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==Etymology==
Historically, the term " High ''Dutch ''" (ais calquean ofolder Germanuse ''hochdeutsch'')of wasthe usedterm, alongsidewhich "''German''"earlier referred to denoteany thespeaker of a Germanic language nowon calledthe GermanEuropean mainland. <ref>Mark UseL. ofLouden: thePennsylvania termDutch: seemsThe toStory haveof beenan particular,American thoughLanguage. notJHU exclusivePress, to2006, Americap.2</ref><ref>Hostetler, andJohn canA. be(1993), found''Amish amongSociety'', severalThe prominantJohns 19thHopkins centuryUniversity AmericanPress, authorsBaltimore, mostp. notably241</ref><ref>Irwin inRichman: theThe worksPennsylvania ofDutch [[WashingtonCountry. Irving]]Arcadia (1783-1859)Publishing, 2004, p.16. </ref><ref>{{citation |title=Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages|author=Nicoline van der Sijs|author2=Nederlandse Taalunie|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2009|jstor=j.ctt45kf9d |isbn=978-90-8964-124-3 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt45kf9d}} ▼Linguists are divided on the exact origin of the term "''Dutch''" in "''Pennsylvania Dutch''". Some see it as a corruption or imitation of the Pennsylvania Dutch [[endonym]] ''{{Lang|pdc|Deitsch}}'' (meaning "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German"),<ref>Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Band 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, S. 606: „The term »Pennsylvania Dutch« is a reference to the German-speaking portions of Pennsylvania, »Dutch« being a corruption of Deutsch, the German word for German.“
</ref><ref>Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, S. 16.</ref> while others have suggested the use of "''Dutch''" is due archaic use of the term, which earlier could refer to any speaker of a Germanic language on the European mainland, in the American colonies.<ref>Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2</ref><ref>Hostetler, John A. (1993), ''Amish Society'', The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241</ref><ref>Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.</ref> Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Middle Dutch|Diets]] and [[German language|Deutsch]] are all descendants of the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word {{wikt-lang|gem-pro|*þiudiskaz}}, meaning "popular" or "of the people."<ref>W. Haubrichs, "''Theodiscus'', Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., ''Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch"'' (2004), 199–228</ref>
▲Historically, the term "High Dutch" (a calque of German ''hochdeutsch'') was used alongside "''German''" to denote the language now called German. Use of the term seems to have been particular, though not exclusive, to America and can be found among several prominant 19th century American authors, most notably in the works of [[Washington Irving]] (1783-1859).<ref>{{citation |title=Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages|author=Nicoline van der Sijs|author2=Nederlandse Taalunie|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2009|jstor=j.ctt45kf9d |isbn=978-90-8964-124-3 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt45kf9d}}
*{{Citation |last = van der Sijs |first = Nicoline |title = Yankees, cookies en dollars De invloed van het Nederlands op de Noord-Amerikaanse talen |publisher = Amsterdam University Press |year = 2009 |url = https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/34981/1/341439.pdf |isbn = 9789089641304}}</ref> The oldest German newspaper in Pennsylvania was the High Dutch Pennsylvania Journal in 1743. The first mixed English and German paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette of 1751, described itself as an "English and Dutch gazette," in reference to the High Dutch language spoken in Pennsylvania.<ref name=johnfanningwatson>{{Citation |last=Watson|first=John Fanning|year=1881|title=Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania|publisher=J.M. Stoddart}}</ref>
The migration of the Pennsylvania Dutch to the [[United States]] predates the emergence of a distinct German national identity, which did not form until the late 18th19th century.<ref>[[Hans Kohn (Historiker)|Hans Kohn]] (1951): ''The Eve of German Nationalism (1789–1812).'' In: ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' Bd. 12, Nr. 2, S. 256–284, hier S. 257 ({{JSTOR|2707517}}).</ref> The formation of the [[German Empire]] in [[1871]] resulted in a [[semantic shift]], in which "''deutsch''" was no longer principally a linguistic and cultural term, but was increasingly used to describe all things related to Germany and its inhabitants. This development did not go unnoticed among the Pennsylvania Dutch who, in the 19th and early 20th century, referred to themselves as ''Deitsche'', while calling newer German immigrants "''Deitschlenner''" (German: Deutschländer), literallyreferring meaningspecifically "''Germany-ers''"to European Germans.<ref>Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, S. 3–4.</ref>
==Pennsylvania Dutch history in America==
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