International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Difference between revisions

Article
Talk

Content deleted Content added

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination"

Revision as of 01:03, 21 December 2022 edit 2601:548:4180:62b0:3da8:248:c048:f997 (talk) No edit summary ← Previous edit		Revision as of 15:37, 10 May 2024 edit undo HudecEmil (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users 3,962 edits Article 1 prohibits discrimination "against any particular nationality" Next edit →
(17 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown)
Line 1: {{Short description\|1969 United Nations ~~convention and~~ human rights instrument}} {{Redirect\|CERD\|the Indian organisation\|Centre for Ecology & Rural Development}} {{Good article}} Line 22: \| wikisource = }} [[Image:ICERD- members.~~PNG~~svg\|thumb\|alt=Membership of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination \|right\|400px\|Membership of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: {{legend\|#~~009A30~~00FF00\|Recognise competence under Article 14}} {{legend\|#~~006630~~008000\|Do not recognise competence under Article 14}} {{legend\|#FFFF00\|Signed but not ratified}} {{legend\|#~~9A0000~~800000\|Neither signed nor ratified}}]] The '''International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination''' ('''ICERD''') is a United Nations [[Treaty\|convention]]. A ~~third~~[[Three generations of human rights\|third-generation]] human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of [[racial discrimination]] and the promotion of understanding among all races.<ref name=Art2.1>{{harvnb\|ICERD\|loc=Article 2.1}}</ref> The Convention also requires its parties to criminalize [[hate speech]] and criminalize membership in racist organizations.<ref name=Art4>{{harvnb\|ICERD\|loc=Article 4}}</ref> The Convention also includes an individual complaints mechanism, effectively making it enforceable against its parties. This has led to the development of a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on 21 December 1965,<ref name=UNGA2106>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2106 (XX), 21 December 1965.</ref> and entered into force on 4 January 1969. As of July 2020, it has 88 countries as signatories and 182 countries as parties (including [[:wikt:accede\|accessions]] and successions).<ref name="UNTC-CERD">{{cite web\|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&clang=_en\|title=2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination \|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> Line 57: Distinctions made on the basis of [[citizenship]] (that is, between citizens and non-citizens) are specifically excluded from the definition, as are [[positive discrimination]] policies and other measures taken to redress imbalances and promote equality.<ref>{{harvnb\|ICERD\|loc=Articles 1.2 and 1.4}}</ref> This definition does not distinguish between discrimination based on [[ethnicity]] and discrimination based on [[Race (classification of human beings)\|race]], ~~even~~despite ~~though~~the following statement by [[Anthropology\|anthropologists]] in "the United ~~nations~~Nations ~~economic~~Economic and ~~security~~Social ~~council,~~Council.<!--what happened here?--> {{quote\| 6. National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups; and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Metraux\|first=A.\|date=1951\|title=United Nations Economic and Security Council, Statement by Experts on Problems of Race\|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1951.53.1.02a00370\|journal=American Anthropologist\|language=en\|volume=53\|issue=1\|pages=142–145\|doi=10.1525/aa.1951.53.1.02a00370\|issn=1548-1433}}</ref>}} The clear conclusion in the report is that Race and Ethnicity can be correlated, but must not get mixed up. The inclusion of descent specifically covers discrimination on the basis of [[caste]] and other forms of inherited status.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/f0902ff29d93de59c1256c6a00378d1f?Opendocument \|title=CERD General Recommendation No. 29: Art.1, par.1 of the Convention (Descent) \|access-date=2008-06-05 \|publisher=UN OHCHR \|date=1 November 2002 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213112032/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/f0902ff29d93de59c1256c6a00378d1f?Opendocument \|archive-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> Discrimination need not be strictly based on race or ethnicity for the Convention to apply. Rather, whether a particular action or policy discriminates is judged by its effects.