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The pre-dawn tradition of J'ouvert may have roots in Caribbean folklore. For instance, there is a local Trinidadian legend about a [[soucouyant]], who sheds her skin at night and consumes the blood of her victims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahye |first=Molly |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Golden_Heritage.html?id=WNnfAAAAMAAJ |title=Golden Heritage: The Dance in Trinidad and Tobago |date=1978 |publisher=Heritage Cultures Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Errol |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Trinidad_Carnival.html?id=pFINAAAAYAAJ |title=The Trinidad Carnival: Mandate for a National Theatre |date=1972 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-78000-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Alleyne-Dettmers |first=Patricia Tamara |date=1995 |title=Political Dramas in the Jour Ouvert Parade in Trinidad Carnaval |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25613310 |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=326–338 |issn=0008-6533}}</ref> She must reenter her skin before dawn, but is unable to do so if someone sprinkles salt on her skin.<ref name=":14" /> According to legend, she will cry out "''Jouvay, jou paka ouvay''?" ("Daybreak, are you coming?) as dawn approaches.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":03" />
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=== J'ouvert in the Caribbean ===
J'ouvert traditionally begins between 2:00 and 4:00 a.m. and continues until mid-morning.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Garth L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGSnsW6rA6EC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA229&dq=trinidad+jab+jab+j'ouvert&hl=en |title=Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival |last2=Scher |first2=Philip W. |date=2007-03-28 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11672-7 |language=en}}</ref> In [[The Bahamas]], however, J'ouvert Bahamas begins at night and goes until the early hours of the morning.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-04 |title=Ready For The Road! A First Timer’s Guide To Bahamas Carnival |url=https://www.essence.com/lifestyle/travel/bahamas-carnival-guide/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> In some West Indian countries, J'ouvert is celebrated on [[Emancipation Day]] (the first day of August). In Trinidad, J'ouvert takes place on Carnival Monday, which in Trinidad is the Monday morning before [[Ash Wednesday]]. Other islands celebrate J'ouvert on Carnival Monday as well, the date of which depends on [[List of Caribbean carnivals around the world|their island's Carnival dates]].
Participants follow and dance behind trucks or [[Semi-trailer truck|tractor-trailers]], which play music from speakers or have live music.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |last=Ehrenreich |first=Barbara |date=1 February 2009 |title=Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/up-close-at-trinidads-carnival-45542504/ |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=Smithsonian.com}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite book |last=Riggio |first=Milla Cozart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAmCAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA288&dq=j'ouvert+jouvay&hl=en |title=Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience |date=2004-10-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-48780-6 |language=en}}</ref> In Trinida, [[Grenada]], and [[Antigua]], a part of the tradition involves covering the body in oil, mud, or chocolate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=8 of the best Caribbean carnivals |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/best-caribbean-carnivals |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |title=Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/up-close-at-trinidads-carnival-45542504/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Photo: Celebrating the start of Carnival in Trinidad |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/photo-celebrating-start-carnival-trinidad |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> On other island, colored paints and power are more popular for covering the clothes or body.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-01-01 |title=Basseterre painted by Jouvert |url=https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/basseterre-painted-jouvert/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The St Kitts Nevis Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-05 |title=J'ouvert Revelers Throng Through Frederiksted |url=https://stthomassource.com/content/2018/01/05/jouvert-revelers-throng-through-frederiksted/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=St. Thomas Source |language=en-US}}</ref> Throughout the Caribbean, many J'ouvert revelers wear traditional, [[Satire|satirical]], or popular costumes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Trinidad and Tobago Carnival: A vibrant celebration of culture and tradition |url=https://www.ourhistory.org.uk/trinidad-and-tobago-carnival-a-vibrant-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Our History |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-12-27 |title=Sugar Mas 42 J'ouvert Attracts Thousands By by LK Hewlett |url=https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/sugar-mas-42-jouvert-attracts-thousands-by-by-lk-hewlett/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The St Kitts Nevis Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In Trinidad and [[Grenada]], "[[Jab Jabs]]" (from the French ''diable,'' meaning "devil") dress as devils of different colors,<ref name=":32" /> and "Jab Molassi" (molasses devil) cover their bodies in oil from head to toe.