Content deleted Content added
|
|
|
=== Special groups ===
Data from several [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30664067/ pregnancy studies] showed that children exposed to levetiracetam during pregnancy had the lowest risk of developing major congenital malformations compared to those exposed to other anti-seizure medications. Risk of major congenital malformations for children exposed to levetiracetam were within the range for children who were not exposed to any anti-seizure medications (ASMs) during pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhry |first=Shahnaz Akhtar |last2=Jong |first2=Geert’t |last3=Koren |first3=Gideon |date=2014-07-01 |title=The fetal safety of Levetiracetam: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623814000380 |journal=Reproductive Toxicology |volume=46 |pages=40–45 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.02.004 |issn=0890-6238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scheuerle |first=Angela E. |last2=Holmes |first2=Lewis B. |last3=Albano |first3=Jessica D. |last4=Badalamenti |first4=Vincent |last5=Battino |first5=Dina |last6=Covington |first6=Deborah |last7=Harden |first7=Cynthia |last8=Miller |first8=David |last9=Montouris |first9=Georgia D. |last10=Pantaleoni |first10=Chiara |last11=Thorp |first11=John |last12=Tofighy |first12=Azita |last13=Tomson |first13=Torbjörn |last14=Golembesky |first14=Amanda K. |date=August 2019 |title=Levetiracetam Pregnancy Registry: Final results and a review of the impact of registry methodology and definitions on the prevalence of major congenital malformations |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdr2.1526 |journal=Birth Defects Research |language=en |volume=111 |issue=13 |pages=872–887 |doi=10.1002/bdr2.1526 |issn=2472-1727}}</ref>
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35157004/ The Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD)] study showed that most blood concentrations in breastfed infants of mothers taking levetiracetam were quite low, especially in relationship to the mother’s level and what the fetal level would have been during pregnancy. Median levetiracetam levels in breastfed infants were 5.3% of maternal levels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Birnbaum |first=Angela K. |last2=Meador |first2=Kimford J. |last3=Karanam |first3=Ashwin |last4=Brown |first4=Carrie |last5=May |first5=Ryan C. |last6=Gerard |first6=Elizabeth E. |last7=Gedzelman |first7=Evan R. |last8=Penovich |first8=Patricia E. |last9=Kalayjian |first9=Laura A. |last10=Cavitt |first10=Jennifer |last11=Pack |first11=Alison M. |last12=Miller |first12=John W. |last13=Stowe |first13=Zachary N. |last14=Pennell |first14=Page B. |last15=for the MONEAD Investigator Group |date=2020-04-01 |title=Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4443 |journal=JAMA Neurology |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=441–450 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4443 |issn=2168-6149}}</ref> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32424708/%5D The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)] showed that infant exposure to levetiracetam via breastmilk was not associated with negative neurodevelopment (such as lower IQ and autism spectrum disorder) at 36 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/ch/studies/moba/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Norwegian Institute of Public Health |language=en}}</ref>
Levetiracetam is known to undergo changes in clearance during pregnancy, so it’s important for healthcare providers to frequently check and, when necessary, adjust the levetiracetam dose of pregnant people with epilepsy.
Studies in female pregnant rats have shown minor fetal skeletal abnormalities when given maximum recommended human doses of levetiracetam orally throughout pregnancy and lactation.{{medical citation needed|date=September 2020}}
|
