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{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Racism in South Korea''' ({{Korean|hangul=인종차별|hanja=人種差別}}) comprises negative attitudes and views on race or ethnicity which are related to each other, are held by various people and groups in [[South Korea]], and have been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices and actions (including violence) at various times in the [[history of South Korea]] against racial or ethnic groups. It has been recognized as a widespread social problem in the country.<ref>{{cite web|first=Steven |last=Denney |url=http://sinonk.com/2015/04/01/south-korea-as-subempire-workers-immigration-and-racialized-hierarchy/ |title=Workers, Immigration, and Racialized Hierarchy |date=1 April 2015 |work=SinoNK |quote=Racism is as much, if not more, a problem in South Korea as it is in the United States. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103011031/http://sinonk.com/2015/04/01/south-korea-as-subempire-workers-immigration-and-racialized-hierarchy/ |archive-date=January 3, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Park>{{
An increase in [[immigration to South Korea]] since the 2000s catalyzed more overt expressions of [[racism]], as well as criticism of those expressions.<ref name=Park/><ref name=PMID27430432/> Newspapers have frequently reported on and criticized discrimination against immigrants, in forms such as being paid lower than the [[minimum wage]], having their wages withheld, unsafe work conditions, [[physical abuse]], or general denigration.<ref name=Park/>
In the 2017–2020 [[World Values Survey]], of the 1245 South Koreans surveyed, 15.2% reported that they would not want someone of a different race as a neighbor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Values Survey Wave 7 (2017-2020)|language=en|work=Worldvaluessurvey.org|url=https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref> This represents a sharp decrease from the 2010-2014 World Values Survey, where of 1200 South Koreans surveyed, 34.1% mentioned that they would not want someone of a different race as a neighbor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Values Survey Wave 6 (2010-2014)|language=en|work=Worldvaluessurvey.org|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref> In the 2010–2014 survey, 44.2% reported they would not want "immigrants/foreign workers" as neighbors.<ref name=PMID27430432>{{
According to a survey conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea among foreign residents in South Korea in 2019, 68.4% of respondents declared they had experienced racial discrimination, and many of them said they experienced it due of their Korean language skills (62.3%), because they were not Korean (59.7%), or due to their race (44.7%).<ref>{{
According to a report of the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], undocumented migrant children are left without many of the rights enjoyed by their South Korean counterparts. The process used to determine refugees status is designed "not to protect refugees but to keep them out. Migrant workers are only allowed to change their job with their old employer's permission. Migrant workers who work in agricultural sector, small businesses and domestic services are the most vulnerable to discrimination because of the temporary nature of their work.▼
▲According to a report of the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], undocumented migrant children are left without many of the rights enjoyed by their South Korean counterparts. The process used to determine refugees status is designed "not to protect refugees but to keep them out." Migrant workers are only allowed to change their job with their old employer's permission. Migrant workers who work in agricultural sector, small businesses and domestic services are the most vulnerable to discrimination because of the temporary nature of their work.
== History ==
Scholars believe Korean's strong national identity comes from a long tradition of "thousand years of
According to [[Katharine Moon]], [[1997 Asian financial crisis|the Asian financial crisis in 1997]] is one of the events that shaped Korean's dominant attitude towards immigrants and foreigners. In the 1997 crisis, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] forced South Korea to take a bailout and the adverse effect it had on Korean's economy caused the closings of financial institutions, losing jobs for 5% of workers and decreased earnings for the majority of the population.<ref name="Bloomberg.com">{{Cite news|date=2016-03-11|title=Why South Korean Businesses Can Legally Refuse to Serve Foreigners|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-11/lack-of-anti-discrimination-laws-in-south-korea-means-businesses-can-legally-refuse-to-serve-foreigners|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref>
===Attitudes against different races and groups ===
Overt racist attitudes are more commonly expressed towards immigrants from poorer Asian countries, [[Latin America]] and [[Africa]], while racist attitudes toward immigrants of
Related discrimination has also been reported with regard to mixed-race children, [[Koreans in China|Chinese Korean]], and [[North Korea]]n immigrants.<ref name=Campbell/>
Racism and discrimination against South Asians from Koreans are also common, and have led to incidents such as clubs banning South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ock|first=Hyun-ju|date=2017|title=Itaewon bar accused of discriminating against Indian|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170607000796|journal=The Korea Herald}}</ref> Muslims also encounter racism and prejudice from a significant segment of Korean society, which is further complicated due to the foreign or immigrant background of many Muslims living in Korea. It was observed that many Koreans perceive Muslims as a potential "terrorist group", with these negative views stemming from the rising prevalence of Islamophobia in Korea and elsewhere in Asia, along with stereotypical representations of Muslims and Islam in Korean media.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koo|first=Gi Yeon|date=2018|title=Islamophobia and the Politics of Representation of Islam in Korea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jkr.2018.0006|journal=Journal of Korean Religions|volume=9|issue=1|pages=159–192|doi=10.1353/jkr.2018.0006|s2cid=158772593|issn=2167-2040|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
===
Due to the lack of an anti-discrimination law, it is common for people not of Korean ethnicity to be denied service at
