explore Tibet|language=en-US|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dorfe 1985 p. ">{{cite book | last=Dorfe | first=R. | title=Food in Tibetan Life | publisher=Prospect Books | series=William G. Lockwood and Yvonne R. Lockwood Collection of National, Ethnic and Regional Foodways | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-907325-26-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPxyws35JPkC | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Goldstein Beall 1990 p. 35">{{cite book | lastlast1=Goldstein | firstfirst1=M.C. | last2=Beall | first2=C.M. | title=Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life | publisher=University of California Press | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-520-07211-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnZqktKhU3YC&pg=PA35 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=35}}</ref>
 
===Clothing===
Men and Women wear long thick dresses (''[[chuba]]'') in more traditional and rural regions.<ref name="Wang Liang Shi 2022 p. 438">{{cite book | lastlast1=Wang | firstfirst1=J. | last2=Liang | first2=S. | last3=Shi | first3=P. | title=The Geography of Contemporary China | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=World Regional Geography Book Series | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-031-04158-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fep3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=438}}</ref> The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath. The style of the clothing varies between regions. Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions. In more urban places like Lhasa, men and women dress in modern clothing, and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like [[Losar]].<ref name="Nevins Bosco Levy 2016 p. 64">{{cite book | lastlast1=Nevins | firstfirst1=D. | last2=Bosco | first2=D. | last3=Levy | first3=P. | title=Tibet: Third Edition | publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing | series=Cultures of the World (Third Edition) ® | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5026-2213-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nZmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=64}}</ref><ref name="Ponnappan Atma 2021 p. ">{{cite book | lastlast1=Ponnappan | firstfirst1=J.K. | last2=Atma | first2=K. | title=Losar: The Tibetan New Year | publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp | series=Tibetan Festival | year=2021 | isbn=979-8-7100-7457-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mw89zgEACAAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref>
 
===Literature===
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