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| complications = [[Parkinson's disease dementia|Dementia]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], anxiety,<ref name="Sv2016">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|date=October 2016|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 | issue = Suppl 1|pages=318–324|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|pmid=27401947|doi-access=free}}</ref> eating problems, and sleep problems
| over 60<ref name=NIH2016/>{{sfn|Truong|Bhidayasiri|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 188]}}
| duration = Long-term
| causes = Unknown<ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|s2cid=5502904|title=Parkinson's disease|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref>
| risks = [[Pesticide]] exposure, [[head injuries]]<ref name=Lancet2015/>
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}}
<!-- Definiiton and symptoms -->
'''Parkinson's disease''' ('''PD'''), or simply '''Parkinson's''', is a
<!-- Causes and pathophysiology -->
Most of the cases of Parkinson's disease are [[idiopathic]] but a few contributing factos have been identified. Pathophysiology is characterized by [[nerve cell death]] in the [[locus coeruleus]] and [[substantia nigra]], latter being a [[midbrain]] region that supplies [[dopamine]] to the [[basal ganglia]] which are involved in voluntary [[motor control]]. The cause of this cell death is poorly understood but includes the [[alpha-synuclein]] aggregation into [[Lewy bodies]] within the [[neuron]]s. Other possible factors involve [[causes of Parkinson's disease#Genetic factors|genetic]] and [[causes of Parkinson's disease#Environmental factors|environmental]] mechanisms as well as medications, lifestyle or previous conditions.
<!-- Diagnosis and epidemiology -->
Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is mainly based on symptoms, usually motor-related. PD typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed early-onset PD. The average post-diagnosis [[life expectancy]] is 7–15 years. No cure for PD is known, and treatment aims to mitigate symptoms. [[Management of Parkinson's disease#Medication|Initial treatment]] typically includes [[L-DOPA]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAO-B inhibitors]], or [[dopamine agonist]]s. As the disease progresses, these medications become less effective and produce a [[side effect]] marked by [[dyskinesia|involuntary muscle movements]]. Diet and certain forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms. [[Neurosurgery|Surgery]] to place [[microelectrode]]s for [[deep brain stimulation]] has been used to reduce severe motor symptoms where drugs are ineffective. Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD, such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems, is less strong.▼
Diagnosis is mainly based on [[signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease|signs and symptoms]], usually motor-related, found via [[neurological examination]], though [[medical imaging]] like [[neuromelanin MRI]] can support the diagnosis. Usual onset is in people over 60 years of age of whom about one percent are affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed early-onset PD. The life expectancy is reduced yet.
<!-- Maintenance cut, verify or update numbers, infobox -->
▲
The disease is named after English doctor [[James Parkinson]], who published the first detailed description in ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'', in 1817. Public awareness campaigns include [[World Parkinson's Day]] and the use of a red [[tulip]] symbolizes Parkinson's awareness. People with PD who have increased the public's awareness of the condition include boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] and actor [[Michael J. Fox]].
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==Signs and symptoms==
{{Main|Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease}}
The most recognizable symptoms are movement (motor) related and include tremor, [[bradykinesia]] (slowness of movement), rigidity, and shuffling/stooped gait.<ref name=Jankovic2008/> Non-motor symptoms, including [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] dysfunction ([[dysautonomia]]), [[neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] problems (mood, cognition, behavior or thought alterations), and sensory (especially altered sense of smell) and sleep difficulties may be present as well. People with Parkinson's disease may have non-motor symptoms that precede the onset of motor symptoms, including constipation, [[anosmia]] (inability to smell), and [[REM
===Motor===
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