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| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of St. Augustine|OSA]]|size=100%}}
| image = Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Martin Luther, 1528 (Veste Coburg).jpg
| caption = ''Martin Luther'',
| birth_date = 10 November 1483
| birth_place = [[Eisleben]],
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1546|02|18|1483|11|10}}
| death_place = Eisleben, County of Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire
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{{Lutheranism}}
'''Martin Luther''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of St. Augustine|OSA]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|θ|ər}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martin%20luther "Luther"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227044730/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martin%20luther |date=27 December 2014 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈmaʁtiːn ˈlʊtɐ|lang|De-Martin Luther.ogg}}; 10 November 1483<ref>Luther himself, however, believed that he had been born in 1484. {{cite book|last1=Hendrix|first1=Scott H.|title=Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer|date=2015|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHKhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|access-date=12 November 2017|isbn=978-0-300-16669-9}}</ref>
Luther was ordained to the [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priesthood]] in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]; in particular, he disputed the view on [[indulgence]]s. Luther
Luther taught that [[Salvation in Christianity#Lutheranism|salvation]] and, consequently, [[Eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]] are not earned by good deeds; rather, they are received only as the free gift of God's [[Divine grace#Grace in the Protestant Reformation|grace]] through the believer's [[Faith in Christianity#Lutheranism|faith]] in [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]], who is the sole redeemer from sin. [[Theology of Martin Luther|
[[Luther Bible|
In two
In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the [[Old Testament]] could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation grew, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity, and in the years his health deteriorated he grew more acerbic toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, [[Zwingli]], and the [[Reformation Papacy|pope]].</ref> * Berger, Ronald. ''Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach'' (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28.
* [[Paul Lawrence Rose|Rose, Paul Lawrence]]. "Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner," (Princeton University Press, 1990), quoted in Berger, 28;
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[[File:Augustinerkloster Erfurt 19-05-2011 DSCF6253.jpg|thumb|left|In July 1505, Luther entered [[St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)|St. Augustine's Monastery]] in [[Erfurt]]]]
[[File:Lutherhaus, Wittenberg.jpg|thumb|Luther's residence at the [[University of Wittenberg]], where he began teaching [[theology]] in 1508]]
[[File:Lucas Cranach the Elder - Martin Luther, Bust in Three-Quarter View - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1520 engraving of Luther as a [[friar]] with a [[tonsure]]]]
Martin Luther was born on 10 November 1483 to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther)<ref name=Marty1>[[Martin E. Marty|Marty, Martin]]. ''Martin Luther''. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 1.</ref> and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann)
In 1484, his family moved to [[Mansfeld]], where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters<ref name=Brecht3>[[Martin Brecht|Brecht, Martin]]. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:3–5.</ref> and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492, he was elected as a town councilor.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther | title=Martin Luther | Biography, Reformation, Works, & Facts| date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=Marty1/> The religious scholar [[Martin E. Marty|Martin Marty]] describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means", contrary to Luther's enemies, who labeled her a whore and bath attendant.<ref name=Marty1/>
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In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law was an uncertain profession.<ref name=Marty5/> Luther instead sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing interest in [[Aristotle]], [[William of Ockham]], and [[Gabriel Biel]].<ref name=Marty5/> He was deeply influenced by two tutors, [[Bartholomaeus Arnoldi]] von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers<ref name=Marty5/> and to test everything himself by experience.<ref name=Marty6>[[Martin E. Marty|Marty, Martin]]. ''Martin Luther''. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 6.</ref>
Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying to Luther
On 2 July 1505, while Luther was returning to university on horseback following a trip home, a [[lightning]] bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm. He later told his father that he was terrified of death and divine judgment, and he cried out, "Help! [[Saint Anne|Saint Anna]], I will become a monk!"<ref name=Brecht48>Brecht, Martin. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:48.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Google Books Archive of Martin Luther: His road to Reformation, 1483–1521 (By Martin Brecht)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hH6nI6Q6qBIC&q=Martin%20Luther%3A%20His%20road%20to%20Reformation%2C%201483-1521%20%20By%20Martin%20Brecht%20Help%20me%20saint%20Anne%20I%20will%20become%20a%20monk&pg=PA48|access-date=14 May 2015|isbn=978-1-4514-1414-1|last1=Brecht|first1=Martin|year=1985| publisher=Fortress Press }}</ref> He came to view his cry for help as a vow that he could never break. He withdrew from the university, sold his books, and entered [[St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)|St. Augustine's Monastery]] in [[Erfurt]] on 17 July 1505.<ref>Schwiebert, E.G. ''Luther and His Times''. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950, 136.</ref> One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said.<ref name=Marty6/> His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.<ref name=Marty7>[[Martin E. Marty|Marty, Martin]]. ''Martin Luther''. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 7.</ref>
