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{{Short description|President of the Philippines from 1943 to 1945}}
{{Family name hatnote|
{{over-quotation|date=July 2022}}
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| term_end4 = December 30, 1957
| constituency4 = At-large
| term_start5 = June 2, 1925
| term_end5 = June 2, 1931
| alongside5 = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
| predecessor5 = [[Antero Soriano]]
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| successor6 = Court reorganized
| office7 = [[Majority leader of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate Majority Leader]]
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 = June 2, 1931
| 1blankname7 = Senate President
| 1namedata7 = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
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| alma_mater = [[University of the Philippines Manila]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])<br />[[University of Santo Tomas]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]])<br />[[Yale University]] ([[Doctor of Juridical Science|SJD]])
}}
'''José Paciano Laurel y García''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Philippine Legion of Honor|CCLH]] [[Knights of Rizal|KGCR]]}} (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, and judge, who served as the
==Early life and education==
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In 1921, Laurel was also appointed as lecturer at University of the Philippines, particularly at the [[UPD College of Liberal Arts]] and at the College of Law.<ref name="register" />
Laurel was appointed first as ad interim Undersecretary of the Interior Department in 1922 (with two stints as acting secretary),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/MASTERLIST-OF-CABSECS-AND-DEPTS-v1.pdf|
Laurel was a member of the Philippine fraternity [[Upsilon Sigma Phi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXsMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Jos%C3%A9+P.+Laurel%22+upsilon|title=The Fookien Times Philippines Yearbook|last=Company|first=Fookien Times Publishing|date=1986|publisher=Fookien Times|isbn=9789710503506|page=226|language=en}}</ref>
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==Associate Justice of the Supreme Court==
Laurel's Supreme Court tenure may have been overshadowed by his presidency, yet he remains one of the most important Supreme Court justices in Philippine history.{{
[http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1936/jul1936/gr_l-45081_1936.html ''Angara v. Electoral Commission''], [[Case citation#Philippines|63 Phil. 139 (1936)]], which is considered as the Philippine equivalent of ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', [[case citation|5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803)]], is Laurel's most important contribution to jurisprudence and even the rule of law in the Philippines. In affirming that the Court had jurisdiction to review the rulings of the Electoral Commission organized under the [[Congress of the Philippines|National Assembly]], the Court, through Justice Laurel's opinion, firmly entrenched the power of Philippine courts to engage in [[judicial review]] of the acts of the other branches of government, and to interpret the Constitution. Held the Court, through Laurel:
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On December 10, 1941, then-Associate Justice Laurel was appointed by President Manuel L. Quezon as acting Secretary of Justice. He was later appointed Commissioner of Justice by the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces on January 26, 1942, but was effective three days prior. However, on December 2, 1942, he was relieved from the post to become the Minister of the Interior, a position that he had previously held as Secretary two decades prior.<ref name="register"/> He relinquished the post on October 14, 1943, when he was inaugurated President of the Second Philippine Republic.
Laurel was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese Imperial Army to form a provisional government when they invaded and occupied the country. He cooperated with the Japanese, in contrast to Chief Justice [[José Abad Santos]], who was shot for refusing to cooperate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/judiciary/sc/cj/jose-abad-santos/the-execution-of-jose-abad-santos/ |title=The execution of Jose Abad Santos | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |publisher=Officialgazette.gov.ph |date=2014-01-21 |access-date=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405080856/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/judiciary/sc/cj/jose-abad-santos/the-execution-of-jose-abad-santos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Assassination attempt ===
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===Domestic problems===
====Economy====
During Laurel's tenure as president, [[hunger]] was the main worry. Prices of essential commodities rose to unprecedented heights. The government exerted every effort to increase production and bring consumers' goods under control. However, Japanese rapacity had the better of it all. On the other hand, [[guerrilla]] activities and Japanese retaliatory measures brought the peace and order situation to a difficult point. Resorting to district-zoning and domiciliary searches, coupled with arbitrary arrests, the Japanese made the mission of Laurel's administration incalculably exasperating and perilous.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of
====Food shortage====
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Shortly after the inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic, President Laurel, together with cabinet Ministers Recto and Paredes flew to Tokyo to attend the [[Greater East Asia Conference]] which was an international summit held in Tokyo, Japan from November 5 to 6, 1943, in which Japan hosted the [[head of state|heads of state]] of various component members of the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]. The conference was also referred to as the ''Tokyo Conference''.
The Conference addressed few issues of any substance, Eradication of Western Opium Drug Trade and to illustrate the [[Empire of Japan]]'s commitments to the [[Pan-Asianism]] ideal and to emphasize its role as the "liberator" of Asia from Western [[colonialism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Andrew|title=The Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|page=211|isbn=0-19-511060-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiEMgP36lScC&q=%22Greater+East+Asia+Conference%22&pg=PA211|access-date=April 13, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===Martial law===
Laurel declared the country under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29, dated September 21.<ref name="Lawphil-Proc29">{{cite PH act|title=Proclaiming Martial Law Throughout the Philippines|chamber=PP|number=29 |url=https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/procXXX/proc_29_1944.html| publisher=The Lawphil Project - Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank |access-date=August 16, 2022|date=September 21, 1944}}</ref> Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944, at 9 a.m.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} Proclamation No. 30 was issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the United States and the United Kingdom. This took effect on September 23, 1944, at 10:00
===Resistance===
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===Dissolution of the regime===
[[File:Philippine puppet government officials in Japan 1945.jpg|thumb|Laurel (left) being taken into U.S. custody at [[Osaka International Airport|Osaka Airport]] in 1945, along with [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]] (center) and [[José Laurel III]].]]
