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| occupation = Businessman and diplomat
| spouse =
| known_for = [[Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust|Rescuing]] [[Hungarian Jews]] from the [[Holocaust]]<br/>Abduction and disappearance by [[SMERSH|Soviet agents]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]]
| relatives = [[Guy von Dardel]] (maternal half-brother)<br/>[[Nina Lagergren]] (maternal half-sister)<br/>[[Nils Dardel]] (step-uncle)
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{{Righteous Among the Nations}}
 
'''Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg''' (4 August 1912 – disappeared 17 January 1945)<ref group=note name=DeathNote>He is presumed to have died in 1947, although the circumstances of his death are not clear and this date has been disputed. Some reports claim he was alive years later. In accordance with Swedish law, the Swedish Tax Agency in October 2016 determined his ''pro-forma'' date of death as 31 July 1952.</ref><ref name="auto"/> was a Swedish architect, businessman, [[diplomat]], and [[humanitarian]]. He saved thousands of [[Jews]] in [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|German-occupied Hungary]] during [[the Holocaust]] from German [[Nazis]] and [[Arrow Cross Party|Hungarian fascists]] during the later stages of [[World War II]]. While serving as Sweden's [[special envoy]] in [[Budapest]] between July and December 1944, Wallenberg issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings which he [[Extraterritoriality|declared as Swedish territory]].<ref name="YV">{{cite web|title= A Swedish Rescuer in Budapest|url= http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html|access-date= 15 April 2018|publisher= [[Yad Vashem]]|quote= he saved the lives of tens of thousands of men, women and children by placing them under the protection of the Swedish crown.|archive-date= 21 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180221180430/http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>
 
On 17 January 1945, during the [[Siege of Budapest]] by the [[Red Army]], agents of [[SMERSH]] detained Wallenberg on suspicion of [[espionage]], and he subsequently [[forced disappearance|disappeared]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenbergs-arrest-order-signed-by-bulganin-in-january-1945/|title= Raoul Wallenberg's arrest order, signed by Bulganin in January 1945 – Searching for Raoul Wallenberg Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|work= Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date= 27 August 2018|date= 17 January 1945|archive-date= 22 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191022155356/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenbergs-arrest-order-signed-by-bulganin-in-january-1945/|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 1957, 12 years after his disappearance, he was reported by Soviet authorities to have died of a suspected [[myocardial infarction]] on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned in the [[Lubyanka Building|Lubyanka]], the prison at the headquarters of the [[NKVD]] secret police in [[Moscow]]. A document released in 2023 as part of The President [[John F. Kennedy Assassination]] Records Collection indicates [[Vyacheslav Nikonov]], a [[KGB]] deputy at the time, determined as part of a 1991 inquiry into the circumstances surrounding his disappearance, that he was likely executed by Soviet authorities in late 1947 due to evidence that he may have been associated with people helping not only Jews but also Nazi war criminals escape prosecution.<ref name="archives.org">{{cite web |title= JFK Assassination Records - 2023 Additional Documents Release |date= 27 June 1991 |publisher= United States National Archives |url= https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10014-10064.pdf | access-date= 25 November 2023}}</ref> However, there is no conclusive proof of this and his cause and date of death have been disputed ever since, with some people claiming to have encountered men matching Wallenberg's description until the 1980s in Soviet prisons and psychiatric hospitals. The motives behind Wallenberg's arrest and imprisonment by the Soviet government, along with questions surrounding the circumstances of his death and his ties to [[Office of Strategic Services|US intelligence]], remain shrouded in mystery and are the subject of continued speculation.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1807803,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160112203920/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1807803%2C00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title= Unraveling Raoul Wallenberg's Secrets |first= John |last= Nadler |location= Budapest |date= 19 May 2008 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016, the [[Swedish Tax Agency]] declared him [[dead in absentia]], with the ''[[pro forma]]'' date of death noted as 31 July 1952.
 
As a result of his successful efforts to rescue [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian Jews]], Wallenberg has been the subject of numerous humanitarian honours in the decades following his [[declared death in absentia|presumed death]]. In 1981, US Congressman [[Tom Lantos]], one of those saved by Wallenberg, sponsored a bill making Wallenberg an [[honorary citizenship of the United States|honorary citizen of the United States]], the second person ever to receive this honour. Wallenberg also became an [[Honorary Canadian citizenship|honorary citizen of Canada]], Hungary, Australia, the United Kingdom and Israel.<ref name=PM>{{cite web |url = http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/honorary-australian-citizenship-be-awarded-raoul-wallenberg |title = Honorary Australian Citizenship to be Awarded to Raoul Wallenberg |date = 15 April 2015 |access-date = 6 May 2013|publisher = Prime Minister's Press Office, [[Commonwealth of Australia]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430114411/http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/honorary-australian-citizenship-be-awarded-raoul-wallenberg|archive-date = 30 April 2013|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In 1963 the [[State of Israel|Israeli]] agency [[Yad Vashem]] designated Wallenberg one of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html
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}}
</ref>
Numerous monuments have been dedicated to him, and streets have been named after him throughout the world. The [[Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States]] was founded in 1981 to "perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and the nonviolent courage of Raoul Wallenberg".<ref name = Mission>{{cite web |url = http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/aboutus.htm.html |publisher= Raoulwallenberg.org | title = The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States – Our Mission |access-date = 8 June 2013}}</ref> It gives the [[Raoul Wallenberg Award]] annually to recognize persons who carry out those goals. In 2012, Wallenberg was awarded a [[Congressional Gold Medal]] by the [[United States Congress]] "in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust."<ref name="thomas.loc.gov">{{cite web|title=The Library of Congress: Bill Summary & Status 112th Congress (2011–2012) H.R. 3001|url= http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.3001:|date= 26 July 2012|access-date= 31 July 2012|archive-date= 15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215215111/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.3001:|url-status=dead}}</ref> Declassified documents have confirmed that Raoul Wallenberg worked with the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), the predecessor of the [[CIA]].<ref name="jta.org">{{cite web |title= Declassified Cia Documents Show Wallenberg Was U.S. Spy |date= 8 May 1996 |publisher= Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/declassified-cia-documents-show-wallenberg-was-u-s-spy | access-date= 18 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="scholar.lib">{{cite web | title= REPORT: WALLENBERG WORKED AS U.S. SPY | date= 5 May 1996 |publisher= Roanoke Times |url= https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1996/rt9605/960505/05070016.htm |access-date= 18 January 2023}}</ref>
 
