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{{Lutheranism}}
'''Martin Luther''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of St. Augustine|OSA]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|θ|ər}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martin%20luther "Luther"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227044730/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martin%20luther |date=27 December 2014 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈmaʁtiːn ˈlʊtɐ|lang|De-Martin Luther.ogg}}; 10 November 1483<ref>Luther himself, however, believed that he had been born in 1484. {{cite book|last1=Hendrix|first1=Scott H.|title=Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer|date=2015|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHKhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|access-date=12 November 2017|isbn=978-0-300-16669-9}}</ref>– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, [[Theology|theologian]], author, [[hymnwriter]], professor, and [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian friar]].<ref>Luther consistently referred to himself as a former monk. For example: "Thus formerly, when I was a monk, I used to hope that I would be able to pacify my conscience with the fastings, the [[praying]], and the vigils with which I used to afflict my body in a way to excite pity. But the more I sweat, the less quiet and peace I felt; for the true light had been removed from my eyes." Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 45–50, ed. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, and Helmut T. Lehmann, vol. 8 ''Luther's Works''. (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1999), 5:326.</ref>
Luther was ordained to the [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priesthood]] in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]; in particular, he disputed the view on [[indulgence]]s. Luther attempted to resolve these differences amicably, first proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of [[indulgence]]s in ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'', which he authored in 1517. In 1520, [[Pope Leo X]] demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Luther refused to do so, [[Excommunication in the Catholic Church|excommunicated]] him in January 1521. Later that year, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]] condemned Luther as an outlaw at the [[Diet of Worms]]. When Luther died in 1546, Pope Leo X's excommunication was still in effect.
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In two later works, Luther expressed [[Religious antisemitism|anti-Judaistic views]], calling for the expulsion of [[Jews]] and the burning of [[synagogue]]s.<ref>Hendrix, Scott H. [http://www.luthersem.edu/word&world/Archives/3-4_Luther/3-4_Hendrix.pdf "The Controversial Luther"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302005613/http://www2.luthersem.edu/word%26world/Archives/3-4_Luther/3-4_Hendrix.pdf |date=2 March 2011 }}, ''Word & World'' 3/4 (1983), Luther Seminary, St. Paul, MN. Also see Hillerbrand, Hans. [http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521816483_CCOL0521816483A018 "The legacy of Martin Luther"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031045/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521816483_CCOL0521816483A018 |date=16 July 2011 }}, in Hillerbrand, Hans & McKim, Donald K. (eds.) ''The Cambridge Companion to Luther''. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the [[Old Testament]] could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation grew, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity, and in the years his health deteriorated he grew more acerbic toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, [[Zwingli]], and the [[Reformation Papacy|pope]].</ref> These works also targeted [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Anabaptism#Zwickau prophets and the German Peasants' War|Anabaptists]], and [[Nontrinitarianism#Following the Reformation|nontrinitarian Christians]].<ref>Schaff, Philip: ''History of the Christian Church, Vol. VIII: Modern Christianity: The Swiss Reformation'', William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, US, 1910, page 706.</ref> Based upon his teachings, despite the fact that Luther did not advocate the murdering of Jews,<ref>Martin Brecht, ''Martin Luther'' (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985–1993), 3:336.</ref><ref>Luther's letter to Rabbi Josel as cited by Gordon Rupp, ''Martin Luther and the Jews'' (London: The Council of Christians and Jews, 1972), 14. According to {{cite web |title=Luther and the Jews |url=http://www.ntrmin.org/Luther%20and%20the%20Jews%20(Web).htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104181522/http://www.ntrmin.org/Luther%20and%20the%20Jews%20%28Web%29.htm |archive-date=4 November 2005 |access-date=21 March 2017}}, this paragraph is not available in the English edition of Luther's works.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sydow |first=Michael |date=1 December 1999 |title=Journal of Theology: Martin Luther, Reformation Theologian and Educator |url=http://clclutheran.org/library/jtheo_arch/jtdec1999.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928132039/http://clclutheran.org/library/jtheo_arch/jtdec1999.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> some historians contend that his rhetoric contributed to the development of [[antisemitism in Germany]] and the emergence, centuries later, of the [[Nazi Party]].<ref name="Wallman1">"The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant [[anti-Judaism]] and modern racially oriented antisemitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." Johannes Wallmann, "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th
* Berger, Ronald. ''Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach'' (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28.
