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'''Phonotactics''' (from [[Ancient Greek]] {{transliteration|grc|phōnḗ}} "voice, sound" and {{transliteration|grc|taktikós}} "having to do with arranging")<ref>{{LSJ|fwnh/|φωνή}}, {{LSJ|taktiko/s|τακτικός|ref}}</ref> is a branch of [[phonology]] that deals with restrictions in a [[language]] on the permissible combinations of [[phoneme]]s. Phonotactics defines permissible [[syllable]] structure, [[consonant cluster]]s and [[vowel]] sequences by means of ''phonotactic constraints''.
Phonotactic constraints are highly language-specific. For example, in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], consonant clusters like {{IPA|/st/}} do not occur. Similarly, the clusters {{IPA|/kn/}} and {{IPA|/ɡn/}} are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in [[German language|German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (in which the latter appears as {{IPA|/ɣn/}}) and were permitted in [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English]].<ref>{{Cite journal |
Syllables have the following internal segmental structure:
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:{{IPA|/s/}} + [[stop consonant|stop]] + [[approximant consonant|approximant]]:
:*{{IPA|/s/}} + {{IPA|/
::*''stream''
:*{{IPA|/s/}} + {{IPA|/t/}} + {{IPA|/j/}} (not in most accents of [[American English]])
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Not all languages have this constraint; compare [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|'''pli'''egue}} {{IPA|[ˈpljeɣe]}} or [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|'''plu'''ie}} {{IPA|[plɥi]}}.
* All syllables have a [[Syllable nucleus|nucleus]]
* No [[geminate consonant]]s
* Every subsequence contained within a sequence of consonants must obey all the relevant phonotactic rules (the substring principle rule)▼
* No onset {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
* No
* No [[affricate]]s in complex onsets (except when underlying {{IPA|/tɹ/}} and {{IPA|/dɹ/}} are analysed as {{IPA|/tʃɹ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒɹ/}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Geoffrey |title=All TRs are not created equal: L1 and L2 perception of English cluster affrication |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-linguistics/article/all-trs-are-not-created-equal-l1-and-l2-perception-of-english-cluster-affrication/B6A0AE0A159E7C00D77251E6D798FFA3 |journal=Journal of Linguistics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=22 December 2023 |pages=623–654 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0022226722000275 |date=August 2023|volume=59 |issue=3 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* No {{IPA|/h/}} in complex onsets
* The first consonant in a complex onset must be an [[obstruent]] (e.g. '''''st'''op''; combinations such as ''*'''nt'''at'' or *'''''rk'''oop'', with a [[sonorant]], are not allowed)
* The second consonant in a complex onset must not be a voiced obstruent (e.g. ''*'''zd'''op'' does not occur)
* If the first consonant in a complex onset is not {{IPA|/s/}}, the second must be a [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] or a [[Semivowel|glide]]
▲* Every subsequence contained within a sequence of consonants must obey all the relevant phonotactic rules (the substring principle rule)
* No glides in syllable codas (excluding the {{linktext|offglide}}s of [[diphthong]]s)
* The second consonant in a complex coda must not be {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, or {{IPA|/ð/}} (compare ''[[asthma]]'', typically pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|z|m|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|m|ə}}, but rarely {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|z|ð|m|ə}})
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* Vitevitch, Michael S. & Luce, Paul A. 1999. Probabilistic phonotactics and neighborhood activation in spoken word recognition. ''Journal of Memory and Language'' 40: 374–408.
* Vitevitch, Michael S.; Luce, Paul A.; Charles-Luce, Jan; & Kemmerer, David. 1997. Phonotactics and syllable stress: Implications for the processing of spoken nonsense words. ''Language and Speech'' 40: 47–62.
* Vitevitch, Michael S.; Luce, Paul A.; Pisoni, David B.; & Auer, Edward T. 1999. Phonotactics, neighborhood activation, and lexical access for spoken words. ''Brain and Language'' 68: 306–311.'
==External links==
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