Content deleted Content added
m →Literature: Autowikibrowser clean up, typo(s) fixed: 95-101 → 95–101 (2) |
|||
(22 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Series of political events}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Repression in the Soviet Union}}
'''Purges of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union''' ({{lang-ru|"Чистка партийных рядов"}}, ''{{
Such reviews would start with a short autobiography from the reviewed person and then an interrogation of him or her by the purge commission, as well as by the attending audience. Although many people were victims of the purge throughout this decade, the general
Although the term "[[purge]]" is largely associated with [[Stalinism]] because the greatest of the purges happened during [[Stalin's USSR|Stalin's rule]], the [[Bolsheviks]] carried out their first major purge of the party ranks as early as 1921. Approximately 220,000 members were purged or left the party. The Bolsheviks stated as justification the need to get rid of the members who had joined the party simply to be on the winning side. The major criteria were [[Social class|social origins]] (members of [[working class]]es were normally accepted without question) and contributions to the revolutionary cause.
The first Party purge of the [[Joseph Stalin]] era took place in 1929–1930 in accordance with a resolution of the [[16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|XVI Party Conference]].<ref>Gregor, Richard, editor. ''Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Volume 2: The Early Soviet Period 1917-1929''. University of Toronto Press, 1974. {{
==
Stalin ordered '''Case Spring''' – the repression and/or execution of officers of the [[Red Army]] who had served previously in the [[Russian Imperial Army]], of civilians who had been sympathetic to the [[White movement]], or of other subversives rounded up by the [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]]. Historians estimate that over 3,000 people were executed.<ref>{{cite book|author= Jaroslav Tinchenko|title= Calvary Russian officers in the USSR. 1930-1931 years|url= http://www.xxl3.ru/krasnie/tinchenko/tinchenko.htm|isbn= 978-5-89554-195-1| language = ru |location= Moscow|publisher= Moscow Public Science Foundation|year= 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Velikanova| first1 = Olga| title = Popular Perceptions of Soviet Politics in the 1920s: Disenchantment of the Dreamers| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RGje-BfoI0oC| location = Basingstoke| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan| date = 2013| isbn = 9781137030757| access-date = 2018-01-28| quote = Operation 'Spring' in 1930–31 targeted the former officers and generals of the Tsarist army serving in the Red Army. According to incomplete data, 3496 officers were arrested and 130 were executed in the Ukraine, Voronezh and Leningrad regions being accused of preparing uprisings in anticipation of intervention.}}</ref> In [[Leningrad]] alone, in May 1931, over a thousand people were shot in this case.<ref name=spb>[http://encspb.ru/object/2804021801 «Гвардейское дело»]</ref>▼
===
▲Stalin ordered '''
The organizer of the initiated case "Spring" was the leader of the OGPU [[Izrail Leplevsky]]. With the support of the deputy chairman of the OGPU [[Genrikh Yagoda]], he inflated the scale of "Spring" to the scale of the "case of the Industrial Party."<ref>[https://archive.is/20120802043138/www.fsb.ru/fsb/history/author/single.htm!id%3D10318170@fsbPublication.html Публикация]</ref>▼
====Business====
In total, according to some reports, more than 3,000 people were arrested, among them [[Andrei Snesarev]], A.L. Rodendorf, [[Alexander Andreyevich Svechin]], [[Pavel Sytin]], F.F. Novitsky, [[Aleksander Verkhovsky]], I. Galkin, Yu. K. Gravitsky, [[Vladimir Olderogge]], V. A. Yablochkin, [[Nikolai Sollogub]], [[Aleksandr Baltiysky]], [[Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich]], N. A. Morozov, [[Aleksei Gutor]], A. Kh. Bazarevsky, [[Mikhail Matiyasevich]], V. F. Rzhechitsky, V. N. Gatovsky, P. M. Sharangovich, D. D. Zuev and others.<ref>''Ярослав Тинченко'' [http://www.xxl3.ru/krasnie/tinchenko/tinchenko.htm Голгофа русского офицерства в СССР. 1930—1931 годы]</ref><ref>[http://www.znanie-sila.ru/online/issue_2473.html Служили два офицера. О книге Я. Тинченко]</ref><ref>З архівів ВУЧК, ГПУ, НКВД, КГБ. 2002 год, номер 1-2, изд-во «Сфера», Киев.''А. А. Зданович.''</ref><ref>[http://www.chekist.ru/article/2717 «Органы государственной безопасности и Красная Армия»], глава, посвященная делу «Генштабисты» и операции «Весна»</ref>▼
▲The organizer of the initiated case "Spring" was the leader of the OGPU [[Izrail Leplevsky]]. With the support of the deputy chairman of the OGPU [[Genrikh Yagoda]], he inflated the scale of "Spring" to the scale of the "case of the Industrial Party."<ref>[https://archive.