===Monastic life===
[[File:Portrait of Martin Luther as an Augustinian Monk.jpg|thumb|upright|A posthumous portrait of Luther as an [[Order of St. Augustine|Augustinian]] friar]]
Luther dedicated himself to the [[Rule of Saint Augustine|Augustinian order]], devoting himself to [[fasting]], long hours in [[prayer]], [[pilgrimage]], and frequent [[Confession (religion)|confession]].<ref name=Bainton40>Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther''. New York: Penguin, 1995, 40–42.</ref> Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul."<ref name=Kittelson79>Kittelson, James. ''Luther The Reformer''. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986, 79.</ref>
[[Johann von Staupitz]], his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. On 3 April 1507, Jerome Schultz, the [[Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg|Bishop of Brandenburg]], ordained Luther in [[Erfurt Cathedral]].
The following year, in 1508, Luther began teaching [[theology]] at the [[University of Wittenberg]].<ref name=Bainton44>Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther''. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45.</ref> He received
==Later life, ministry, and the Reformation==
▲The following year, in 1508, Luther began teaching [[theology]] at the [[University of Wittenberg]].<ref name=Bainton44>Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther''. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45.</ref> He received a bachelor's degree in biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelor's degree in the ''[[Sentences]]'' by [[Peter Lombard]] in 1509.<ref name=Brecht93>Brecht, Martin. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:93.</ref> On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his [[Doctor of Theology]] and, on 21 October 1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg,<ref name="Brecht12">Brecht, Martin. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:112–127.</ref> having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hendrix |first=Scott H. |year=2015 |title=Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16669-9 |page=44}}</ref> He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.
===University of Wittenberg===
On 21 October 1512, Luther was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the [[University of Wittenberg]],<ref name="Brecht12">Brecht, Martin. ''Martin Luther''. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:112–127.</ref> succeeding von Staupitz as chair of theology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hendrix |first=Scott H. |year=2015 |title=Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16669-9 |page=44}}</ref> He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.
===Lectures on Psalms and justification by faith===
{{Main|Sola fide}}
[[File:Luther at Erfurt - Justification by Faith.jpg|thumb|upright|''Luther at Erfurt'', an 1861 portrait by [[Joseph Noel Paton]] depicting Luther discovering the doctrine of ''[[sola fide]]'' (by faith alone)]]
From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and on the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as [[penance]] and [[righteousness]] by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of [[justification (theology)|justification]]—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's [[Divine grace|grace]], attainable only through faith in Jesus as the [[Messiah]].<ref name=Wriedt>Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in ''The Cambridge Companion to Luther''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94.</ref> "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", he writes, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."<ref>Bouman, Herbert J.A. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090403013639/http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/dorman-luther.shtml "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions"], ''Concordia Theological Monthly'', 26 November 1955, No. 11:801.</ref>
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===Start of the Reformation: 1516–1517===
{{Further|History of Protestantism|History of Lutheranism}}
[[File:Jeorg Breu Elder A Question to a Mintmaker c1500.png|thumb|left|The [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Indulgence|sale of indulgences]] shown in ''A Question to a Mintmaker'', a [[woodcut]] by [[Jörg Breu the Elder]] of Augsburg, {{Circa|1530}}]]
In 1516, [[Johann Tetzel]], a [[Dominican Order|Dominican friar]], was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.<ref>"[[Johann Tetzel]]," ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007</ref> Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by [[Albert of Brandenburg|Albrecht von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz]], who, already deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute the considerable sum of ten thousand [[ducat]]s<ref>At first, "the pope demanded twelve thousand ducats for the twelve apostles. Albert offered seven thousand ducats for the seven deadly sins. They compromised on ten thousand, presumably not for the Ten Commandments". Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther'' (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 75, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155980 online]</ref> toward the rebuilding of the basilica. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices.