▲According to a survey conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea among foreign residents in South Korea in 2019, 68.4% of respondents declared they had experienced racial discrimination, and many of them said they experienced it due of their Korean language skills (62.3%), because they were not Korean (59.7%), or due to their race (44.7%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herald |first1=The Korea |title=7 in 10 foreign residents say 'racism exists' in S. Korea |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200320000695 |website=www.koreaherald.com |language=en |date=20 March 2020}}</ref>
=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
During the COVID-19 crisis, 1.4 million foreigners living in South Korea were initially excluded from the government's subsidy plan, which includes relief funds of up to 1 million won to Korean households. Although all people are susceptible to the virus, only foreigners who are married to Korean citizens were eligible for the money because of their "strong ties to the country".<ref>{{Cite
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has made schools in South Korea go fully online but the immigrant and refugee children have not received proper education opportunities due to the lack of appropriate online curriculum for them.<ref>{{Cite
In March 2021, several regions in Korea ordered all foreigners to undergo testing for COVID or risk a fine. This legislation has been criticized by activists for being discriminatory and racist.<ref>{{Cite
==== Vaccine
South Korea implemented a vaccine passport system during the COVID-19 pandemic, restricting access to high-risk venues such as bars, restaurants, and clubs.<ref>{{Cite news
The then British Ambassador to South Korea, [[Simon Smith (diplomat)|Simon Smith]], criticized the vaccine passport on the official Twitter account for the British Embassy in Seoul, saying "If evidence produced by a Korean national of an overseas vaccination is good enough for that vaccination to be registered for the vaccine pass, the same evidence should be good enough to register the overseas vaccinations of foreign nationals too."<ref>{{
On December 6, 2021, the ambassadors from the US, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and the EU Delegation to Korea jointly urged the South Korean government to recognize overseas vaccinations of foreigners.<ref>{{
== Legislation ==
Recent legislation—in particular, the Foreign Workers' Employment Act (2004) and Support for Multicultural Families (2008)—have improved the situation of immigrants, more efficiently protecting their human and labor rights.<ref name=Park/> In 2011, the South Korean military abandoned a regulation barring mixed-race men from enlisting, and changed the oath of enlistment to not reference racial purity (''[[Korean ethnic nationalism|minjok]]'') to citizenship.<ref name=Campbell/> Similarly, related concepts have been withdrawn from school [[curricula]].<ref name=Campbell/> This has been accredited in part to international pressure—in particular, concern from the [[UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], which stated persistent ethnic-centric thinking in South Korea "might be an obstacle to the realization of equal treatment and respect for foreigners and people belonging to different races and cultures".<ref name=Campbell/>
As of September 2021, South Korea was lacking an [[anti-discrimination law]], which has been globally recommended by the [[UN Human Rights Committee]] in 2015. It is frequently discussed in South Korean media and by politicians.<ref>{{
According to a survey conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea among foreign residents in South Korea in 2019, 68.4% of respondents declared they had experienced racial discrimination, and many of them said they experienced it due of their Korean language skills (62.3%), because they were not Korean (59.7%), or due to their race (44.7%).<ref name=":2">{{
== In education ==
Only 40% of mixed-race elementary and middle school students, or students born out of international marriages are considered Koreans by their classmates. Almost 50% of students said they have difficulties maintaining relationships with students who do not share the same nationality background. The reason given by Korean students is because of their classmates' different skin colors (24.2%), fear of being outcast by other Korean students (16.8%), and feeling of embarrassment if being friends with mixed-race children (15.5%).<ref>{{Cite
In an article published in 2009 in the journal ''Academic Leadership'', Paul Jambor (
▲In 2009, Paul Jambor (Assistant professor at Korea University) claimed that Korean college students exhibit discrimination towards foreign professors by calling them by their first names and not showing the same amount of respect towards them<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jambor|first=Paul|date=2009-07-01|title=Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings – Part II: The Student Side of the Equation|url=https://scholars.fhsu.edu/alj/vol7/iss3/22|journal=Academic Leadership |volume=7|issue=3|issn=1533-7812}}</ref> as students traditionally show towards their Korean professors.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Korea|South Korea}}
* [[
* [[Korean ethnic nationalism]]▼
* [[Racism in North Korea]]▼
* [[Jeju uprising]]
* [[Jeju people]]
▲* [[Korean ethnic nationalism]]
* [[Multicultural family in South Korea]]
▲* [[Racism in North Korea]]
* [[Refugees in South Korea]]
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* {{cite book|author=Shin, Gi Wook|chapter=Racist South Korea? Diverse but not tolerant of diversity|editor1=Rotem Kowner|editor2=Walter Demel|title=Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg4_FCU3OEgC&pg=PA369|date=1 November 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-23729-2|pages=369}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00472331003600549|title=Multiculturalism in South Korea: A Critical Assessment|year=2010|last1=Watson|first1=Iain|journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|volume=40|issue=2|pages=337–346|s2cid=154968115}}
* {{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/03/in-korea-double-standards-on-racism/|title=In Korea, double standards on racism|work=Da Sol Goh|date=24 March 2020 |publisher=Asia Times}}
==External links==
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[[Category:Racism in South Korea| ]]
[[Category:Racism by country]]
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