Content deleted Content added
m Reverted edits by 59.20.215.52 (talk) to last version by Suslindisambiguator |
KolbertBot (talk | contribs) m Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v475) |
||
Line 20:
==Localities==
The system was once universal in certain provinces of [[Italy]] and [[France]], and survived there in places until the end of the nineteenth century. Similar systems formerly existed in [[Portugal]], [[Old Castile|Castile]],<ref>[http://libro.uca.edu/vassberg/land5.htm D. Vassberg "Land and Society in Golden Age Castile"]</ref> and in [[Greece]],<ref>Moreau-Christophe, Louis-Mathurin (1849) ''Du Droit a l'Oisiveté et de l'Organisation du Travail Servile Dans les Républiques Grecques et Romaine'' Chez Guillaumin et Ce, Libraires: Paris, pp. 258-261.</ref> and in the countries bordering on the [[Danube]]. It is tracked to this day in statistics of the [[European Commission]].<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:329:0001:0028:FR:PDF eur-lex.eu: "RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 1200/2009 DE LA COMMISSION" 30 Nov 2009]</ref><ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:255:0001:0051:FR:PDF eur-lex.eu: "REGLEMENT (CE) No 1837/2001 DE LA COMMISSION" 10 Sep 2001]</ref><ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:216:0001:0041:FR:PDF eur-lex.eu: "RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 1444/2002 DE LA COMMISSION" 24 Jul 2002]</ref> Métayage was used in French colonies, particularly after the demise of slavery. Also, because of its utility métayage spread to nearby British colonies such as Nevis, St. Lucia and Tobago.<ref>Richardson, Bonham C. (1992) ''The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492-1992: A Regional Geography'' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 74. {{ISBN|0-521-35186-3}}</ref><ref>Marshall, W.K. (1965) “Métayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865" ''The Jamaican Historical Review'' 5:28-55.</ref> It still occurs in former French possessions, particularly in [[Madagascar]].<ref>[http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/briefs.html ''Dynamics in Social Service Delivery and the Rural Economy of Madagascar: Descriptive Results of the 2004 Commune Survey'' International Labour organization (ILO), (April 2005)]</ref> In the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] the system is used in the vicinity of [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]] as a means to protect the natural environment.<ref>[http://www.irec.net/index.jsp?p=28&f=227 irec.net: "Le metayage agricole comme l'un des moyens de la protection des ressources naturelles de kahuzi biega" (Ntamwira Kasigwa: thesis, 2000)]</ref> In Mexico the system is used in animal husbandry.<ref>[
The term ''métayage'' is also applied to modern-day flexible cash leases at least in the nominally common law Canadian province of [[Ontario]],<ref>''Flexible Cash Lease Agreements/Contrats de métayage portant sur les cultures'', Factsheet 812 (2001) Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Ontario accessed at [http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/french/busdev/facts/01-068.htm][https://web.archive.org/web/20070802143042/http://omafra.gov.on.ca/french/busdev/facts/01-068.htm] with English version at [http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/busdev/facts/01-069.htm][https://web.archive.org/web/20090328025503/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/busdev/facts/01-069.htm] June 20, 2006</ref> and in 2006 in all of Canada, 13,030 farms occupying 2,316,566ha were counted by Statistics Canada.<ref name=statscan>[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/95-629-x/4/4124092-fra.htm statcan.gc.ca: "Mode d'occupation, 2006: Tableau 4.5-5 - Mode d'occupation déclaré des terres possédées, louées, en métayage ou utilisées sous d'autres arrangements - Superficie en métayage, année de recensement 2006"]</ref> The same study of metayage found 2,489 farms covering 130,873ha in Ontario.<ref name=statscan/> The system was useful in Quebec for most agricultural properties at least as far back as the year 1800,<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/antrobus_john_5E.html biographi.ca: "DCB entry for ANTROBUS, JOHN"]</ref> and is still tracked statistically by value in Quebec as "LOYER EN ESPÈCES ET À LA PART -- AGRICULTURE".<ref>[http://www.bdso.gouv.qc.ca/pls/ken/Ken254_Clas.page_clas?p_iden_tran=REPERULWQEM50-125261503633b$u%29&p_lang=2&p_id_03t03=1053 bdso.gouv.qc.ca: "Databank of Official Statistics on Québec - Definitions"]</ref> It appears to benefit from favourable tax treatment in Canada,<ref>[http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/F/pub/gl/p-253/p-253-f.pdf "Énoncé de politique sur la TPS/TVH - Metayage" (P-253) 13 Jan 2009]</ref> where it is known as "sharecropping".<ref>[http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/F/pub/tg/t4036/t4036-f.html cra-arc.gc.ca: "Revenus de location 2013" T4036(F) Rév. 13]</ref> In forestry metayage is the subject of a Government of Canada infosheet,<ref>[https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=25075 nrcan.gc.ca: "La ferme forestière en métayage. 2004. Masse, S. Ressources naturelles Canada, Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Québec, QC. L’éclaircie No. 11. 2 p."]</ref> and socio-economic report,<ref>[http://www.modelforest.org/media/k2/attachments/BSL_Viabilit_socio_conomique_FR.pdf "La viabilité socio-économique de la ferme forestière en métayage" (Masse, S: Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Natural Resources Canada)]</ref> and has been the subject in Quebec of recent scholarly research.<ref>[http://theses.ulaval.ca/archimede/fichiers/23961/23961.html ulaval.ca: "Des fermes forestières en métayage sur le territoire public québécois. Vers un outil d'évaluation pour les communautés" (Roy, ME: MSc thesis, 2006)]</ref>
| |||