On October 20, 1944, American and Philippine armed forces landed on [[Leyte Island]] during the [[Battle of Leyte]] and began the [[Liberation of the Philippines]]. Philippine President in exile [[Sergio Osmeña]] was among them. Other landings on other islands followed. Then on January 9, 1945, Allied forces landed on the south shore of [[Lingayen Gulf]] and began to [[Battle of Luzon|march towards Manila]].
During the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] from February 3 to March 3, 1945, Japanese occupation forces were driven from the capital city. After that, only pockets of Japanese forces remained active in the Philippines.
Beginning in March 1945, President Laurel, together with his family, [[Camilo Osías]], [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]], Gen. [[Mateo M. Capinpin]], and [[Jorge B. Vargas]] evacuated to [[Baguio]]. Shortly after the city fell, they traveled to [[Tuguegarao]], where they embarked a [[bomber]] plane to Japan via [[
Emperor Hirohito of Japan announced Japan's
Two days later on August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in [[Nara, Nara|Nara, Japan]], Laurel issued an executive proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
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===Return to the Senate===
[[File:Sen Primicias in Malacanang.jpg|thumb|Clockwise, from top left: Senator [[Edmundo B. Cea]], former President Jose P. Laurel Sr., Senator [[Cipriano Primicias Sr.]], Senate President [[Eulogio Rodriguez|Eulogio A. Rodriguez Sr.]], President [[Ramon
Laurel garnered more than 2 million votes and was elected to the [[Senate of the Philippines]] as the top vote-getter in the [[1951 Philippine Senate election]], under the [[Nacionalista Party]]. He was urged to run for president in 1953, but declined, working instead for the successful election of [[Ramon Magsaysay]]. Magsaysay appointed Laurel head of a mission tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, the result being known as the [[Laurel–Langley Agreement]]. Laurel was also named as chairman of the Senate Committee on Education, which he held when he sponsored in 1955 a bill that would make [[José Rizal]]'s two novels, ''[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]'' and ''[[El filibusterismo]]'', as compulsory readings in all universities and colleges.<ref name="register" />
===Retirement and death===
Laurel considered his election to the Senate as a vindication of his reputation. He declined to run for re-election in 1957. He retired from public life, concentrating on the development of the [[Lyceum of the Philippines]] established by his family, as well as the
During his retirement, Laurel resided in a 1957 three-story, seven-bedroom mansion in [[Mandaluyong]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]], dubbed "[[Jose P. Laurel Residence|Villa Pacencia]]" after Laurel's wife. The home was one of three residences constructed by the Laurel family, the other two being in [[Tanauan, Batangas]] and in [[Paco, Manila]] (called "[[Jose P. Laurel Ancestral House (Manila)|Villa Peñafrancia]]"). In 2008, the Laurel family sold "Villa Pacencia" to then-Senate President [[Manny Villar]] and his wife [[Cynthia Villar|Cynthia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Villars take over storied Laurel house on Shaw Blvd |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080713-148119/Villars-take-over-storied-Laurel-house-on-Shaw-Blvd |first=Gerry |last=Lirio |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=July 13, 2008 |access-date=March 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209000941/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080713-148119/Villars-take-over-storied-Laurel-house-on-Shaw-Blvd |archive-date=February 9, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
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In 1958, Laurel launched an organization known as Committee of Citizens, which he headed. On the same year, it was announced that his book entitled ''Thinking of Ourselves'' would be launched and [[The Manila Times]] announced the launching of Unity Movement for National Survival that he sponsored. On his 68th birthday on March 9, 1959, President [[Carlos P. Garcia]] conferred him the award of [[Philippine Legion of Honor]] with the degree of Chief Commander.
In the early afternoon of November 5, 1959, Laurel suffered a stroke. On November 6, 1959, at 1:00 in the morning, he died at [[Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital (Manila)|Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital]] in [[Manila]],<ref>Justices of the Supreme Court, p. 176</ref> from a massive heart attack and cerebral hemorrhage.
== Honors ==
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===Descendants===
* Roberto Laurel, grandson, President of [[Lyceum of the Philippines University|Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila]] and [[Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite]], son of Sotero Laurel (3rd son of José P. Laurel)
* Peter Laurel, grandson, President of [[Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas|Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas]] and [[Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna]], former vice-governor of [[Batangas]]
* [[Denise Laurel]], great-granddaughter, actress and singer
* [[Nicole Laurel Asensio]], great-granddaughter, lead singer of [[General Luna (band)|General Luna]] band
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* [http://www.freewebs.com/foundationproject08/index.htm The Jose P. Laurel Memorial Foundation]
* [http://www.pangulo.ph The Philippine Presidency Project]
* {{cite web| title =JOSE LAUREL DIES; FILIPINO LEADER; Head of Wartime Japanese Puppet Regime – Lost Race for President in 1949|work=[[The New York Times]]| date =November 6, 1959| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70B16F93E551B7B93C4A9178AD95F4D8585F9| access-date =January 8, 2008}}
{{S-start-collapsible|title=Offices and distinctions}}
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