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Adding short description: "Established in 1917 by Julius Rosenwald and his family for "the well-being of mankind."" (Shortdesc helper) |
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The rural school building program for African-American children was one of the largest programs administered by the Rosenwald Fund. Over $4.4 million in matching funds stimulated construction of more than 5,000 [[one-room school]]s (and larger ones), as well as shops and teachers' homes, mostly in [[Southern United States|the South]], where public schools were segregated and black schools had been chronically underfunded. This was particularly so after [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchisement of most blacks]] from the political system in southern states at the turn of the 20th century. The Fund required white school boards to agree to operate such schools and to arrange for matching funds, in addition to requiring black communities to raise funds or donate property and labor to construct the schools. These schools, constructed to models designed by [[architects]] of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now known as [[Tuskegee University]]), became known as "[[Rosenwald School]]s." In some communities, surviving structures have been preserved and recognized as [[landmarks]] for their historical character and social significance. The [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] has classified them as National Treasures.
The Rosenwald Fund also made fellowship grants directly to African-American artists, writers, researchers and intellectuals between 1928 and 1948. Civil rights leader [[Julian Bond]], whose father received a Rosenwald fellowship, has called the list of grantees a "Who's Who of black America in the 1930s and 1940s."<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Maurianne|title=Strangers & Neighbors: Relations Between Blacks & Jews in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/strangersneighbo00adam|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst|isbn=978-1-5584-9236-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/strangersneighbo00adam/page/5 5]}}</ref> Hundreds of grants were disbursed to artists, writers and other cultural figures, many of whom became prominent or already were, including
In 1929, the Rosenwald Fund funded a syphilis treatment pilot program in five Southern states. The Rosenwald project emphasized locating people with [[syphilis]] and treating them, during a time when syphilis was widespread in poor African-American communities.<ref name="jones">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=James H.|title=Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment|year=1993|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|isbn=0-02-916676-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/badbloodtuskegee00jone_0/page/52 52–90]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/badbloodtuskegee00jone_0/page/52}}</ref> The Fund ended its involvement in 1932, due to lack of matching state funds (the Fund required jurisdictions to contribute to efforts to increase collaboration on solving problems). After the Fund ceased its involvement, the federal government decided to take over the funding and changed its mission to being a non-therapeutic study. The infamous [[Tuskegee syphilis study]] began later that year, tracking the progress of untreated disease, and took advantage of poor participants by not informing them fully of its constraints. Even after penicillin became recognized as approved treatment for this disease, researchers did not treat the study participants.<ref name="jones"/>
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