On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von Brandenburg, protesting against the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences",{{efn|name=title|{{lang-la|"Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum"}} – The first printings of the ''Theses'' use an [[incipit]] rather than a title which summarizes the content. Luther usually called them "{{lang|de|meine Propositiones}}" (my propositions).{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p=32}}}} which came to be known as the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire."<ref name=HillerbrandIndulgences>Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation," ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007.</ref> Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]], build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"<ref name=HillerbrandIndulgences/>
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs."<ref>Thesis 55 of Tetzel's ''One Hundred and Six Theses''. These "Anti-theses" were a reply to Luther's ''Ninety-five Theses'' and were drawn up by Tetzel's friend and former professor, [[Konrad Wimpina]]. Theses 55 & 56 (responding to Luther's 27th Thesis) read: "For a soul to fly out, is for it to obtain the vision of God, which can be ''hindered by no interruption'', therefore he errs who says that the soul ''cannot fly out'' before the coin can jingle in the bottom of the chest." In ''The reformation in Germany'', [[Henry Clay Vedder]], 1914, Macmillan Company, p. 405. [https://archive.org/details/reformationinge00veddgoog/page/n465] ''Animam purgatam evolare, est eam visione dei potiri, quod nulla potest intercapedine impediri. Quisquis ergo dicit, non citius posse animam volare, quam in fundo cistae denarius possit tinnire, errat''. In: ''D. Martini Lutheri, Opera Latina: Varii Argumenti'', 1865, Henricus Schmidt, ed., Heyder and Zimmer, [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] & Erlangen, vol. 1, p. 300. ([[Print on demand]] edition: [[Nabu Press]], 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-142-40551-9}}). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s633jfx_uEUC&pg=PA300] See also: {{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Johann Tetzel}}</ref> He insisted that, since [[forgiveness]] was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences [[absolution|absolved]] buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.
[[File:Lutherstadt Wittenberg 09-2016 photo06.jpg|thumb|Luther's theses are engraved into the door of [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg]]; the [[Latin]] inscription above informs the reader that the original door was destroyed by a fire, and that in 1857, King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] ordered that a replacement be made.]]
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===Breach with the papacy===
[[File:Bulla-contra-errores.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Pope Leo X]]'s ''Bull against the errors of Martin Luther'', 1521, commonly known as ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'']]
Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luther's letter containing the ''Ninety-five Theses''. He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome.<ref>Michael A. Mullett, ''Martin Luther'', London: [[Routledge]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-415-26168-5}}, 78; Oberman, Heiko, ''Luther: Man Between God and the Devil'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-300-10313-1}}, 192–193.</ref> He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his [[Benefice#Pluralism|tenure of more than one bishopric]]. As Luther later notes, "the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of St. Peter's Church in Rome".<ref>Mullett, 68–69; Oberman, 189.</ref>
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===Diet of Worms (1521)===
{{Main|Diet of Worms}}
[[File:Luther at the Diet of Worms.jpg|thumb
[[File:Martin-Luther-Denkmal, Worms.JPG|thumb|[[Luther Monument (Worms)|Luther Monument in Worms]], a statue of Luther surrounded by the figures of his lay protectors and earlier Church reformers, including [[John Wycliffe]], [[Jan Hus]], and [[Girolamo Savonarola]]]]
The enforcement of the ban on the ''Ninety-five Theses'' fell to the secular authorities. On Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the [[Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads|Archbishop of Trier]], presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:
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At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." Michael Mullett considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory."<ref name=mullettp25>Mullett (1986), p. 25</ref>
Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic, saying,
