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{{short description|Legal term for a local governing body}}
▲A '''municipal corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city|cities]], [[county|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" /> The term can also be used to describe [[municipally owned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal|last=Voorn, Bart, Marieke L. Van Genugten, and Sandra Van Thiel (2017)|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=43|issue=5|pages=820–841|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360|year=2017|hdl=2066/176125|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal|last=Tavares, Antonio F., and Pedro J. Camoes (2007)|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=33|issue=4|pages=535–553|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal|last=Grossi, G., and Reichard, C. (2008)|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy|journal=Public Management Review|volume=10|issue=5|pages=597–617|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275|year=2008}}</ref>
==Municipal corporation as local self-government==
Municipal incorporation occurs when such [[municipality|municipalities]] become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a [[municipal charter]]. A '''city charter''' or '''town charter''' or '''municipal charter''' is a [[legal document]] establishing a municipality, such as a [[city]] or [[town]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
===Canada===
{{main article|Municipal government in Canada}}
In Canada, charters are granted by [[provinces and territories of Canada|provincial authorities]].
===India===
{{Main|Municipal Corporations in India}}
[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]
The [[
===Ireland===
The title "corporation" was used in [[borough]]s from soon after the [[Norman conquest of Ireland|Norman conquest]] until the [[Local Government Act 2001]]. Under the 2001 act, [[county borough]]s were renamed "cities" and their corporations became "city councils"; other borough corporations were renamed "borough councils".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/|title=Local Government Act, 2001|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014|page=§11(3), §11(4), Schedule 2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040438/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/|archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
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===New Zealand===
The [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new [[Provinces of New Zealand]]. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the Provinces in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] - New Zealand Electronic Text Collection|title=New Zealand Constitution Act 1852|access-date=2 April 2019|date=30 June 1852|ref={{sfnref|Constitution Act|1852}}}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
{{main|Borough status in the United Kingdom}}
The [[ancient borough]]s of [[England and Wales]] were typically incorporated by a [[royal charter]], though some were boroughs by [[Customary law|prescription]]. The [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] and [[Municipal Corporations Act 1882]] abolished the corporations of [[rotten borough]]s and other small rural areas. The [[Local Government Act 1888]] aligned the powers of the remaining borough corporations with those of the new [[Urban district (
The corporations of the [[burgh]]s of Scotland were similar in origin and were reformed or replaced in the nineteenth century before being abolished by the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]]. The Irish borough corporations within what is now [[Northern Ireland]] were reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840]] and [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]] and replaced by the [[Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972]].
===United States===
{{main|Local government in the United States}}
Most [[U.S. state|U.S. states]] and territories have at least two tiers of local government: [[County (United States)|counties]] and [[Municipality|municipalities]]. [[Louisiana]] uses the term [[List of parishes in Louisiana|parish]] and [[Alaska]] uses the term [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|borough]] for what the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] terms [[County equivalent|county equivalents]] in those states. [[Civil township|Civil townships]] or towns are used as subdivisions of a county in 20 states, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest.
==Municipal corporation as enterprises==▼
Under the enterprise meaning of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership".<ref name=Voornetal /> Some MOCs rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation,<ref name=TavaresCamoes /> although this is not always the case.<ref name=Voornetal /> Municipal corporation follows a process of externalization that requires new skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes in the institutional landscape of public services.<ref name=GrossiReichard /> They are argued to be more efficient than bureaucracy but have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial autonomy.<ref name=Voornetal />▼
Population centers may be organized into [[Municipal corporation|incorporated municipalities]] of several types, including the [[city]], [[town]], [[Borough (United States)|borough]], and [[Village (United States)|village]]. The types and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state. In addition to these general-purpose local governments, states may also create [[Special district (United States)|special-purpose]] local governments. Depending on the state, local governments may operate under their own charters or under general law, or a state may have a mix of chartered and general-law local governments. Generally, in a state having both chartered and general-law local governments, the chartered local governments have more local autonomy and home rule. Municipalities are typically subordinate to a county government, with some exceptions. Certain cities, for example, have consolidated with their county government as [[Consolidated city-county|consolidated city-counties]]. In [[Virginia]], cities are completely [[Independent city (United States)|independent]] from the county in which they would otherwise be a part. In some states, particularly in New England, [[New England town|towns]] form the primary unit of local government below the state level, in some cases eliminating the need for county government entirely. Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level.
In addition to counties and municipalities, states often create special purpose authorities, such as [[School district|school districts]] and districts for fire protection, [[sanitary sewer]] service, [[Public transport|public transportation]], [[Public library|public libraries]], public parks or forests, water resource management, and [[Conservation district|conservation districts]]. Such special purpose districts may encompass areas in multiple municipalities or counties. According to the US Census Bureau's data collected in 2012, there were 89,004 local government units in the United States. This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007.
Each of the five permanently inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] is also subdivided into smaller entities. Puerto Rico has [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|78 municipalities]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] has four municipalities. [[Guam]] has [[List of populated places in Guam#List of villages|villages]], the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] has [[Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands|districts]], and [[American Samoa]] has [[Administrative divisions of American Samoa|districts and unorganized atolls]].
Each [[Indian Reservation]] is subdivided in various ways. For example, the [[Navajo Nation]] is subdivided into agencies and [[Chapter house (Navajo Nation)|Chapter houses]], while the [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation|Blackfeet Nation]] is subdivided into [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation|Communities]].
▲
==See also==
* [[German town law]]
* [[Unincorporated area]]
* [[Municipality]]
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Cities}}</small>'''''
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020110606/https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/pdfs/GARM/Ch9GARM.pdf "Characteristics and State Requirements for Incorporated Places"] - United States Census
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181117014943/http://www.californiacityfinance.com/DisincorporationKnox2010.pdf "Municipal Disincorporation in California"] - California City Finance
{{Cities}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Government corporations]]
[[Category:Types of business entity]]
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