<ref name=":92">{{cite web |title=Traditional Mas Characters - Jab Molassie |url=http://www.ncctt.org/new/index.php/about-ncc/departments/regional/trad-carnival-characters/312-traditional-mas-characters-jab-molassie.html |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":102">{{cite web |date=18 August 2011 |title=A Carnival Theme Rooted in our Traditions by Dr. Nicole Phillip |url=https://groundationgrenada.com/2011/08/18/a-carnival-theme-rooted-in-our-traditions-by-dr-nicole-phillip/ |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=GroundationGrenada.com}}</ref> By contrast, in [[Aruba]] J'ouvert is referred to as the "pajama party parade," as people can join wearing comfortable, regular clothes rather than dressing up in costume.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Juan Luis |date=2024-05-23 |title=A quick history of the Jouvert Morning Parade – Aruba Today |url=https://www.arubatoday.com/a-quick-history-of-the-jouvert-morning-parade/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In many West Indian countries, J'ouvert is observed before the daytime Carnival Mas or "Pretty Mas". Pretty Mas is the Carnival parade featuring colorful costumes which are often made of feathers, beads, gem stones, brightly coloured fabrics, glitter and other elaborate body adornments and is more popular while commercially publicized. J'ouvert uses the rebellious nature of powder, mud and oil, while Pretty Mas celebrates the abstract allure of glitter, colour and light.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sheriff |first=Nai-Whedai |date=2014 |title=J'ouvert Speaks to the Present |url=http://www.jedsonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Sheriff-.pdf |access-date=1 September 2019 |work=Journal of Emerging Dance Scholarship |publisher=World Dance Alliance}}</ref> J'ouvert is often contrasted with Pretty Mas, in that J'ouvert is said to be for "the people" while Pretty Mas is intended for the establishment.
=== J'ouvert in Brooklyn ===
[[Brooklyn]] is home to the largest West Indian population outside the Caribbean,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=For a taste of the Caribbean just go to Brooklyn |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/for-a-taste-of-the-caribbean-just-go-to-brooklyn |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The West Indian Day Parade Celebrates Culture and Community |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/articles/the-west-indian-day-parade-celebrates-culture-and-community/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=New York City Tourism + Conventions |language=en-US}}</ref> and began its own Carnival celebration in the late 1960s. Organized by the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Indian American Day Carnival Association |url=https://wiadcacarnival.org/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=wiadcacarnival.org}}</ref> the [[West Indian Day Parade]] is held annually on Labor Day Monday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nierenberg |first=Amelia |last2=Schweber |first2=Nate |date=2023-09-04 |title=Brooklyn Waves Goodbye to Summer in a Whirl of Feathers and Flags |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/04/nyregion/west-indian-day-parade-carnival-jouvert-brooklyn.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The event attracts millions of participants who parade down central [[Eastern Parkway|Brooklyn’s Eastern Parkway]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Ray |title=Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190656850 |location=New York |pages=84-111}}</ref> An early morning J’ouvert component was added to the celebration in the 1990s when [[Steelpan|steel pan]] player Earl King and community organizer Yvette Rennie formed J’ouvert City International. Featuring traditional steelbands (DJs and sound systems prohibited) and ole mas costumes, the Brooklyn J’ouvert attracts tens of thousands Carnival enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Ray |date=Summer–Autumn 1999 |title="J'ouvert in Brooklyn Carnival: Revitalizing Steel Pan and Ole Mas Traditions" |url=https://files.eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5826/2017/04/16143646/Jouvert.pdf |journal=Western Folklore |volume=58 |issue=3-4 |pages=255-277 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Ray |title=Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City |date=2019 |pages=207-234}}</ref>
=== J'ouvert in London ===