Although some have claimed that Wallenberg was responsible for rescuing 100,000 Jews who survived the Holocaust in Hungary, historians regard that figure as an exaggeration;<ref>{{cite book |last1= Rubinstein |first1= W. D. |title= The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis |date= 2002 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-134-61568-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IaEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |language=en|page=194}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Dietrich |first1= D. J. |title= Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: Myth, History and Holocaust, Paul A. Levine (London and Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2010), xviii + 392 pp.|journal= Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=2012 |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages= 144–145 |doi= 10.1093/hgs/dcs020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Cherry |first1= Robert |title= Holocaust Historiography: The Role of the Cold War |journal=Science & Society |date=1999 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=459–477 |jstor=40403812 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40403812 |issn=0036-8237}}</ref> Yad Vashem estimates the number of people granted protective paperwork as about 4,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raoul Wallenberg |language=en |url= https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html |access-date= 18 June 2023 | quote = The protective letter authorized its holder to travel to Sweden or to any of the other country Sweden represented. About 4,500 Jews had these papers, which protected them from forced labor and exempted them from wearing the yellow star.}}
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[[File:Kappsta Raoul Wallenberg.jpg|thumb|Former location of the summer villa where Wallenberg was born in 1912 (pictured in 2009)]]
 
Wallenberg was born in 1912 in [[Lidingö Municipality]], near [[Stockholm]], where his maternal grandparents, Per Johan Wising and his wife Sophie Wising (née Benedicks), had built a summer house in 1882. His paternal grandfather, Gustaf Wallenberg, was a diplomat and envoy to [[Tokyo]], [[Istanbul]], and [[Sofia]].
 
His parents, who married in 1911, were Raoul Oscar Wallenberg (1888–1912), a [[Swedish Navy|Swedish naval officer]], and Maria "Maj" Sofia Wising (1891–1979). His father died of cancer three months before he was born, and his maternal grandfather died of pneumonia three months after his birth. His mother and grandmother, now both suddenly widows, raised him together.<ref name =ROB/> In 1918, his mother married Fredric von Dardel;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/researcher/dardel/|title=Raoul Wallenberg's family, the von Dardel|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=22 February 2008}}</ref> they had a son, [[Guy von Dardel]],<ref name="raoul-wallenberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/guy-von-dardel-introduction-to-the-report-of-the-independent-consultants/|title=Guy von Dardel's introduction to the report of the Independent consultants" Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|publisher=Raoul-wallenberg.eu|access-date=27 May 2014|date=January 2001}}</ref> and a daughter, [[Nina Lagergren]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nina Lagergren obituary |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/nina-lagergren-obituary-gmfg72tlj |access-date=2022-05-04 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
 
After high school and his compulsory eight months in the Swedish military, Wallenberg's paternal grandfather sent him to study in Paris. He spent one year there, and then in 1931 he studied architecture at the [[University of Michigan]] in the United States.<ref name=ROB/> Although the [[Wallenberg family]] was rich, he worked at odd jobs in his free time and joined other young male students as a passenger rickshaw handler at [[Chicago]]'s [[Century of Progress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/background/3%C2%A0-raoul-wallenberg-university-and-training/|title=03. Raoul Wallenberg; University and Training|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=20 February 2008|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173535/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/background/3%C2%A0-raoul-wallenberg-university-and-training/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He used his vacations to explore the United States, with hitchhiking being his preferred method of travel. About his experiences, he wrote to his grandfather saying, "When you travel like a hobo, everything's different. You have to be on the alert the whole time. You're in close contact with new people every day. Hitchhiking gives you training in diplomacy and tact."<ref name=TWS>{{cite web |first=Penny |last=Schreiber |url=http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/college.html |title=The Wallenberg Story |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820083204/http://wallenberg.umich.edu/college.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Wallenberg was aware of his one-sixteenth Jewish ancestry and proud of it. It came from his great-great-grandfather (his maternal grandmother's grandfather) Michael Benedicks, who immigrated to Stockholm in 1780 and converted to Christianity.<ref name= "mystery lives">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFDNcB4NGdQC|title=Raoul Wallenberg: The Mystery Lives on| first= Harvey |last= Rosenfeld|access-date=30 March 2016|isbn=9780595355440|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.geni.com/family-tree/index/6000000013333388727|title=Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg's Family Tree|website=Geni.com|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> [[Ingemar Hedenius]] (one of the leading Swedish philosophers) recalls a conversation with Raoul dating back to 1930 when they were together in an army hospital during military service:
{{blockquote|We had many long and intimate conversations. He was full of ideas and plans for the future. Although I was a good deal older – you could choose when to do your service – I was enormously impressed by him. He was proud of his partial Jewish ancestry and, as I recall, must have exaggerated it somewhat. I remember him saying, 'A person like me, who is both a Wallenberg and half-Jewish, can never be defeated'.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Bierman |title=Righteous Gentile |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd |location=London |year=1981 |page=25}}</ref>}}
Raul Wallenberg's Jewishness is supported also by Sweden researcher Paul A. Levine, who wrote in his monograph about Wallenberg:
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[[File:Raoul Wallenberg young.jpg|thumb|Wallenberg as a youth]]
 