<ref name="CERD-GC14">{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/d7bd5d2bf71258aac12563ee004b639e?Opendocument \|title=CERD General Recommendation No. 14: Definition of discrimination (Art.1, par.1) \|access-date=2008-06-05 \|publisher=UN OHCHR \|date=22 March 1993 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213111954/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/d7bd5d2bf71258aac12563ee004b639e?Opendocument \|archive-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> ~~Statement by experts on problems of race" clearly states that:~~ ~~"6. National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily~~ ~~coincide with racial groups; and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated~~ genetic connection with racial traits".<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Metraux\|first=A.\|date=1951\|title=United Nations Economic and Security Council, Statement by Experts on Problems of Race\|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1951.53.1.02a00370\|journal=American Anthropologist\|language=en\|volume=53\|issue=1\|pages=142–145\|doi=10.1525/aa.1951.53.1.02a00370\|issn=1548-1433}}</ref> The clear conclusion in the report is that Race and Ethnicity can be correlated, but must not get mixed up. The inclusion of descent specifically covers discrimination on the basis of [[caste]] and other forms of inherited status.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/f0902ff29d93de59c1256c6a00378d1f?Opendocument \|title=CERD General Recommendation No. 29: Art.1, par.1 of the Convention (Descent) \|access-date=2008-06-05 \|publisher=UN OHCHR \|date=1 November 2002 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213112032/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/f0902ff29d93de59c1256c6a00378d1f?Opendocument \|archive-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> Discrimination need not be strictly based on race or ethnicity for the Convention to apply. Rather, whether a particular action or policy discriminates is judged by its effects.<ref name="CERD-GC14">{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/d7bd5d2bf71258aac12563ee004b639e?Opendocument \|title=CERD General Recommendation No. 14: Definition of discrimination (Art.1, par.1) \|access-date=2008-06-05 \|publisher=UN OHCHR \|date=22 March 1993 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213111954/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/d7bd5d2bf71258aac12563ee004b639e?Opendocument \|archive-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> {{quote\|In seeking to determine whether an action has an effect contrary to the Convention, it will look to see whether that action has an unjustifiable disparate impact upon a group distinguished by race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin.<ref name="CERD-GC14"/>}} Line 77 ⟶ 66: === Prevention of discrimination === {{Main\|Anti-discrimination law\|Equality before the law\|Institutionalized discrimination}} '''Article 1''' of the Convention does not prohibit [[discrimination based on nationality]], citizenship or naturalization but prohibits discrimination "against any particular nationality".<ref>{{harvnb\|ICERD\|loc=Article 1.3}}</ref> '''Article 2''' of the Convention condemns racial discrimination and obliges parties to "undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms".<ref name=Art2.1 /> It also obliges parties to promote understanding among all races.<ref name=Art2.1/> To achieve this, the Convention requires that signatories: Line 166 ⟶ 157: All parties are required to submit regular reports to the Committee outlining the legislative, judicial, policy and other measures they have taken to give effect to the Convention. The first report is due within a year of the Convention entering into effect for that state; thereafter reports are due every two years or whenever the Committee requests.<ref>{{harvnb\|ICERD\|loc=Article 9}}</ref> The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the state party in the form of "concluding observations". On {{date\|10 August 2018}}, United Nations human rights experts expressed alarm over many credible reports that [[China]] had detained a million or more ethnic [[Uyghurs]] in [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/asia/china-xinjiang-un-uighurs.html\|title=U.N. Panel Confronts China Over Reports That It Holds a Million Uighurs in Camps\| work=The New York Times \|date=10 August 2018\| access-date=10 August 2018\|last1=Cumming-Bruce\|first1=Nick}}</ref> [[Gay McDougall]], a member of the Committee, said that "In the name of combating religious extremism, China had turned Xinjiang into something resembling a massive internment camp, shrouded in secrecy, a sort of no-rights zone."