<blockquote>Martin, there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church, which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture. The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments. It was with Biblical texts that [[Pelagius]] and [[Arius]] maintained their doctrines. Arius, for instance, found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit, in this verse of the New Testament—''Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son''; and he said, in the same way that you say, that this passage enchained him. When the fathers of the [[Council of Constance]] condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—''The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect'', they condemned an error; for the church, like a good mother, embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian, all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/luther/lutherbyluther.html#secondnarrative|title=Life of Luther (Luther by Martin Luther)|first=Martin|last=Luther}}</ref></blockquote>
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In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice. In ''On the Abrogation of the Private Mass'', he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation.<ref>Brecht, 2:27–29; Mullett, 133.</ref> His essay ''On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It'' rejected compulsory [[Confession (religion)|confession]] and encouraged private confession and [[Absolution#Lutheran Churches|absolution]], since "every Christian is a confessor."<ref>Brecht, 2:18–21.</ref> In November, Luther wrote ''The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows''. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.<ref>Marius, 163–164.</ref>
[[File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Bildnis Luthers als Junker Jörg (Leipzig).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Luther disguised as "[[Junker]] Jörg" in 1521]]
Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian [[Gabriel Zwilling]], embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote ''A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion''.<ref>Mullett, 135–136.</ref> Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called [[Zwickau prophets]], arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man,{{clarify|date=May 2018}} [[Believer's baptism|adult baptism]], and Christ's imminent return.<ref>Wilson, 192–202; Brecht, 2:34–38.</ref> When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.<ref>Bainton, Mentor edition, 164–165.</ref>
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Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signaled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation.<ref>Marius, 169.</ref> After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.<ref>Mullett, 141–43.</ref>
[[File:Titelblatt 12 Artikel.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Twelve Articles]]'' of peasants’ demands, issued in 1525]]
Despite his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield. Preachers such as [[Thomas Müntzer]] and Zwickau prophet [[Nicholas Storch]] found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525. There had been [[Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe|revolts by the peasantry]] on smaller scales since the 15th century.<ref>Michael Hughes, ''Early Modern Germany: 1477–1806'', London: Macmillan, 1992, {{ISBN|0-333-53774-2}}, 45.</ref> Luther's pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy, often worded with "liberal" phraseology, led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general.<ref>A.G. Dickens, ''The German Nation and Martin Luther'', London: Edward Arnold, 1974, {{ISBN|0-7131-5700-3}}, 132–133. Dickens cites as an example of Luther's "liberal" phraseology: "Therefore I declare that neither pope nor bishop nor any other person has the right to impose a syllable of law upon a Christian man without his own consent".</ref> Revolts broke out in [[Franconia]], [[Swabia]], and [[Thuringia]] in 1524, even drawing support from disaffected nobles, many of whom were in debt. Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia, and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west, the revolts turned into war.<ref>Hughes, 45–47.</ref>
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===Marriage===
[[File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Bildnis der Katharina von Bora (Christie’s 2001).jpg|thumb|upright|A 1526 portrait of [[Katharina von Bora]], Luther's wife, by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]]]
[[File:Portrait of Martin Luther at his Desk.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Luther at his desk with family portraits]]
Luther married [[Katharina von Bora]], one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen [[Cistercian nuns|Cistercian convent]] in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels.<ref>Wilson, 232.</ref> "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts," he wrote to Wenceslaus Link, "the Lord has plunged me into marriage."<ref>Schaff, Philip, [http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm ''History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch V''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823185716/http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm |date=23 August 2017 }}, rpt. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 May 2009; Bainton, Mentor edition, 226.</ref> At the time of their marriage, Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old.
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===Organising the church: 1525–1529===
[[File:Kirchenordnung Mecklenburg 1650.jpg|thumb|upright|Church orders, Mecklenburg 1650]]
By 1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable.<ref>MacCulloch, 164.</ref> According to Bainton: "Luther's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality. If he were forced to choose, he would take his stand with the masses, and this was the direction in which he moved."<ref>Bainton, Mentor edition, 243.</ref>
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===Catechisms===
[[File:MartinLutherWindow.jpg|thumb|upright|A stained glass portrayal of Luther]]
Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the [[Luther's Large Catechism|''Large Catechism'']], a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the [[Luther's Small Catechism|''Small Catechism'']], to be memorised by the people.<ref>Marty, 123.</ref> The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the [[s:Luther's Small Catechism#I. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS,|Ten Commandments]], the [[s:Luther's Small Catechism#II. THE CREED,|Apostles' Creed]], [[s:Luther's Small Catechism#III. THE LORD’S PRAYER,|The Lord's Prayer]], [[s:Luther's Small Catechism#IV. THE SACRAMENT OF HOLY BAPTISM,|baptism]], and the [[s:Luther's Small Catechism#VI. THE SACRAMENT OF THE ALTAR,|Lord's Supper]].<ref>Brecht, 2:273; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263.</ref> Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be [[Rote learning|learned by rote]], "the way monkeys do it", but understood.<ref>Marty, 123; Wilson, 278.</ref>
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Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans.<ref>Wilson, 183; Brecht, 2:48–49.</ref> He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance."<ref>Mullett, 149; Wilson, 302.</ref> Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation. As such, it contributed a [[Early New High German#Chancery languages|distinct flavor]] to the German language and literature.<ref>Marius, 162.</ref> Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther, and with woodcuts by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach]] that contained anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine throughout Germany.<ref>Lohse, 112–117; Wilson, 183; Bainton, Mentor edition, 258.</ref> The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations, such as the [[Tyndale Bible]] (from 1525 forward), a precursor of the [[King James Version|King James Bible]].<ref>Daniel Weissbort and Astradur Eysteinsson (eds.), ''Translation – Theory and Practice: A Historical Reader'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-19-871200-6}}, 68.</ref>
When he was criticised for inserting the word "alone" after "faith" in {{bibleverse||Romans|3:28|NKJV}},<ref>Mullett, 148; Wilson, 185; Bainton, Mentor edition, 261. Luther inserted the word "alone" (''allein'') after the word "faith" in his translation of [[Epistle to the Romans|St Paul's Epistle to the Romans]], 3:28. The clause is rendered in the [[Authorised King James Version|English Authorised Version]] as "Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law".</ref> he replied in part: "[T]he text itself and the meaning of St. Paul urgently require and demand it. For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine, namely, that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law. ... But when works are so completely cut away—and that must mean that faith alone justifies—whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say, 'Faith alone justifies us, and not works'."<ref>Lindberg, Carter. "The European Reformations: Sourcebook". Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2000. p. 49. Original sourcebook excerpt taken from ''Luther's Works''. St. Louis: Concordia/Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955–86. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, vol. 35. pp. 182, 187–189, 195.</ref>
Luther did not include [[First Epistle of John]] {{Bibleverse-nb|1 John|5:7–8|KJV}},<ref name="Metzger1994">{{Cite book| edition = 2| publisher = Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft| isbn = 978-3-438-06010-5| last = Metzger| first = Bruce M.| title = A textual commentary on the Greek New Testament: a companion volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament (fourth revised edition)| location = Stuttgart| date = 1994| pages = 647–649}}</ref> the [[Johannine Comma]] in his translation, rejecting it as a forgery. It was inserted into the text by other hands after Luther's death.<ref>{{cite book |last= Criticus |first= (Rev. William Orme)|date= 1830|title= Memoir of The Controversy respecting the Three Heavenly Witnesses, I John V.7 |location= London |publisher= (1872, Boston, "a new edition, with notes and an appendix by Ezra Abbot") |page= 42|author-link= William Orme (minister)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= White|first= Andrew Dickson |date= 1896|title= A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology, Vol. 2 |location= New York|publisher= Appleton|page= 304|author-link= Andrew Dickson White}}</ref>
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===Antinomian controversy===
[[File:LutherPulpit.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Pulpit of St Andreas Church, [[Eisleben]], where [[Johannes Agricola]] and Luther preached]]
Early in 1537, [[Johannes Agricola]]—serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous [[Antinomianism|antinomian]] theses circulating in Wittenberg. These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall.<ref>Cf. Luther, ''Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations,'' ed. and tr. H. Sonntag, Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008, 23–27. {{ISBN|978-0-9748529-6-6}}</ref> Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for [[disputation]]s between 1538 and 1540.<ref>Cf. Luther, ''Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations,'' ed. and tr. H. Sonntag, Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008, 11–15. {{ISBN|978-0-9748529-6-6}}</ref> He also responded to these assertions in other writings, such as his 1539 [[open letter]] to C. Güttel ''Against the Antinomians'',<ref>Cf. ''Luther's Works'' 47:107–119. There he writes: "Dear God, should it be unbearable that the holy church confesses itself a sinner, believes in the forgiveness of sins, and asks for remission of sin in the Lord's Prayer? How can one know what sin is without the law and conscience? And how will we learn what Christ is, what he did for us, if we do not know what the law is that he fulfilled for us and what sin is, for which he made satisfaction?" (112–113).</ref> and his book ''On the Councils and the Church'' from the same year.<ref>Cf. ''Luther's Works'' 41, 113–114, 143–144, 146–147. There he said about the antinomians: "They may be fine Easter preachers, but they are very poor Pentecost preachers, for they do not preach ''de sanctificatione et vivificatione Spiritus Sancti'', "about the sanctification by the Holy Spirit," but solely about the redemption of Jesus Christ" (114). "Having rejected and being unable to understand the Ten Commandments, ... they see and yet they let the people go on in their public sins, without any renewal or reformation of their lives" (147).</ref>
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{{Main|Martin Luther and antisemitism}}
{{see also|Christianity and antisemitism}}
[[File:1543 On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin Luther.jpg|thumb|upright|The original title page of ''[[On the Jews and Their Lies]]'', written by Martin Luther in 1543]]
Luther wrote negatively about [[Jews]] throughout his career.<ref name=":2">Michael, Robert. ''Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 109; Mullett, 242.</ref> Though Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life, his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ, and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews roughly 90 years earlier.<ref>Edwards, Mark. ''Luther's Last Battles''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 121.</ref> He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus.<ref>[[Martin Brecht|Brecht]], 3:341–343; Mullett, 241; Marty, 172.</ref> In 1523, Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in ''That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew'' and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.<ref>Brecht, 3:334; Marty, 169; Marius, 235.</ref> When his efforts at conversion failed, he grew increasingly bitter toward them.<ref>Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," ''History Review'' (2002) No. 42:1–2; Mullett, 246.</ref>
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=== Final years, illness and death ===
[[File:DHM - Luther auf Totenbett.jpg|thumb|upright|Luther on his deathbed, a portrait by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]]]
[[File:Martin Luther's grave, Schlosskirche, Wittenburg.jpg|thumb|Luther's grave in [[Schlosskirche, Wittenberg]]]]
Luther had been suffering from ill health for years, including [[Ménière's disease]], [[vertigo]], fainting, [[tinnitus]], and a [[cataract]] in one eye.<ref name="pmid9019884">{{cite journal |author=Iversen OH |title=Martin Luther's somatic diseases. A short life-history 450 years after his death |language=no |journal=[[Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association|Tidsskr. Nor. Legeforen.]] |volume=116 |issue=30 |pages=3643–3646 |year=1996 |pmid=9019884 }}</ref> From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. In 1536, he began to suffer from [[Kidney stone disease|kidney and bladder stones]], [[arthritis]], and an ear infection which ruptured an ear drum. In December 1544, he began to feel the effects of [[angina]].<ref>Edwards, 9.</ref>
His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude."<ref>Spitz, 354.</ref> In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the [[Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen|Market Church]] in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.<ref>[http://www.buergerstiftung-halle.de/bildung-im-voruebergehen/luther/ Die Beziehungen des Reformators Martin Luther zu Halle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161754/https://www.buergerstiftung-halle.de/bildung-im-voruebergehen/luther/ |date=7 July 2017 }} buergerstiftung-halle.de {{in lang|de}}</ref>
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==Works and editions==
{{main|Martin Luther bibliography}}
[[File:Luther Weimar Ausgabe.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Various books of the [[Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works|Weimar Edition]] of Luther's works]]
* The Erlangen Edition (''Erlangener Ausgabe'': "EA"), comprising the ''Exegetica opera latina'' – Latin exegetical works of Luther.
* The [[Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works|Weimar Edition]] (Weimarer Ausgabe) is the exhaustive, standard German edition of Luther's Latin and German works, indicated by the abbreviation "WA". This is continued into "WA Br" ''Weimarer Ausgabe, Briefwechsel'' (correspondence), "WA Tr" ''Weimarer Ausgabe, Tischreden'' (tabletalk) and "WA DB" ''Weimarer Ausgabe, Deutsche Bibel'' (German Bible).
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* {{cite book
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