He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1935. Upon his return to Sweden, he found his American degree did not qualify him to practice as an architect. Later that year, his grandfather arranged a job for him in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], in the office of a Swedish company that sold construction material. After six months in South Africa, he took a new job at a branch office of the Holland Bank in [[Haifa]].<ref name= JVL>{{cite encyclopedia | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html | title = Raoul Wallenberg | year = 2007 | encyclopedia = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]| via= jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}{{unreliable source?|date=November 2021}}</ref> He returned to Sweden in 1936, securing a job in Stockholm with the help of his father's cousin and godfather, [[Jacob Wallenberg (1892-1980)|Jacob Wallenberg]], at the Central European Trading Company,<ref>The company name is sometimes translated as the "Mid-European Trading Company"</ref> an export-import company trading between Stockholm and central Europe, owned by [[Kálmán Lauer]], a Hungarian Jew.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}
 
== World War II ==
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Beginning in 1938, the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], under the regency of [[Miklós Horthy]], passed a series of [[Racial antisemitism|anti-Jewish]] measures modeled on the so-called [[Nuremberg Race Laws]] enacted in Germany by the Nazis in 1935. Like their German counterparts, the Hungarian laws focused heavily on restricting Jews from certain professions, reducing the number of Jews in government and public service jobs, and prohibiting [[Interracial marriage|intermarriage]]. Because of this, Wallenberg's business associate, Kálmán Lauer, found it increasingly difficult to travel to his native Hungary, which was moving still deeper into the German orbit. Hungary became a member of the [[Axis powers]] in November 1940 and later joined the Nazi-led [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941. Out of necessity, Wallenberg became Lauer's personal representative. He traveled to Hungary to conduct business on Lauer's behalf and to look in on members of Lauer's extended family who remained in Budapest. He soon learned to speak [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and, from 1941, made increasingly frequent travels to [[Budapest]].<ref name=NYT03301980>{{cite news |last1=Lester |first1=Elenore |last2=Werbell |first2=Frederick E. |title=The Last Hero of Holocaust. The Search for Sweden's Raoul Wallenberg |newspaper=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=30 March 1980 }}</ref> Within a year, Wallenberg was a joint owner and the International Director of the company.<ref name=JVL /> In this capacity, Wallenberg also made several business trips to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Vichy France|German-occupied France]] during the early years of [[World War II]]. It was during these trips that Wallenberg was able to closely observe the Nazis' bureaucratic and administrative methods—knowledge which proved valuable to him later.<ref name= JVL />
 
Meanwhile, the situation in Hungary had begun to deteriorate as the tide of the war began to turn decisively against Germany and its allies. Following the catastrophic Axis defeat at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] (in which Hungarian troops fighting alongside German forces suffered a staggering 84% casualty rate), the Horthy regime began secretly pursuing peace talks with the United States and the United Kingdom. Upon learning of Horthy's duplicity, Adolf Hitler ordered the [[Operation Margarethe|occupation of Hungary]] by German troops in March 1944. The [[Wehrmacht]] quickly took control of the country and placed Horthy under [[house arrest]]. A pro-German [[puppet government]] was installed in Budapest; actual power rested with the German military governor, [[Brigadeführer|SS-Brigadeführer]] [[Edmund Veesenmayer]]. With the Nazis now in control, the relative security from [[the Holocaust]] enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary came to an end. In April and May 1944, the Nazi regime and its accomplices began the mass deportation of Hungary's Jews to [[extermination camp]]s in [[German-occupied Poland|Poland]]. Under the personal leadership of [[Obersturmbannführer|SS-Obersturmbannführer]] [[Adolf Eichmann]], who was later tried and hanged in Israel for his role in the implementation of the Nazis' [[Final Solution]], deportations took place at a rate of 12,000 people per day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/526.html |title= PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust |page=526 |website= The Holocaust Chronicle |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
 