<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/credible-reports-china-holds-1-million-uighurs-in-massive-internment-camp-un-1.3592570\|title=Credible reports China holds 1 million Uighurs in 'massive internment camp' – UN\| newspaper=The Irish Times \| access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> On {{date\|13 August 2019}}, the Committee considered the first report submitted by the Palestinian Authority. A number of experts questioned the delegation regarding [[antisemitism]], particularly in textbooks.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-anti-racism-panel-palestinians-school-book-hate\|title=UN anti-racism panel challenges Palestinians on alleged 'schoolbook hate'\|last=Kaplan\|first=Talia\|date=2019-08-14\|website=Fox News\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> Silvio José Albuquerque e Silva (Brazil) also raised evidence of discrimination against Roma and other minorities, the status of women, and oppression of the LGBT community.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Palestinians-revive-charge-Zionism-is-racism-at-UN-hearing-598598\|title=Palestinians revive charge Zionism is racism at U.N. hearing – Arab-Israeli Conflict – Jerusalem Post\|website=www.jpost.com\|date=15 August 2019 \|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> The Committee's report<ref>Report on the Palestinian Authority by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial [https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/PSE/CERD_C_PSE_CO_1-2_36938_E.pdf Discrimination] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922150723/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%2520Documents/PSE/CERD_C_PSE_CO_1-2_36938_E.pdf \|date=22 September 2019 }}</ref> of 30 August 2019 reflected these concerns.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-un-panel-calls-on-palestinians-to-halt-hate-speech-against-israelis/\|title=In first, UN panel calls on Palestinians to halt hate speech against Israelis\|last=staff\|first=T. O. I.\|website=www.timesofisrael.com\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> On {{date\|23 April 2018}} Palestine filed an inter-state complaint against Israel for breaches of its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).<ref name=":0">{{cite news\|url=https://embassies.gov.il/UnGeneva/NewsAndEvents/MediaStatements/Pages/20180504-Israel-reacts-to-the-CERD-Committee-statement.aspx\|title=Israel reacts to the CERD Committee's statement\|date=14 May 2018\|publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs\|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Lazaroff\|first=Tovah\|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/palestinians-revive-charge-zionism-is-racism-at-un-hearing-598598\|title=Palestinians revive charge Zionism is racism at U.N. hearing\|date=15 August 2019\|work=The Jerusalem Post\|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> On 4 and 5 December 2019, the Committee considered the report submitted by Israel and in its conclusions of 12 December<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CERD_COC_ISR_40809_E.pdf\|title=Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth reports of Israel\|date=12 December 2019\|website=CERD\|access-date=26 December 2019\|archive-date=2 January 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102015445/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%2520Documents/ISR/INT_CERD_COC_ISR_40809_E.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> noted that it is worried about "existing discriminatory legislation, the segregation of Israeli society into Jewish and non-Jewish sectors" and other complaints." The Committee also decided that it has jurisdiction regarding the inter-State communication submitted by the State of Palestine on 23 April 2018 against the State of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25429&LangID=E\|title=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination publishes findings on Cambodia, Colombia, Ireland, Israel and Uzbekistan\|date=13 December 2019\|website=UN OHCHR\|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by alleging bias by the committee members, noting that their "blatant anti-Israel posture, and reckless disregard for the welfare of Israelis, is a shocking neglect of the duties of the CERD Committee to act with impartiality and objectivity."