▲In total, according to some reports, more than 3,000 people were arrested, among them [[Andrei Snesarev]], A.L. Rodendorf, [[Alexander Andreyevich Svechin]], [[Pavel Sytin]], F.F. Novitsky, [[Aleksander Verkhovsky]], I. Galkin, Yu. K. Gravitsky, [[Vladimir Olderogge]], V. A. Yablochkin, [[Nikolai Sollogub]], [[Aleksandr Baltiysky]], [[Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich]], N. A. Morozov, [[Aleksei Gutor]], A. Kh. Bazarevsky, [[Mikhail Matiyasevich]], V. F. Rzhechitsky, V. N. Gatovsky, P. M. Sharangovich, D. D. Zuev and others.<ref>''Ярослав Тинченко'' [http://www.xxl3.ru/krasnie/tinchenko/tinchenko.htm Голгофа русского офицерства в СССР. 1930—1931 годы] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716185127/http://www.xxl3.ru/krasnie/tinchenko/tinchenko.htm |date=2015-07-16 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.znanie-sila.ru/online/issue_2473.html Служили два офицера. О книге Я. Тинченко]</ref><ref>З архівів ВУЧК, ГПУ, НКВД, КГБ. 2002 год, номер 1-2, изд-во «Сфера», Киев.''А. А. Зданович.''</ref><ref>[http://www.chekist.ru/article/2717 «Органы государственной безопасности и Красная Армия»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225145442/http://www.chekist.ru/article/2717 |date=2011-02-25 }}, глава, посвященная делу «Генштабисты» и операции «Весна»</ref>
===Historiography===▼
▲====Historiography====
This case gained fame with the release in 2000 of the book of the Ukrainian historian Yaroslav Tinchenko “The Calvary of Russian Officers”, which essentially raised this topic for the first time and made it accessible to the general reader.
Some documents relating to the operation "Spring" were published in the USSR in a two-volume collection of documents "From the archives of the Cheka, OGPU, NKVD" dedicated to this operation.
===1932 to 1935===
Stalin ordered the next systematic party purge in the Soviet Union in December 1932, to be performed during 1933. During this period, new memberships were suspended. A joint resolution of the Party [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and Central Revision Committee specified the criteria for purging and called for setting up special Purge Commissions, to which every communist had to report. Furthermore, this purge concerned members of the Central Committee and of the [[Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Revision Committee]], who previously had been immune to purges, because they were elected at [[Congress of the CPSU|Party Congress]]es. In particular, [[Nikolai Bukharin]], [[Alexei Ivanovich Rykov]], and [[Mikhail Tomsky]] were asked to defend themselves during this purge. As the purges unfolded, it became increasingly apparent that what had begun as an attempt to cleanse the party of unequipped and defecting members would culminate in nothing less than a cleansing of integral party members of all ranks. This included many prominent leading party members that had ruled the regime for over a decade.<ref>''Unger, A.L. (January 1969). "Stalin's Renewal of the Leading Stratum: A Note on the Great Purge" (PDF). Soviet Studies. '''20''': 321–330 {{
Until 1933 those purged (totaling 800,000) were not usually arrested. (The few that were became the first waves of the [[gulag]] forced labor system.)<ref name="Solzhenitsyn_1974">{{Citation |last=Solzhenitsyn |first=Aleksandr |year=1974 |title=The Gulag Archipelago [Архипела́г ГУЛА́Г] | translator-last=Whitney | translator-first=Thomas P. |volume=1 |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |location=Paris |isbn=978-0-06-013914-8 |oclc=802879 |postscript=.}}</ref> But from 1934 onwards, during the [[Great Purge]], the connotations of the term changed, because being expelled from the party came with the possibility of arrest, with long imprisonment or execution following.<ref name="Solzhenitsyn_1974"/> The Party Central Committee would later state that the careless methodology used resulted in serious errors and perversions which hindered the work of cleansing the party from its real enemies.<ref>''"On Mistakes in the Purge" (PDF). The Slavonic and East European Review. '''16''': 703–713. April 1938 {{
===Great Purge===
{{Main|Great Purge}}
The most prolific period of executions occurred during the [[Great Purge]], from 1936 to 1938.