=== ''"Pimpernel" Smith'' screening ===
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== Mission to Budapest ==
When Wallenberg reached the Swedish legation in Budapest on July 9, 1944, the intense Nazi campaign to deport the Jews of Hungary almost entirely to Auschwitz had already been under way for several months. The transports from Hungary were halted with few exceptions by Miklós Horthy two days earlier in large part because he was warned by Roosevelt, Churchill, the King of Sweden and even the Pope after the very vocal Swiss grass roots protests against the mass murder in Auschwitz.<ref name="Kranzler2000p87"/> Between May and early July 1944, Eichmann and his associates had deported more than 400,000 Jews by freight train. All but 15,000 were sent directly to the German Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in southern [[Poland]].<ref name= JVL /> By the time of Wallenberg's arrival there were only 230,000 Jews remaining in Hungary. With fellow Swedish diplomat [[Per Anger]],<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Ilya |last=Garger |title=Milestones: Died. Per Anger. |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020909-346286,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160312173605/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C501020909-346286%2C00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 2 September 2002 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=13 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Miklos "Moshe" Krausz]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-israeli-moshav-fills-in-the-blanks-on-a-wwii-rescue/|title = An Israeli moshav fills in the blanks on a WWII rescue|website = [[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> they issued "protective passports" (German: ''Schutz-Pass''), which identified the bearers as Swedish subjects awaiting repatriation and thus prevented their deportation. Although not legal, these documents looked official and were generally accepted by German and Hungarian authorities, who sometimes were also bribed.<ref name=NYT03301980/> The Swedish legation in Budapest also succeeded in negotiating with the German authorities so that the bearers of the protective passes would be treated as Swedish citizens and be exempt from having to wear the [[yellow badge]] required for Jews.<ref name=JVL/> When the German government said the travel passes were invalid, Wallenberg appealed for help from [[Baroness Elisabeth Kemény]], wife of Baron [[Gábor Kemény (politician, 1910–1946)|Gábor Kemény]], Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs in Budapest. She convinced her husband to have 9,000 passes honoured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/c6fa5d03d0c40bf271f4805b06626646| title= Hundreds Honor Wallenberg at Concert| website=APnewsarchive.com| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>
 
With the money mostly raised for the War Refugee Board by American Jews, Wallenberg rented 32 buildings in Budapest and declared them to be [[extraterritorial]], protected by [[diplomatic immunity]]. He put up signs such as "The Swedish Library" and "The Swedish Research Institute" on their doors and hung oversized Swedish flags on the front of the buildings to bolster the deception. The buildings eventually housed almost 10,000 people.<ref name=TWS/>
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[[Tibor Baranski]] was a 22-year-old religious student who was recruited by [[Papal Nuncio]] Monsignor [[Angelo Rotta]] to help save Jews. Baranski, who posed as a Vatican representative, saved about 3,000 Jews. He collaborated with diplomats, including Wallenberg. He met with and talked with Wallenberg on the phone several times. Baranski described Wallenberg's motivation as "divinely human love." "We knew in a second we shared the same opinion … the same recklessness, the same determination, all through," said Baránszki.<ref name="kirst2">{{cite web |last1=Kirst |first1=Sean |title=Sean Kirst: He saved 3,000 Jews in World War II, now lives quietly in Buffalo |url=https://buffalonews.com/2017/08/27/sean-kirst-saving-thousands-holocaust-buffalo-man-honored-sweden/ |website=The Buffalo News |access-date=22 January 2019 |language=en-us |date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
 
Swiss diplomat [[Carl Lutz]] also issued protective passports from the Swiss embassy in the spring of 1944; and Italian businessman [[Giorgio Perlasca]] posed as a Spanish diplomat and issued forged visas.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/category/otherjuste/ |title= Lutz, Carl; Perlasca, Giorgio| first= Christopher| last= Gann| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160214155041/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/category/otherjuste/ |archive-date= 14 February 2016 }} Gann is the author of ''Raoul Wallenberg: So Viele Menschen Retten Wie Moglich'' (Germany, 2002). {{ISBN|3-423-30852-4}}</ref> Portuguese diplomats [[Carlos Sampaio Garrido|Sampaio Garrido]] and [[Carlos de Liz-Texeira Branquinho]] rented houses and apartments to shelter and protect refugees from deportation and murder and issued safe conducts to approximately 1,000 Hungarian Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/wp-content/files_mf/1349882040ebooksparedlifes.pdf |title= ''Spared Lives: The Actions of Three Portuguese Diplomats in World War Documentary Exhibition, Catalogue'' | website= raoulwallenberg.net |publisher= The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Milgram|first=Avraham |year=2011 |title=Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews |publisher= [[Yad Vashem]] |pages=324 |isbn= 9789653083875 }}</ref> Berber Smit (Barbara Hogg), the daughter of Lolle Smit (1892–1961), director of N.V. Philips Budapest and a Dutch spy working for the British [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]], later claimed to have been his girlfriend, also assisted Wallenberg, as did her son.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenberg-girlfriend/ |title= Raoul's Girlfriend, also assisted Wallenberg, as did her son. :a Historical Footnote |last= McKay | first= C.G. |date=1 April 2008 |website=Raoul-wallenberg.eu |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135207/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenberg-girlfriend/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24339683 |title=Clues surfacing in Wallenberg disappearance / WWII hero may have had ties to White House; other data to be released |agency= [[Associated Press]]| website= nbcnews.com | first1= Arthur |last1= Max |first2= Randy |last2= Herschaft| date=27 April 2008 |access-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> However, she was temporarily engaged to Wallenberg's colleague [[Lars Berg]], and later married a Scottish officer;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Lolle-Smit.pdf|title=A Friend Indeed: The secret service of Lolle Smit|last=McKay|first=Craig Graham|date=August 2010|website=Raoul-wallenberg.eu|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> which has not dispelled claims that Wallenberg was homosexual.<ref>{{cite book| last= Keane| first= Elizabeth| title= Seán MacBride, A Life: From IRA Revolutionary to International Statesman| publisher= Gill & Macmillan | year= 2007| page= 222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Norris| first= David | title= A Kick Against The Pricks: The Autobiography| publisher= Transworld Ireland| year= 2012| page= 264}}</ref>
 
