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{{More citations needed|date=May 2008}}
{{for|the album by Destroyer|Labyrinthitis (album)}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis
| image = Gray920.png
| caption = Diagram of the [[inner ear]]
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| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = 35 million per year<ref name=Gre2014/>{{dubious|date=November 2023|1=Epidemiology}}
| deaths =
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Labyrinthitis''' is inflammation of the labyrinth,
<!-- Cause -->
The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a [[virus]], but it can also arise from [[bacteria]]l infection, [[head injury]], extreme [[stress (biological)|stress]], an [[allergy]], or as a reaction to [[medication]]. 30% of affected people had a common cold prior to developing the disease.<ref name=Gre2014>{{cite journal|last1=Greco|first1=A|last2=Macri|first2=GF|last3=Gallo|first3=A|last4=Fusconi|first4=M|last5=De Virgilio|first5=A|last6=Pagliuca|first6=G|last7=Marinelli|first7=C|last8=de Vincentiis|first8=M|title=Is vestibular neuritis an immune related vestibular neuropathy inducing vertigo?|journal=Journal of Immunology Research|date=2014|volume=2014|pages=459048|pmid=24741601|doi=10.1155/2014/459048|pmc=3987789|doi-access=free}}</ref> Either bacterial or viral labyrinthitis can cause a permanent hearing loss in rare cases.<ref>{{cite web|title=NLM|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001054.htm}}</ref> This appears to result from an imbalance of neuronal input between the left and right inner ears.<ref name="Marill">{{cite web |last=Marill |first=Keith |title=Vestibular Neuronitis: Pathology |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/794489-overview#showall |publisher=eMedicine, Medscape Reference |access-date=2011-08-07 |date=2011-01-13}}</ref>
==Signs and symptoms==
The main symptoms
==Causes==
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Acute localized [[ischemia]] of these structures also may be an important cause. Especially in children, vestibular neuritis may be preceded by symptoms of a common cold. However, the causative mechanism remains uncertain.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/TOPIC637.HTM | title=Vestibular Neuronitis | author=Keith A Marill |access-date=2008-06-28}}</ref>
This can also be brought on by pressure changes such as those experienced while [[Aviation|flying]] or [[scuba diving]].<ref name="pmid2317181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin-Saint-Laurent A, Lavernhe J, Casano G, Simkoff A |title=Clinical aspects of inflight incapacitations in commercial aviation |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=256–60 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2317181 }}</ref><ref name=farmer>{{cite conference |editor=Farmer, Jr JC |title=Labyrinthine Dysfunction During Diving |conference=1st [[Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society]] Workshop. |volume=UHMS Publication Number WS6-15-74. |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |year=1973 |pages=11 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007191953/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4291 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref><ref name="pmid4619861">{{cite journal |author=Kennedy RS |title=General history of vestibular disorders in diving |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=73–81 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4619861 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2663 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703175002/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2663 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
==Mechanism==
In the vestibular system, there are three [[Semicircular canals|canals]] that are semicircular in shape that input sensory clues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.audiologicaldiagnostics.com/labyrinthitis|title=Labyrinthitis|website=www.audiologicaldiagnostics.com|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=2019-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123203817/http://www.audiologicaldiagnostics.com/labyrinthitis|url-status=dead}}</ref> These canals allow the [[brain]] to sense rotational motion and linear motion changes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=Germany|journal=International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance|volume=19|issue=4|doi=10.1108/ijhcqa.2006.06219dab.003|issn=0952-6862}}</ref> The brain then uses the sensory input clues and the visual input clues from the vestibular system to retain balance. The [[vestibulo–ocular reflex]] retains continuous visual focus during motion which is also the vestibular systems job during activity.<ref name=":2" />
==Treatment==
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*'''Functional retraining''' – including postural control, relaxation, and balance training.
These exercises function by challenging the vestibular system. Progression occurs by increasing the amplitude of the head or focal point movements, increasing the speed of movement, and combining movements such as walking and head turning.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fisioterapialabirintica40.com.br/publicacoes|title=Physical Therapy Rehabilitation|access-date=2019-10-29|language=en}}</ref>
One study found that patients who believed their illness was out of their control showed the slowest progression to full recovery, long after the initial vestibular injury had healed.<ref name="Bronstein" /> The study revealed that the patient who compensated well was one who, at the psychological level, was not afraid of the symptoms and had some positive control over them. Notably, a reduction in negative beliefs over time was greater in those patients treated with rehabilitation than in those untreated. "Of utmost importance, baseline beliefs were the only significant predictor of change in a handicap at 6 months follow-up."
===Medication===
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Recovery from acute labyrinthine inflammation generally takes from one to six weeks, but it is not uncommon for residual symptoms such as dysequilibrium and dizziness to last for a couple of months.<ref name="Bronstein">{{cite journal | last = Bronstein | first = Adolfo | title = Visual and psychological aspects of vestibular disease | journal = Current Opinion in Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–3 | date = February 2002 | doi = 10.1097/00019052-200202000-00001 | pmid = 11796943}}</ref>
Recovery from a
# An acute period, which may include severe vertigo and vomiting
# approximately two weeks of sub-acute symptoms and rapid recovery
== Epidemiology ==
Labyrinthitis affects approximately 35 million people per year{{dubious|date=November 2023|1=Epidemiology}} (approximately 3.5 cases per 100,000 people).<ref name="Gre201422">{{Cite journal|last1=Greco|first1=A.|last2=Macri|first2=G. F.|last3=Gallo|first3=A.|last4=Fusconi|first4=M.|last5=De Virgilio|first5=A.|last6=Pagliuca|first6=G.|last7=Marinelli|first7=C.|last8=de Vincentiis|first8=M.|date=2014|title=Is vestibular neuritis an immune related vestibular neuropathy inducing vertigo?|journal=Journal of Immunology Research|volume=2014|pages=459048|doi=10.1155/2014/459048|issn=2314-7156|pmc=3987789|pmid=24741601|doi-access=free}}</ref> It typically occurs in those between 30 and 60 years of age,<ref name="Gre201422" /> and there are no significant differences between male and female incidence rates.<ref name="Gre201422" /> In 95% of cases, sufferers experience a single attack and fully recover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15227-vestibular-neuritis|title=Vestibular Neuritis|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> Vestibular rehabilitation showed a statistically significant increase in controlling symptoms over no intervention in people who have vestibular neuritis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McDonnell|first1=Michelle N|last2=Hillier|first2=Susan L|date=2015-01-13|editor-last=Cochrane ENT Group|title=Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD005397|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005397.pub4|pmid=25581507|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==References==
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