The Central Committee Plenum passed a resolution in 1935 declaring an end to the purges of 1933.<ref>''Mcneal, Robert (October 1971). "The Decisions of the CPSU and the Great Purge" (PDF). Soviet Studies. '''23''': 177–185 {{
The Great Purge was no less perilous for those few foreigners who attempted to assimilate into [[Soviet culture]]. In one piece of literature, the author recalls a Soviet general describing the Great Purges as "difficult years to understand" for citizens and foreigners alike.<ref>Maclean, Fitzroy. ''Escape to Adventure.'' Boston: Little, Brown, 1950. Print. p. 9.</ref> These foreigners were treated much the same as Soviet ethnic minorities, and they were thought to be potential threats in the impending war. [[Germans]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Finns]], and other westerners were shown the same fate the bourgeoisie had been dealt following the [[Great Break (USSR)|end]] of [[New Economic Policy|NEP]]. Punishments ranged from eviction and relocation to [[summary execution]].<ref>''Humphreys, Brendan (2018-07-03). "Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research". Scando-Slavica. '''64''' (2): 312–314. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1080/00806765.2018.1525320. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 0080-6765.''</ref>
===1950s===
Following [[Stalin's death]] in 1953, purges as systematic campaigns of expulsion from the party ended; thereafter, the center's political control was exerted instead mainly through loss of party membership and its attendant [[nomenklatura]] privileges, which effectively downgraded one's opportunities in society{{snd}}see {{slink|Trade unions in the Soviet Union|Role in the Soviet class system, chekism, and party rule}}. Recalcitrant cases could be reduced to [[nonperson]]s via [[involuntary commitment]] to a psychiatric institution.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
==See also==
Line 50 ⟶ 53:
==Literature==
*{{cite web |last1=Arzyutov |first1=Dmitry |title=Early Years of Visual Anthropology in the Soviet Arctic |url=http://www.tandfonline.com |website
*Ganin A.V. Everyday life of the General Staffists under Lenin and Trotsky. - M., 2016.
*Ganin A.V. In the Shadow of "Spring." Former officers under repression of the early 1930s // Homeland. 2014. - No. 6. - S.
*Ganin A.V. Gambit Monighetti. The incredible adventures of the "Italian" in Russia // Homeland. 2011. - No. 10. - P. 122–125.
*Ganin A.V. Archive and investigation of the military scientist A. A. Svechin. 1931-1932 // Bulletin of the archivist. 2014. - No. 2 (126). - S. 260–272; No. 3 (127). - S. 261–291.
*Bliznichenko S. S., Lazarev S. E. “Anti-Soviet conspiracy” at the Naval Academy (
*Lazarev S.E. Military-political academy in the 1930s // Scientific reports of Belgorod State University. Series “History. Political science. Economy. Computer science". 2013. No. 8 (151). - Vol. 26. - S. 140–149.
*Bliznichenko S. S., Lazarev S. E. Repression at the F.E.Dzerzhinsky Naval Engineering School in the 1930s. // Recent history of Russia. 2014. - No. 1 (09). - S. 124–139.
Line 61 ⟶ 64:
==External links==
* [http://encspb.ru/object/2804021801?lc=ru В энциклопедии С-Петербурга]
* ''Ярослав Тинченко.'' [http://www.xxl3.ru/krasnie/tinchenko/tinchenko.htm Голгофа русского офицерства в СССР. 1930—1931 годы] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716185127/http://www.xxl3.ru/krasnie/tinchenko/tinchenko.htm |date=2015-07-16 }}
* З архівів ВУЧК, ГПУ, НКВД, КГБ. 2002 год, номер 1–2, изд-во «Сфера», Киев.
|