Tibetan people: Difference between revisions

| image_caption = TibetanTibetans at a festival in [[Zhongdian]], festival1995

| region11 = {{flag|Taiwan}}

| pop11 = 649

| related-c = [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]{{·}}[[Tamang people|Tamang]]{{·}}[[Bhutia]]{{·}}[[Qiang people|Qiang]]{{·}}[[Ngalop people|Ngalop]]{{·}}[[Sharchop people|Sharchop]]{{·}}[[Ladakhis]]{{·}}[[Balti people|Baltis]]{{·}}[[Purigpa|Burig]]{{·}}[[Kachin people|Kachin]]{{·}}[[Yi people|Yi]]{{·}}[[Bamar people|Bamar]]{{·}}Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]-speaking peoples

As of the 2014 Census, there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and the 10 [[Autonomous prefecture|Tibetan autonomous prefectures]] in the provinces of [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-05/26/content_887226.htm|title=China issues white paper on history, development of Xinjiang (Part One)|agency=[[Xinhua]]|date=26 May 2003|access-date=31 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609061824/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-05/26/content_887226.htm|archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="население">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/yarbook2003_e.pdf|date=2003|title=CHINA STATISTICAL YEARBOOK|website=Stats.gov.cn|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307115520/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/yarbook2003_e.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ethnologue|SIL Ethnologue]] in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]] speakers living in [[India]], 5,280 in [[Nepal]] and 4,800 in [[Bhutan]].<ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version on [http://www.ethnologue.com/ ethnologue.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/ |date=27 December 2007 }}</ref> The [[Central Tibetan Administration]]'s (CTA) [[Green Book (Tibetan document)|Green Book]] (of the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government in Exile]]) counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; over 16,000 in Nepal; over 1,800 in Bhutan, and over 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the [[United States]],<ref>"[http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/us-senators-approve-5000-visas-tibet-refugees-20130521 US senators approve 5,000 visas for Tibet refugees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227041434/http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/us-senators-approve-5000-visas-tibet-refugees-20130521|date=27 December 2013}}". ''[[The Straits Times]]''. 21 May 2013.</ref> [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Costa Rica]], [[France]], [[Mexico]], [[Norway]], [[Mongolia]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. In the [[Baltistan]] region of Northern Pakistan, the [[Balti people]] are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300,000.<ref name="AkasoyBurnett2011">{{cite book|author1=Anna Akasoy|author2=Charles S. F. Burnett|author3=Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA358|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|pages=358–}}</ref>

Tibetans are known as [[Bhotiya]]s in Nepal, where they are majority in regions such as [[Upper Mustang]], [[Dolpo]], [[Walung people|Walung region]] and [[Limi]] and [[Muchu]] valleys. Nepal is also home to other Tibetic people such as the [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Hyolmo people|Hyolmo]] and [[ThakaliTamang people|ThakaliTamang]]. There are also more than 10,000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal.<ref>Edward J. Mills et al., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308816/ Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees: A systematic review], BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005; 5: 7. "It is estimated that more than 150,000 Tibetan refugees reside in the neighboring countries of Bhutan, Nepal, and India"</ref>

<ref name="Thurgood LaPolla 2016 p. ">{{cite book | lastlast1=Thurgood | firstfirst1=G. | last2=LaPolla | first2=R.J. | title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Language Family Series | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-315-39949-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref>

The [[Central Tibetan language]] (the dialects of [[Ü-Tsang]], including [[Lhasa]]), [[Khams Tibetan]], and [[Amdo Tibetan]] are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while [[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], and [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] are generally considered to be separate languages.<ref name="Smith 2016 p. 85">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=D. | title=China’sChina's Frontier Regions: Ethnicity, Economic Integration and Foreign Relations | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-85772-945-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=85}}</ref>

The ethnic roots of Tibetans can be traced back to a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing the indigenous population of the Tibetan plateau since c. 40,000 to 30,000 years ago, and arriving Neolithic farmers from the [[Yellow River]] within the last 10,000 years, and which can be associated with having introduced the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Chi-Chun |last2=Witonsky |first2=David |last3=Gosling |first3=Anna |last4=Lee |first4=Ju Hyeon |last5=Ringbauer |first5=Harald |last6=Hagan |first6=Richard |last7=Patel |first7=Nisha |last8=Stahl |first8=Raphaela |last9=Novembre |first9=John |last10=Aldenderfer |first10=Mark |last11=Warinner |first11=Christina |last12=Di Rienzo |first12=Anna |last13=Jeong |first13=Choongwon |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ancient genomes from the Himalayas illuminate the genetic history of Tibetans and their Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbors |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28827-2 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1203 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28827-2 |pmid=35260549 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1203L |s2cid=247317520 |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free |pmc=8904508 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Hongru |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |last4=Lu |first4=Hongliang |last5=Chen |first5=Honghai |last6=Li |first6=Linhui |last7=Dong |first7=Guanghui |last8=Tsring |first8=Tinley |last9=Yuan |first9=Haibing |last10=He |first10=Wei |last11=Ding |first11=Manyu |last12=Wu |first12=Xiaohong |last13=Li |first13=Shuai |last14=Tashi |first14=Norbu |last15=Yang |first15=Tsho |date=15 March 2023 |title=Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=eadd5582 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.add5582 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10022901 |pmid=36930720|bibcode=2023SciA....9D5582W }}</ref>

