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{{for|the album by Destroyer|Labyrinthitis (album)}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis
| image = Gray920.png
| caption = Diagram of the [[inner ear]]
| field = [[Otorhinolaryngology]]
| synonyms = Otitis interna, vestibular neuronitis, vestibular neuritis
| alt =
| symptoms =
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| duration =
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| frequency = 35 million per year<ref name=Gre2014/>{{dubious|date=November 2023|1=Epidemiology}}
| deaths =
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Labyrinthitis''' is inflammation of the labyrinth, a maze of fluid-filled channels in the inner ear. '''Vestibular neuritis''' is inflammation of the vestibular nerve (the nerve in the inner ear that sends messages related to motion and position to the brain).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labyrinthitis/ | title=Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis | date=23 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016: 5 Books in 1|date= 2015| publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences| isbn= 9780323378222 |page= 735| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLSCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA735}}</ref><ref name=Hog2015>{{cite journal |last1= Hogue| first1= JD| title= Office Evaluation of Dizziness |journal= Primary Care| date=June 2015| volume= 42| issue=2|pages=249–258| pmid= 25979586| doi= 10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004}}</ref> Both conditions involve [[inflammation]] of the [[inner ear]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Labyrinthitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027300/|website= [[National Library of Medicine]] | access-date=16 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Bony labyrinth|Labyrinths]] that house the [[vestibular system]] sense changes in the head's position or the head's motion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1990-10-01|title=Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations| journal= Annals of Internal Medicine| volume=113|issue=7|pages=563|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-113-7-563_2|issn=0003-4819}}</ref> Inflammation of these inner ear parts results in a [[vertigo]] (sensation of the world spinning) and also possible [[hearing loss]] or [[tinnitus]] (ringing in the ears).<ref name=":1" /> It can occur as a single attack, a series of attacks, or a persistent condition that diminishes over three to six weeks. It may be associated with [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and eye [[pathologic nystagmus|nystagmus]].
<!-- Cause -->
The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a [[virus]], but it can also arise from [[bacteria]]l infection, [[head injury]], extreme [[stress (biological)|stress]], an [[allergy]], or as a reaction to [[medication]]. 30% of affected people had a common cold prior to developing the disease.<ref name=Gre2014>{{cite journal|last1=Greco|first1=A|last2=Macri|first2=GF|last3=Gallo|first3=A|last4=Fusconi|first4=M|last5=De Virgilio|first5=A|last6=Pagliuca|first6=G|last7=Marinelli|first7=C|last8=de Vincentiis|first8=M|title=Is vestibular neuritis an immune related vestibular neuropathy inducing vertigo?|journal=Journal of Immunology Research|date=2014|volume=2014|pages=459048|pmid=24741601|doi=10.1155/2014/459048|pmc=3987789|doi-access=free}}</ref> Either bacterial or viral labyrinthitis can cause a permanent hearing loss in rare cases.<ref>{{cite web|title=NLM|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001054.htm}}</ref> This appears to result from an imbalance of neuronal input between the left and right inner ears.<ref name="Marill">{{cite web |last=Marill |first=Keith |title=Vestibular Neuronitis: Pathology |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/794489-overview#showall |publisher=eMedicine, Medscape Reference |access-date=2011-08-07 |date=2011-01-13}}</ref>
==Signs and symptoms==
The main symptoms
==Causes==
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Some cases of vestibular neuritis are thought to be caused by an infection of the vestibular ganglion by the [[herpes simplex]] type 1 virus.<ref name="Marill"/> However, the cause of this condition is not fully understood, and in fact, many different viruses may be capable of infecting the vestibular nerve.
Acute localized [[ischemia]] of these structures also may be an important cause
This can also be brought on by pressure changes such as those experienced while [[Aviation|flying]] or [[scuba diving]].<ref name="pmid2317181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin-Saint-Laurent A, Lavernhe J, Casano G, Simkoff A |title=Clinical aspects of inflight incapacitations in commercial aviation |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=256–60 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2317181 }}</ref><ref name=farmer>{{cite conference |editor=Farmer, Jr JC |title=Labyrinthine Dysfunction During Diving |conference=1st [[Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society]] Workshop. |volume=UHMS Publication Number WS6-15-74. |publisher=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |year=1973 |pages=11 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007191953/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4291 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref><ref name="pmid4619861">{{cite journal |author=Kennedy RS |title=General history of vestibular disorders in diving |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=73–81 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4619861 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2663 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703175002/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2663 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
==Mechanism==
In the vestibular system, there are three [[Semicircular canals|canals]] that are semicircular in shape that input sensory clues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.audiologicaldiagnostics.com/labyrinthitis|title=Labyrinthitis|website=www.audiologicaldiagnostics.com|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=2019-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123203817/http://www.audiologicaldiagnostics.com/labyrinthitis|url-status=dead}}</ref> These canals allow the [[brain]] to sense rotational motion and linear motion changes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=Germany|journal=International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance|volume=19|issue=4|doi=10.1108/ijhcqa.2006.06219dab.003|issn=0952-6862}}</ref> The brain then uses the sensory input clues and the visual input clues from the vestibular system to retain balance. The [[vestibulo–ocular reflex]] retains continuous visual focus during motion which is also the vestibular systems job during activity.<ref name=":2" />
==Treatment==
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[[Symptomatic treatment]] with [[antihistaminic]]s such as [[cinnarizine]], however, can be used to suppress the symptoms of vestibular neuritis while it spontaneously regresses.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scholtz |first=AW |author2=Steindl R |author3=Burchardi N |author4=Bognar-Steinberg I |author5=Baumann W |title=Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of a fixed low-dose combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate with betahistine in vestibular neuritis: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority study |journal=Clin Drug Investig |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=387–399 |pmid=22506537 |doi=10.2165/11632410-000000000-00000 |date=June 2012|s2cid=207301804 }}</ref> [[Prochlorperazine]] is another commonly prescribed medication to help alleviate the symptoms of vertigo and nausea.
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Because mood disorders can
==Prognosis==
Recovery from acute labyrinthine inflammation generally takes from one to six weeks, but it is not uncommon for residual symptoms
Recovery from a
# An acute period, which may include severe vertigo and vomiting
# approximately two weeks of sub-acute symptoms and rapid recovery
== Epidemiology ==
==References==
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