J’ouvert marks the start of [[London]]'s [[Notting Hill Carnival]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levene |first=David |date=2023-08-27 |title=J’Ouvert celebrations at Notting Hill carnival – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2023/aug/27/jouvert-celebrations-at-notting-hill-carnival-in-pictures |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> one of the biggest [[Street fair|street festivals]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-22 |title=Notting Hill Carnival: What is it and when does it take place? |url=https://www.bbc.com/newsround/49372390 |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=BBC Newsround |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of Notting Hill Carnival and carnival culture- Reader's Digest |url=https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/articles/the-history-of-notting-hill-carnival-and-carnival-culture |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.readersdigest.co.uk}}</ref> The J'ouvert event typically starts at 6:00 a.m. and takes place in the streets of [[Notting Hill]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Spark |first=Stephen |date=2017-08-26 |title=J'ouvert – The Secret Carnival at Day Break |url=https://socanews.com/news/jouvert-the-secret-carnival-at-day-break/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Soca News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-24 |title=Notting Hill Carnival 2023: The line-up and what you need to know |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-66580333 |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=Notting Hill Carnival 2023: Lineup, Times, Schedule, Dates & Ticket Info For Festival |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/notting-hill-carnival-guide |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Time Out London |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulligan |first=Euan O'Byrne |date=2023-08-28 |title=When Notting Hill Carnival parade starts, route map in full and road closures explained |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/what-time-notting-hill-carnival-parade-2023-when-starts-route-map-full-road-closures-2572270 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Revelers cover themselves in colored powder, oil, or paint,<ref name=":4" /> and others dress in elaborate costumes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Why you should be excited about Notting Hill Carnival |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/08/26/a-guide-and-brief-history-of-the-notting-hill-carnival |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> The celebration involves multiple hours of music and dancing.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
=== J'ouvert in Toronto ===
{{Main articles|Caribana#J'ouvert}}
The [[Toronto Caribbean Carnival]] is held each summer in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], and features a pre-dawn J'ouvert celebration. Unlike J'ouvert of the Caribbean, Toronto's J'ouvert often takes place at an outdoor [[Music venue|venue]] rather than in the streets as a parade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-06 |title=Tell Dem We Reach! A First-Timer’s Guide to Caribana, Toronto's Caribbean Carnival |url=http://www.essence.com/lifestyle/caribana-toronto-carnival-guide/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Simonpillai |first=Radheyan |last2=Ristic |first2=Katarina |last3=Ristic |first3=Radheyan Simonpillai and Katarina |date=2022-07-13 |title=Toronto Carnival Guide 2022: Fetes, shows, pop-ups and a parade |url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/toronto-carnival-guide-fetes-shows-pop-ups-and-a-parade-2022/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=NOW Toronto |language=en-CA}}</ref> The celebration usually features [[steelpan]] bands, other live music, DJs,<ref name=":13" /> as well as revelers using improvised musical instruments, [[Whistle|whistles]], and other music makers. Participants will occasionally cover themselves with mud, flour, [[baby powder]], or paint. Some participants dress to resemble evil spirits, such as devils of different colors, including the "Jab Jab".
Brooklyn, home to the largest West Indian population outside the Caribbean, began its own Carnival celebration in the late 1960s. Organized by the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA), the [[West Indian Day Parade]] is held annually on Labor Day Monday, attracting millions of participants who parade down central Brooklyn’s Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Ray |title=Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190656850 |location=New York |pages=84-111}}</ref> An early morning J’ouvert component was added to the celebration in the 1990s when steel pan man Earl King and community organizer Yvette Rennie formed J’ouvert City International. Featuring traditional steelbands (DJs and sound systems prohibited) and ole mas costumes, the Brooklyn J’ouvert attracts tens of thousands Carnival enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Ray |date=Summer–Autumn 1999 |title="J'ouvert in Brooklyn Carnival: Revitalizing Steel Pan and Ole Mas Traditions" |url=https://files.eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5826/2017/04/16143646/Jouvert.pdf |journal=Western Folklore |volume=58 |issue=3-4 |pages=255-277 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Ray |title=Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City |date=2019 |pages=207-234}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Trinidad Carnival]]
*[[List of Caribbean carnivals around the world|List of Caribbean Carnivals around the world]]
*[[:Category:Lists of festivals in North America|Lists of festivals in North America]]
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