Wallenberg started sleeping in a different house each night, to guard against being captured or killed by Arrow Cross Party members or by Adolf Eichmann's men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raoulwallenberg.org/who/who.html |title=''Final Report of the War Refugee Board from Sweden'' |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205021752/http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/who/who.html |archive-date = 5 February 2007}}</ref> Two days before the Soviet Army occupied Budapest, Wallenberg negotiated with Eichmann and with Major-General [[Gerhard Schmidthuber]], the supreme commander of German forces in Hungary. Wallenberg bribed Arrow Cross Party member [[Pál Szalai]] to deliver a note in which Wallenberg persuaded the occupying Germans to prevent a Fascist plan to blow up the Budapest ghetto and murder an estimated 70,000 Jews. The note also persuaded the Germans to cancel a final effort to organize a [[Death marches (Holocaust)|death march]] of the remaining Jews in Budapest by threatening to have them prosecuted for war crimes once the war was over.<ref name=JVL /><ref name= NYT03301980/>
 
According to [[Giorgio Perlasca]], who posed as the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Consul (representative)|consul-general]] to [[Hungary]] in the winter of 1944 and saved 5,218 [[Jews]], [[Pál Szalai]] lied to save his life during his criminal trial, and the history of the saving is different.<ref name="ushm">{{cite web| website= ushmm.org| publisher= [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]| url= https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn504674 |title= Oral history interview | first= Giorgio |last= Perlasca| date= 5 September 1990}}</ref><ref name="mixeritalia">{{cite news| title= Interview |interviewer= Enrico Deaglio | first= Giorgio |last= Perlasca| work= Mixer| publisher= [[Giovanni Minoli]], Rai| year= 1990}}</ref><ref name="varese">{{cite news| work= VareseNews.it| url= http://www.varesenews.it/2010/05/gli-uomini-giusti-muoiono-di-sabato/147029/ |language= it| title= Gli uomini giusti muoiono di sabato| date= 22 May 2010| trans-title= Righteous men die on the Sabbath }}</ref><ref name="mixerisraele">{{cite news| interviewer= Enrico Deaglio | first= Giorgio |last= Perlasca| work= Fondazione |title= Giorgio Perlasca – il mixer israeliano in ebraico| language= it| year= 1990}}</ref> Wallenberg (who was already dead at the time of Szalai's deposition) saved hundreds of people but was not directly involved in the plan to save the ghetto. While Perlasca was posing as the Spanish consul-general, he learned of the intention to burn down the ghetto. Shocked and incredulous, he asked for a direct hearing with the Hungarian interior minister Gábor Vajna, in the basement of the Budapest City Hall where he had his headquarters, and threatened legal and economic measures against the "3000 Hungarian citizens" (in fact, a much smaller number) declared by Perlasca as residents of Spain, and similar treatment to Hungarian residents in two Latin American republics, to force the minister to withdraw the project. This actually happened in the following days.<ref name="ushm" /><ref name="mixeritalia" /><ref name="varese" /><ref name="mixerisraele" />
 