[[File:Migration of the Y chromosome haplogroup C, D, N and O.png|thumb|Proposed migration routes of the East Asian Y chromosome haplogroups C, D, N and O]]Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage [[Haplogroup D-M174|D-M174]] followed by lower amounts of [[Haplogroup O-M175|O-M175]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=Sushil |last2=Zhang |first2=Xiaoming |title=Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region |journal=Scientific Reports |date=5 November 2015 |volume=5 |pages=16249 |doi=10.1038/srep16249 |pmid=26538459 |pmc=4633682 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516249B |issn=2045-2322}} "Comparing Sherpas, Tibetans, and Han Chinese showed that the D-M174 is the predominant haplogroup in Sherpas (43.38%) and prevalent in Tibetans (52.84%)5, but rare among both Han Chinese (1.4–6.51%)6,7 and other Asian populations (0.02–0.07%)8, aside from Japanese (34.7%) who possesses a distinct D-M174 lineage highly diverged from those in Tibetans and other Asian populations9,10."</ref> Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a, M9a1b, D4g2, D4i and G2ac, showing continuity with ancient middle and upper [[Yellow River]] populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ganyu |last2=Cui |first2=Can |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |title=Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4000 years |journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics |date=16 March 2023 |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=765–775 |doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.007 |pmid=36933795 |s2cid=257588399 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1673852723000711 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Genetic studies identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans' bodies well-suited for high-altitudes, including the [[EPAS1|EPAS1 gene]], also referred to as the "super-athlete gene", which regulates the body's production of hemoglobin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/|title = Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years|date = 30 November 2001}}</ref> allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-mount-everest/2014/04/24/9a30ace2-caf5-11e3-a993-b6b5a03db7b4_story.html |title=Five Myths About Mount Everest|date=24 April 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=18 May 2019 |quote=cites news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/ Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years}}</ref> The [[High-altitude adaptation in humans#Tibetans 2|genetic basis]] of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the [[EPAS1]] gene,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Simonson|first1=Tatum S.|title=Genetic Evidence for High-Altitude Adaptation in Tibet|date=2 July 2010|journal=Science Magazine|volume=329|issue=5987|pages=72–75|bibcode=2010Sci...329...72S|doi=10.1126/science.1189406|pmid=20466884|last2=Yang|first2=Yingzhong|last3=Huff|first3=Chad D.|last4=Yun|first4=Haixia|last5=Qin|first5=Ga|last6=Witherspoon|first6=David J.|last7=Bai|first7=Zhenzhong|last8=Lorenzo|first8=Felipe R.|last9=Xing|first9=Jinchuan|first12=RiLi|last12=Ge|first11=Josef T.|last11=Prchal|first10=Lynn B.|last10=Jorde|s2cid=45471238|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=O'Luanaigh|first=Cian|title=Mutation in key gene allows Tibetans to thrive at high altitude|date=2 July 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/02/mutation-gene-tibetans-altitude|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061901/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/02/mutation-gene-tibetans-altitude|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and has become prevalent in the past 5,000 years. Ancient Tibetans carried this allele at a frequency of 25-5825–58%, while modern Tibetans carry it at a frequency of >75%.<ref name=":0"/> The widespread presence of this gene may represent one of "the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=S |first1=Robert |last2=ers |last3=relations{{!}} |first3=Media |date=1 July 2010 |title=Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Cuisine of Tibet]] reflects the rich heritage of the country and people's adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions. The most important crop is [[barley]]. Dough made from barley flour, called [[tsampa]], is the [[staple food]] of [[Tibet]]. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called [[momo (food)|momos]]. [[Meat]] dishes are likely to be [[yak]], [[goat]] or [[mutton]], often dried or cooked into a spicy [[stew]] with [[potato]]es. [[Mustard seed]] is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak [[yogurt]], [[butter]] and [[cheese]] are frequently eaten and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploretibet.com/blog/shoton-festival-in-tibet/|title=Shoton Festival – The Yogurt Celebration of Tibet|date=16 August 2018|website=Explore Tibet|language=en-US|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dorfe 1985 p. ">{{cite book | last=Dorfe | first=R. | title=Food in Tibetan Life | publisher=Prospect Books | series=William G. Lockwood and Yvonne R. Lockwood Collection of National, Ethnic and Regional Foodways | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-907325-26-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPxyws35JPkC | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Goldstein Beall 1990 p. 35">{{cite book | lastlast1=Goldstein | firstfirst1=M.C. | last2=Beall | first2=C.M. | title=Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life | publisher=University of California Press | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-520-07211-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnZqktKhU3YC&pg=PA35 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=35}}</ref>

Men and Women wear long thick dresses (''[[chuba]]'') in more traditional and rural regions.<ref name="Wang Liang Shi 2022 p. 438">{{cite book | lastlast1=Wang | firstfirst1=J. | last2=Liang | first2=S. | last3=Shi | first3=P. | title=The Geography of Contemporary China | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=World Regional Geography Book Series | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-031-04158-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fep3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=438}}</ref> The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath. The style of the clothing varies between regions. Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions. In more urban places like Lhasa, men and women dress in modern clothing, and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like [[Losar]].<ref name="Nevins Bosco Levy 2016 p. 64">{{cite book | lastlast1=Nevins | firstfirst1=D. | last2=Bosco | first2=D. | last3=Levy | first3=P. | title=Tibet: Third Edition | publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing | series=Cultures of the World (Third Edition) ® | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5026-2213-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nZmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=64}}</ref><ref name="Ponnappan Atma 2021 p. ">{{cite book | lastlast1=Ponnappan | firstfirst1=J.K. | last2=Atma | first2=K. | title=Losar: The Tibetan New Year | publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC -– Kdp | series=Tibetan Festival | year=2021 | isbn=979-8-7100-7457-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mw89zgEACAAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref>