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{{short description|In linguistics, the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing one}}
'''Morphological derivation''', in [[linguistics]], is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a [[prefix]] or [[suffix]], such as It is differentiated from [[inflection]], which is the modification of a word to form different [[grammatical category|grammatical categories]] without changing its core meaning: ''determines'', ''determining'', and ''determined'' are from the root ''determine''.<ref>Crystal, David (1999): The Penguin Dictionary of Language, Penguin Books, England.</ref>
==Derivational patterns==
Derivational [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other [[affix]]. Such an affix usually applies to [[word]]s of one [[lexical category]] (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the [[English language|English]] derivational suffix ''-ly''
Here are examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:
* adjective-to-[[noun]]: ''-ness'' (''slow'' → ''slowness'')
* adjective-to-[[verb]]: ''-
* adjective-to-adjective: ''-ish'' (''red'' → ''reddish'')
* adjective-to-[[adverb]]: ''-ly'' (''personal'' → ''personally'')
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However, derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the lexical category; they may change merely the meaning of the base and leave the category unchanged. A prefix (''write'' → '' re-write''; ''lord'' → ''over-lord'') rarely changes the lexical category in English. The prefix ''un-'' applies to adjectives (''healthy'' → ''unhealthy'') and some verbs (''do'' → ''undo'') but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes ''en-'' and ''be-''. ''En-'' (replaced by ''em-'' before [[labial consonant|labials]]) is usually a transitive marker on verbs, but it can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: ''circle'' (verb) → ''encircle'' (verb) but ''rich'' (adj) → ''enrich'' (verb), ''large'' (adj) → ''enlarge'' (verb), ''rapture'' (noun) → ''enrapture'' (verb), ''slave'' (noun) → ''enslave'' (verb).
Derivation that results in a noun may be called [[nominalization]]. It may involve the use of an affix (such as with
Some words have specific exceptions to these patterns. For example, inflammable actually means flammable, and de-evolution is spelled with only one e, as devolution.
==Derivation and inflection==
Derivation can be contrasted with [[inflection]], in that derivation produces a new word (a distinct [[lexeme]]), whereas inflection produces grammatical variants (or forms) of the same word.
Generally speaking, inflection applies in more or less regular patterns to all members of a [[part of speech]] (for example, nearly every [[English verb]] adds ''-s'' for the third person singular present tense), while derivation follows less consistent patterns (for example, the [[Nominalization|nominalizing]] suffix ''-ity'' can be used with the adjectives ''modern'' and ''dense'', but not with ''open'' or ''strong''). However, it is important to note that derivations and inflections can share homonyms, that being, [[morphemes]] that have the same sound, but not the same meaning. For example, when the affix -er, is added to an adjective, as in ''small-er'', it acts as an inflection, but when added to a verb, as in ''cook-er'', it acts as a derivation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobin|first=Nicholas|title=Syntactic Analysis The Basics|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4443-3895-9|pages=17–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0lSCdzzJOsC
A derivation can produce a lexeme with a different part of speech but does not necessarily. For example, the derivation of the word "uncommon" from "common" + ''un-'' (a derivational morpheme) does not change its part of speech (both are adjectives).
An important distinction between derivational and inflectional morphology lies in the content/function of a listeme{{Clarify|reason=|date=May 2019}}. Derivational morphology changes both the meaning and the content of a listeme, while inflectional morphology doesn't change the meaning, but changes the function.
A non-exhaustive list of derivational morphemes in English: -ful, -able, im-, un-, -ing, -er
A non-exhaustive list of inflectional morphemes in English: -er, -est, -ing, -en, -ed, -s
==Derivation and other types of word formation==
Derivation can be contrasted with other types of [[word formation]] such as compounding.
==Productivity==
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==References==
{{reflist}}
*Speech and Language Processing,
[[Category:Linguistic morphology]]
[[Category:Etymology]]
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