People saved by Wallenberg include biochemist [[Lars Ernster]], who was housed in the Swedish embassy, and [[Tom Lantos]], later a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]], who lived in one of the Swedish protective houses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://info.jpost.com/C001/Supplements/Shoah/hol_LantosList.html |title=Lantos's list |quote=Born in Hungary in 1928 to assimilated Jewish parents, he escaped from a forced-labor brigade, joined the resistance and was eventually, with his later-to-be-wife Annette, among the tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews rescued by the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. |access-date=15 February 2007 |newspaper= [[Jerusalem Post]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070121143916/http://info.jpost.com/C001/Supplements/Shoah/hol_LantosList.html |archive-date=21 January 2007 }}</ref>
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On 29 October 1944, elements of the [[Steppe Front|2nd Ukrainian Front]] under Marshal [[Rodion Malinovsky]] launched an [[Budapest offensive|offensive against Budapest]]. By late December, the city had been encircled by Soviet forces. Despite this, the German commander of Budapest, [[Obergruppenfuhrer|SS Lieutenant General]] [[Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch]], refused all offers to surrender, setting in motion a protracted and bloody [[siege of Budapest]]. At the height of the fighting, on 17 January 1945, Wallenberg was called to General Malinovsky's headquarters in [[Debrecen]] to answer allegations that he was engaged in espionage.<ref name=WP12232000/><ref>{{cite news |title=Jews in Hungary Helped by Swede; Raoul Wallenberg, Architect, Credited With Leading Rescue of 20,000 From Nazis| page= 12 |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1945 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1945/04/26/archives/jews-in-hungary-helped-by-swede-raoul-wallenberg-architect-credited.html| url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref name=SWRG/> According to the wife of Géza Soós, a ringleader of the Hungarian resistance who worked with Wallenberg, he used the opportunity to try to transport copies of the [[Auschwitz Protocols|Auschwitz Report]] to the interim Hungarian government in Debrecen.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XQQ5h45z3ZA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414052404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQQ5h45z3ZA&t=125s Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web| title= Mint a Jézus Krisztus jó vitéze, part 2| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQQ5h45z3ZA&t=125s| via= YouTube| publisher= Fundamentum 93 Bt. |access-date= 20 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Wallenberg's last recorded words were, "I'm going to Malinovsky's ... whether as a guest or prisoner I do not know yet."<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809115,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310004126/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C809115%2C00.html |title=Well Taken Care Of |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=18 February 1957 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Documents recovered in 1993 from previously secret Soviet military archives and published in the Swedish newspaper ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]]'' show that an order for Wallenberg's arrest was issued by [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Deputy Commissar for Defence]] (and future [[Soviet Premier]]) [[Nikolai Bulganin]] and transmitted to Malinovsky's headquarters on the day of Wallenberg's disappearance.<ref name="deseretnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/271752/SOVIETS-MEMO-ORDERED-WALLENBERGS-ARREST.html|title= Soviet's Memo Ordered Wallenberg's Arrest |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=25 January 1993 |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> In 2003, a review of Soviet wartime correspondences indicated that [[Vilmos Böhm]], a Hungarian politician who was also a [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|Soviet intelligence]] agent, may have provided Wallenberg's name to [[SMERSH]] as a person to detain for possible involvement in espionage.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://raoulwallenberg.org/heroes/news/news_detail.asp?id=56 |title= Soviet double agent may have betrayed Wallenberg| website= raoulwallenberg.org| publisher= The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070209002900/http://raoulwallenberg.org/heroes/news/news_detail.asp?id=56 |archive-date= 9 February 2007 | agency= [[Reuters]]| date= 12 May 2003| access-date= 14 February 2007}}</ref>
 
Information about Wallenberg after his detention is mostly speculative; there were many who claimed to have met him during his imprisonment.<ref>See Braham, Randolph (2004): "Rescue Operations in Hungary: Myths and Realities", ''East European Quarterly'' 38(2): 173–203.</ref> Wallenberg was transported by train from Debrecen, through [[Romania]], to [[Moscow]].<ref name=SWRG>{{cite book |url=http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/3e3f2d0450024d088676560dc3509f05/raoul-wallenberg---report-of-the-swedish-russian-working-group |editor-last1=Palmklint |editor-first1=Ingrid |editor-last2=Larsson |editor-first2=Daniel |title=Raoul Wallenberg: report of the Swedish-Russian working group |series=Ministry for Foreign Affairs. New Series II, 0562-8881; 52 |year=2000 |publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs [Utrikesdep.], Regeringskansliet |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-7496-230-7 |id={{LIBRIS|7645089}} |access-date=13 February 2007}}</ref> The Soviet authorities may have moved him to Moscow in the hope of exchanging him for [[defectors]] in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/scandinavia/01/12/wallenberg.finding/index.html |title=Wallenberg fate shrouded in mystery |publisher=[[CNN]] |date= 12 January 2001 |access-date=14 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026081732/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/scandinavia/01/12/wallenberg.finding/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> [[Vladimir Dekanozov]] notified the Swedish government on 16 January 1945 that Wallenberg was under the protection of Soviet authorities. On 21 January 1945, Wallenberg was transferred to [[Lubyanka Building|Lubyanka prison]] and held in cell 123 with fellow prisoner [[Gustav Richter]], who had been a police attaché at the German embassy in Romania. Richter testified in Sweden in 1955 that Wallenberg was interrogated once for about an hour and a half, in early February 1945. On 1 March 1945, Richter was moved from his cell and never saw Wallenberg again.<ref name=ROB>{{cite web |url= http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/who/hero.html |title=A Hero for our Time |access-date= 12 February 2007 |first= Rachel |last= Oestreicher Bernheim | year= 1981 | website= raoulwallenberg.org | publisher= The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070206125138/http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/who/hero.html |archive-date = 6 February 2007|author-link=Rachel Oestreicher Bernheim }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Raoul Wallenberg, Life and Work|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/06/world/soviet-turmoil-kgb-chief-to-let-agents-break-silence-about-wallenberg-s-fate.html| quote=The K.G.B. promised today that it would let agents break their vow of silence to help investigate the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish diplomat who vanished after being arrested by the Soviets in 1945.|newspaper= The New York Times| date=6 September 1991 |access-date= 12 February 2007}}</ref>
 