* [[Paul Lawrence Rose|Rose, Paul Lawrence]]. "Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner," (Princeton University Press, 1990), quoted in Berger, 28;
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The following year, in 1508, Luther began teaching [[theology]] at the [[University of Wittenberg]].<ref name=Bainton44>Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther''. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45.</ref> He received two bachelor's degrees, one in biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another in the ''[[Sentences]]'' by [[Peter Lombard]] in 1509.<ref name=Brecht93>Brecht, Martin. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:93.</ref> On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his [[Doctor of Theology]].
==Later life, ministry, and the Reformation==
===University of Wittenberg===
On 21 October 1512, Luther was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the [[University of Wittenberg]],<ref name="Brecht12">Brecht, Martin. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:112–127.</ref> succeeding von Staupitz as chair of theology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hendrix |first=Scott H. |year=2015 |title=Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16669-9 |page=44}}</ref> He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.
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===Start of the Reformation: 1516–1517===
{{Further|History of Protestantism|History of Lutheranism}}
[[File:Jeorg Breu Elder A Question to a Mintmaker c1500.png|thumb|left|The [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Indulgence|sale of indulgences]] shown in ''A Question to a Mintmaker'', a [[woodcut]] by [[Jörg Breu the Elder]] of Augsburg, {{Circa|1530}}]]
In 1516, [[Johann Tetzel]], a [[Dominican Order|Dominican friar]], was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.<ref>"[[Johann Tetzel]]," ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007</ref> Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by [[Albert of Brandenburg|Albrecht von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz]], who, already deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute the considerable sum of ten thousand [[ducat]]s<ref>At first, "the pope demanded twelve thousand ducats for the twelve apostles. Albert offered seven thousand ducats for the seven deadly sins. They compromised on ten thousand, presumably not for the Ten Commandments". Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther'' (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 75, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155980 online]</ref> toward the rebuilding of the basilica. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices.
On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von Brandenburg, protesting against the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences",{{efn|name=title|{{lang-la|"Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum"}} – The first printings of the ''Theses'' use an [[incipit]] rather than a title which summarizes the content. Luther usually called them "{{lang|de|meine Propositiones}}" (my propositions).{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p=32}}}} which came to be known as the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire."<ref name=HillerbrandIndulgences>Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation," ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007.</ref> Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"<ref name=HillerbrandIndulgences/>
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs."<ref>Thesis 55 of Tetzel's ''One Hundred and Six Theses''. These "Anti-theses" were a reply to Luther's ''Ninety-five Theses'' and were drawn up by Tetzel's friend and former professor, [[Konrad Wimpina]]. Theses 55 & 56 (responding to Luther's 27th Thesis) read: "For a soul to fly out, is for it to obtain the vision of God, which can be ''hindered by no interruption'', therefore he errs who says that the soul ''cannot fly out'' before the coin can jingle in the bottom of the chest." In ''The reformation in Germany'', [[Henry Clay Vedder]], 1914, Macmillan Company, p. 405. [https://archive.org/details/reformationinge00veddgoog/page/n465] ''Animam purgatam evolare, est eam visione dei potiri, quod nulla potest intercapedine impediri. Quisquis ergo dicit, non citius posse animam volare, quam in fundo cistae denarius possit tinnire, errat''. In: ''D. Martini Lutheri, Opera Latina: Varii Argumenti'', 1865, Henricus Schmidt, ed., Heyder and Zimmer, [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] & Erlangen, vol. 1, p. 300. ([[Print on demand]] edition: [[Nabu Press]], 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-142-40551-9}}). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s633jfx_uEUC&pg=PA300] See also: {{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Johann Tetzel}}</ref> He insisted that, since [[forgiveness]] was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences [[absolution|absolved]] buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.
[[File:Lutherstadt Wittenberg 09-2016 photo06.jpg|thumb|Luther's theses are engraved into the door of [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg]]; the [[Latin]] inscription above informs the reader that the original door was destroyed by a fire, and that in 1857, King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] ordered that a replacement be made.]]
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[[File:Luther at the Diet of Worms.jpg|thumb|''Luther Before the Diet of Worms'', an 1877 portrait by [[Anton von Werner]]]]
[[File:Martin-Luther-Denkmal, Worms.JPG|thumb|[[Luther Monument (Worms)|Luther Monument in Worms]], a statue of Luther surrounded by the figures of his lay protectors and earlier Church reformers, including [[John Wycliffe]], [[Jan Hus]], and [[Girolamo Savonarola]]]]
The enforcement of the ban on the ''Ninety-five Theses'' fell to the secular authorities. On
Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the [[Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads|Archbishop of Trier]], presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:
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[[Category:Christian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Christian Hebraists]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Critics of Judaism]]
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