<ref name=":0" /> The Committee typically meets every March and August in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/sessions.htm \|title=Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination – Sessions \|access-date=2008-06-03 \|publisher=UN OHCHR \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517091901/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/sessions.htm \|archive-date=17 May 2008 }}</ref> The current (as{{As of ~~June 2021~~\|2024\|02\|lc=y}}) membership of the Committee is:<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cerd/pages/membership.aspx\|title=Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination – Membership\|publisher=UN OHCHR}}</ref> {{update after\|~~2022~~2026\|1\|19}} {\| class="wikitable" ! Name of Member Line 181 ⟶ 172: ! Term expires \|- \| Mr. ~~Noureddine~~Noureddin Amir▼ ~~\| Mr. Silvio José Albuquerque e Silva~~ \| {{flag\|Brazil}}▼ ~~\| 2022~~ \|-▼ ~~\| Ms. Sheikha Abdulla Ali Al-Misnad~~ \| {{flag\|Qatar}}▼ ~~\| 2024~~ \|-▼ ▲\| Mr. Noureddine Amir \| {{flag\|Algeria}} \| ~~2022~~2026 \|- \| ~~[[Marc Bossuyt\|~~Mr. ~~Marc~~Michal ~~Bossuyt]]~~Balcerzak (Vice-chairperson) \| {{flag\|~~Belgium~~Poland}} \| ~~2022~~2026 \|- \| Mr. Michael Boker-Wilson \| Ms. Chinsung Chung <!-- 정진성; 鄭鎭星 -->▼ \| {{flag\|~~South Korea~~Liberia}} \| ~~2022~~2028 ▲\|- ▲\| Ms. Chinsung Chung <!-- 정진성; 鄭鎭星 --> (Vice-chairperson) \| {{flag\|Republic of Korea}} \| 2026 \|- \| Mr. Bakari Sidiki Diaby \| {{flag\|Côte ~~d'Ivoire~~d’Ivoire}} \| ~~2022~~2026 ▲\|- \| Ms. Régine Esseneme \| {{flag\|Cameroon}} \| 2026 \|- \| Mr. ~~Ibrahima~~Jian ~~Guisse~~Guan ▲\| {{flag\|~~Brazil~~China}} \| 2028 \|-▼ \| MsMr. ~~[[Rita~~Ibrahima ~~Izsák-Ndiaye]]~~Guisse (Rapporteur)▼ \| {{flag\|Senegal}} \| ~~2024~~2028 \|- \| Mr. Chrispine Gwalawala Sibande ▲\| Ms. [[Rita Izsák-Ndiaye]] (Rapporteur) \| {{flag\|~~Hungary~~Malawi}} \| ~~2022~~2028 ▲\|- ~~\| Ms. Keiko Kō <!-- 洪恵子 -->~~ ▲\| {{flag\|Japan}} ~~\| 2022~~ \|- \| Mr. Gün Kut \| {{flag\|Turkey}} \| ~~2022~~2026 \|- \| Ms. Gay McDougall ~~\| Ms. Yanduan Li (Chairperson) <!-- 李燕端 -->~~ \| {{flag\|~~China~~United States of America}} \| ~~2024~~2026 \|- \| Mr. Vadili Rayess \| {{flag\|Mauritania}} \| ~~2024~~2028 \|- \| [[Verene Albertha Shepherd\|Ms. Verene Albertha Shepherd]] (~~Vice-chairperson~~Chairperson)▼ ~~\| Mr. Mehrdad Payandeh~~ ~~\| {{flag\|Germany}}~~ ~~\| 2024~~ \|-▼ ▲\| [[Verene Albertha Shepherd\|Ms. Verene Albertha Shepherd]] (Vice-chairperson) \| {{flag\|Jamaica}} \| ~~2024~~2028 \|- \| Ms. Stamatia Stavrinaki ~~Stamatia~~(Vice-chairperson) \| {{flag\|Greece}} \| ~~2024~~2028 ▲\|- \| Ms. Mazalo Tebie ▲\| {{flag\|~~Qatar~~Togo}} \| 2026 \|- \| [[Pansy Tlakula\|Ms. Faith Dikeledi Pansy Tlakula]] \| {{flag\|South Africa}} \| ~~2024~~2028 \|- \| Mr. Abderrahman Tlemcani ~~\| Mr. Eduardo Ernesto Vega Luna~~ \| {{flag\|~~Peru~~Morocco}} \| ~~2024~~2028 \|- \| [[Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen\|Mr. Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen]] ~~(Vice-chairperson)~~ \| {{flag\|Mauritius}} \| ~~2022~~2026 \|} Line 275 ⟶ 266: * {{cite book \|first=Natán \|last=Lérner \|title=The U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: A Commentary \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Q0KjQVDm0C \|date=1980 \|publisher=Sijthoff & Noordhoff International \|isbn=90-286-0160-0 }} * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cerd/cerd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the ''International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law] * {{cite book \|first1=Christen \|last1=Broecker \|first2=Michael \|last2=O’Flaherty \|title=The Outcome of the General Assembly's Treaty Body Strengthening Process: An Important Milestone on a Longer Journey \|date=2014 \|~~work~~type=Policy Brief \|publisher=Universal Rights Group \|url=https://www.universal-rights.org/urg-policy-reports/the-outcome-of-the-general-assemblys-treaty-body-strengthening-process-an-important-milestone-on-a-longer-journey/ \|isbn=978-2-9700961-1-5}} * {{cite web \|url=https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Sicilianos_HR.html \|first=Linos-Alexander \|last=Sicilianos \|title=The Application of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Challenges Ahead \|work=Audiovisual Library of International Law \|publisher=United Nations}} Line 282 ⟶ 273: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en List of parties] * [http://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cerd/pages/cerdindex.aspx Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] * [http://www.worldcourts.com/cerd/eng/index.htm Decisions of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030120616/http://www.worldcourts.com/cerd/eng/index.htm \|date=30 October 2019 }} * [http://www.bayefsky.com/docs.php/area/jurisprudence/node/3/treaty/cerd/opt/0 CERD jurisprudence]