On 8 March 1945, Soviet-controlled Hungarian radio announced that Wallenberg and his driver had been murdered on their way to Debrecen, suggesting that they had been killed by the Arrow Cross Party or the [[Gestapo]]. Sweden's foreign minister, [[Östen Undén]], and its ambassador to the [[Soviet Union]], [[Staffan Söderblom]], wrongly assumed that they were dead.<ref name=JVL/> In April 1945, [[W. Averell Harriman]], then of the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]], offered the Swedish government help in inquiring about Wallenberg's fate, but the offer was declined.<ref name=TWS/> Söderblom met with [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and Stalin in Moscow on 15 June 1946. Söderblom, still believing Wallenberg to be dead, ignored talk of an exchange for Russian defectors in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=848917&ct=1053043|title= The Last Word on Wallenberg? New Investigations, New Questions| first= William |last= Korey |work= AJC.org| publisher= [[American Jewish Committee]] | access-date= 12 February 2007| url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061214232157/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=848917&ct=1053043|archive-date= 14 December 2006|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/stuck-in-neutral/ |format= PDF|title= Stuck in Neutral: The Reasons behind Sweden's passivity in the Raoul Wallenberg case|access-date=12 February 2007|date=22 August 2005}}</ref>
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==== Efforts outside America ====
Raoul Wallenberg's half-brother, [[Guy von Dardel]],<ref name="profdardel2">{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/dardel/l|title=La soeur de Raoul Wallenberg se rendra à Moscou|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=27 August 1989}}</ref> a well-known physicist, retired from [[CERN]] and dedicated the rest of his life to finding out his half-brother's fate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/dardel/List|title=List of documents in Russian archives and relevant to the Wallenberg case|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=17 January 1945}}</ref> He traveled to the Soviet Union about fifty times for discussions and research, including an examination of the Vladimir prison records.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.arikaplan.com/speech/wallenberg.pdf| first1= Marvin W.| last1= Makinen | first2= Ari D.| last2= Kaplan |title= Cell Occupancy Analysis of Korpus 2 of the Vladimir Prison |website= arikaplan.com |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165320/http://www.arikaplan.com/speech/wallenberg.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Over the years, von Dardel compiled a 50,000-page archive of interviews, journal articles, letters, and other documents related to his quest.<ref name="WSJ2009-02-28">{{cite news |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123207264405288683|title=The Wallenberg Curse: The Search for the Missing Holocaust Hero Began in 1945. The Unending Quest Tore His Family Apart |last= Prager| first= Joshua |date=28 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=4 March 2009}}</ref> In 1991, Dardel initiated a Swedish-Russian working group<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/report-on-the-activities-of-the-russian-swedish-working-group-for-determining-the-fate-of-raoul-wallenberg-1991-2000-2/| title=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg – Report on the activities of the Russian-Swedish working group for determining the Fate of Raoul Wallenberg (1991–2000) |website= Raoul-wallenberg.eu|access-date=2014-09-21|date=2000-10-25|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414100108/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/report-on-the-activities-of-the-russian-swedish-working-group-for-determining-the-fate-of-raoul-wallenberg-1991-2000-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> to search eleven separate military and government archives from the former Soviet Union for information about Wallenberg's fate, but the group was not able to find useful information.<ref name= "SWRG2">{{cite book| url= http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/3e3f2d0450024d088676560dc3509f05/raoul-wallenberg---report-of-the-swedish-russian-working-group |title= Raoul Wallenberg: report of the Swedish-Russian working group |publisher= Ministry for Foreign Affairs [Utrikesdep.], Regeringskansliet |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-91-7496-230-7|editor-last1= Palmklint|editor-first1= Ingrid|series= Ministry for Foreign Affairs. New Series II, 0562-8881; 52| location=Stockholm|id={{LIBRIS|7645089}} |access-date= 13 February 2007 |editor-last2= Larsson| editor-first2= Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://info.jpost.com/C001/Supplements/Shoah/hol_Missing.html|title=Missing in Action: Raoul Wallenberg |newspaper= [[Jerusalem Post]] |url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070127084222/http://info.jpost.com/C001/Supplements/Shoah/hol_Missing.html|archive-date=27 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr/wallenberg_coun/sweden/swe.html |title= Excerpt from 1993 working group session| website= raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043323/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr/wallenberg_coun/sweden/swe.html| archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Many, including von Dardel and his daughters, Louise and Marie, do not accept the various versions of Wallenberg's death. They continue to request that the archives in Russia, Sweden, and Hungary become available to impartial researchers.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
 
==== Present-day attempts ====
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In May 1996, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) released thousands of previously classified documents regarding Raoul Wallenberg, in response to requests filed under the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]].<ref name="angel spy" /> The documents, along with an investigation conducted by the news magazine ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', seemingly confirmed the long-held suspicion that Wallenberg had served as an American [[Asset (intelligence)|intelligence asset]] during his time in Hungary. Wallenberg's name appeared on a roster found in the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]<ref name="angel spy">{{cite web| url= https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/960513/archive_009540_4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112011248/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/960513/archive_009540_4.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead |title=The Angel Was a Spy | first1= Charles |last1= Fenyvesi | first2= Victoria |last2= Pope| date= May 5, 1996 | work= [[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> which listed the names of operatives associated with the CIA's wartime predecessor, the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS). The documents also included a 1954 memo from an anonymous CIA source that identified a Hungarian-exile living in Stockholm who, according to the author: "assisted in inserting Wallenberg into Hungary during WWII as an agent of OSS".<ref name="angel spy" /> Another declassified memorandum written in 1990 by the curator of the CIA's [[CIA Library|Historical Intelligence Collection]], William Henhoeffer, characterized the conclusion that Wallenberg was working for the OSS while in Budapest as being "essentially correct".<ref name="angel spy" />
 
More telling was a communique transmitted by the [[Secret Intelligence Branch|OSS Secret Intelligence Branch]] in [[Bari]], Italy]] on 7 November 1944. This message apparently acknowledged that Wallenberg was acting as a [[liaison officer|liaison]] between the OSS and ''[[Magyar Fuggetlensegi Mozgalom]]'' (the Hungarian Independence Movement or MFM), an underground [[Resistance during World War II|anti-Nazi resistance organization]] operating in Budapest.<ref name="raoulwallenberg3">{{cite web |url= http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/news/raoul-wallenberg-s-unexplored/|title=Raoul Wallenberg's Unexplored Intelligence Connections in Hungary | date= August 2, 2007| first= Susanne |last= Berger | publisher= The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation |website= raoulwallenberg.net |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> The OSS message noted Wallenberg's contacts with Géza Soós, a high-ranking MFM member. The communique further explained that Soós "may only be contacted" through the Swedish legation in Budapest, which was Wallenberg's workplace and also served as the operational center for his attempts to aid the [[Hungarian Jews]]. The same message's assertion that Wallenberg "will know if he (Soós) is not in Budapest" is also curious, in that by November 1944 Soós was in hiding and knowledge of his whereabouts would have been available only to persons closely involved with the MFM.<ref name="angel spy" /> This conclusion is given further weight by additional evidence<ref name="angel spy" /> suggesting that secret communications between the MFM and US intelligence were being transmitted to Washington by the Stockholm office of [[Iver C. Olsen]], the American OSS operative who initially recruited Wallenberg to go to Budapest in June 1944.
 
This particular disclosure gave rise to speculation that, in addition to his attempts to rescue the Hungarian Jews, Wallenberg may have also been engaged in a separate effort intended to undermine [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungary's pro-Nazi government]] on behalf of the OSS.<ref name="angel spy" /> If true, this would seem to add some credence to the potential explanation that it was his association with [[Western Bloc|Western]] intelligence that led to Wallenberg being targeted by [[NKVD|Soviet authorities]] in January 1945.<ref name="angel spy" />
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In 2009, reporter [[Joshua Harris Prager|Joshua Prager]] wrote an article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' profiling the long-term toll that Raoul Wallenberg's disappearance had on his family. His mother Maj and his stepfather Fredrik von Dardel spent the rest of their lives searching for their son. They both died by suicide, overdosing on pills two days apart in 1979. Their daughter, Nina Lagergren, Raoul's half-sister, attributed their suicide to their despair about never finding their son. Lagergren and Raoul's half-brother Guy von Dardel established organizations and worked to find their brother or confirmation of his death. At the request of their parents, they were to assume he was alive until the year 2000.<ref name="WSJ2009-02-28"/>
 
During the war, the Wallenberg bank, [[Stockholms Enskilda Bank]], collaborated with the German government. [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] considered [[Jacob Wallenberg (1892–1980)|Jacob Wallenberg]] strongly pro-German, and in 1945, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] subjected the Bank to a blockade from engaging in business in the United States that was only lifted in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.jta.org/1989/11/08/archive/authors-claim-wallenberg-family-assisted-nazis-in-banking-deals| title= Authors Claim Wallenberg Family Assisted Nazis in Banking Deals| date= 8 November 1989 |website= JTA.org| publisher= Jewish Telegraphic Agency|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gowland|first=Rob|date=19 June 1996|title=Banks' nazi connections exposed |journal=The Guardian (Socialist Party of Australia)}}</ref> Author [[Alan Lelchuk]] who interviewed, amongst others, Wallenberg's KGB interrogator, wrote a novel that imagines the more powerful of the family may have chosen not to use their influence to locate Raoul as it could have drawn attention to their misdeeds, and they may have considered him an embarrassment, not only for being a man of morality, but his possible homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/fiction-as-a-means-to-uncover-the-truth|title=Fiction as a Means to Uncover the Truth|date=9 July 2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>
 
==Legacy==
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* [[Chiune Sugihara]]
* [[Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights]]
* [[Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity]]
 
== Notes ==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100407210933/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/home/ Searching for Raoul Wallenberg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131026063357/http://www.hearthasreasons.com/bibliography.php Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography with information and links to a variety of books about Raoul Wallenberg]
* [http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/ University of Michigan Wallenberg Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609074758/http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/ |date=9 June 2010 }}
* {{cite web| url= http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/03/dr-paul-levine-raoul-wallenberg-in-budapest-myth-history-and-holocaust/| |first= Paul | last= Levine | title= Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: Myth, History and Holocaust| date= 8 March 2010| via= backdoorbroadcasting.net| format= lecture| access-date= 11 March 2010| archive-date= 22 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101122135403/http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/03/dr-paul-levine-raoul-wallenberg-in-budapest-myth-history-and-holocaust/| url-status= dead}}
 
{{Raoul Wallenberg}}
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[[Category:Swedish people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Swedish people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:People executed by the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning alumni]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths]]
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