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{{short description|A landlockedLandlocked body of water that contains concentrations of salts greater than the sea}}
[[File:Lake Assal 3-Djibouti.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]], one of the most saline lakelakes outside of Antarctica]]
 
{{water salinity}}A '''hypersaline lake''' is a landlocked [[body of water]] that contains significant [[concentration]]s of [[sodium chloride]], or[[brine]]s, and other [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]], with [[saline water|saline]] levels surpassing that of [[ocean water]] (3.5%, i.e. {{convert|35|g/L|lb/USgal|disp=or}}).
 
Specific microbial andspecies crustacean speciescan thrive in these high-salinity environments<ref name=Hammer1986/> that are inhospitable to most lifeforms,<ref name=Vreeland/> including some that are thought to contribute to the colour of [[pink lake]]s.<ref name=cassella>{{cite web | last=Cassella | first=Carly | title=How an Australian lake turned bubble-gum pink | website=Australian Geographic | date=13 December 2016 | url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2016/12/australias-pink-lakes/ | access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=ie2018>{{cite web | last=McFadden | first=Christopher | title=Lake Hillier: Australia's Pink Lake and the Story Behind It | website=Interesting Engineering | date=24 July 2018 | url=https://interestingengineering.com/lake-hillier-australias-pink-lake-and-the-story-behind-it | access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> Some of these species enter a dormant state when [[Desiccation|desiccated]], and some species are thought to survive for over 250 million years.<ref name=Vreeland/> The water of hypersaline lakes has great buoyancy due to its high salt content.
 
The water of hypersaline lakes has great [[buoyancy]] due to its high salt content.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=How It Works|date=2014-04-10|title=Can you float in the Great Salt Lake?|url=https://www.howitworksdaily.com/can-you-float-in-the-dead-sea/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=How It Works|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The most saline water body in the world is the [[Don Juan Pond]], located in the [[McMurdo Dry Valleys]] in [[Antarctica]]. Its volume is some 3,000 cubic meters, but is constantly changing. The Don Juan Pond has a salinity level of over 44%,<ref name=Marion97/> (i.e. 12 times as salty as ocean water). Its high salinity prevents the Don Juan from freezing even when temperatures are below {{convert|-50|C|F}}.<ref name=Marion97/> There are larger hypersaline water bodies, lakes in the [[McMurdo Dry Valleys]] such as [[Lake Vanda]] with salinity of over 35% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water). They are covered with ice in the [[Winter|winter]].
 
Hypersaline lakes are found on every continent, especially in [[arid]] or [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid regions]].<ref name=Hammer1986/>
The most [[Salt lake|saline lake]] outside of Antarctica is [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]],<ref name=Quinn2015/> in [[Djibouti]], which has a salinity of 34.8% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water). Probably the best-known hypersaline lakes are the [[Dead Sea]] (34.2% salinity in 2010) and the [[Great Salt Lake]] in the state of [[Utah]], USA (5–27% variable salinity). The Dead Sea, dividing [[Israel]] and the Palestinian West Bank from [[Jordan]], is the world's deepest hypersaline lake, and the [[Araruama Lagoon]] in [[Brazil]] is the world's largest.<ref name=EncBr1986/> The Great Salt Lake, located in [[Utah]], while having nearly three times the surface area of the Dead Sea, is shallower and experiences much greater fluctuations in salinity. At its lowest recorded levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than that of the ocean.<ref name=Wilkerson/><ref name=Allred/><ref name=Kjeldsen/>▼
 
HypersalineIn lakesthe are found on every continent[[Arctic]], especiallythe in arid or semi-arid regions.<ref name=Hammer1986/> TheCanadian [[Devon Ice Cap]] contains two [[subglacial lake]]s that are hypersaline.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Muzyka|first1=Kyle|title=Super salty lakes discovered in Canadian Arctic could provide window into life beyond Earth|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/university-alberta-scientist-subglacial-lakes-canada-arctic-1.4614626|accessdateaccess-date=11 April 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|date=11 April 2018}}</ref> In [[Antarctica]], there are larger hypersaline water bodies, lakes in the [[McMurdo Dry Valleys]] such as [[Lake Vanda]] with salinity of over 35% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
 
▲The most saline water body in the world is the [[Gaet'ale Pond]], located in the [[Danakil Depression]] in [[Afar Region|Afar]], Ethiopia. The water of Gaet'ale Pond has a [[salinity]] of 43%, making it the [[list of bodies of water by salinity|saltiest water body on Earth]]<ref name=perez>{{cite journal|last1=Perez|first1=Eduardo|last2=Chebude |first2=Yonas |title=Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale, a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression (Ethiopia): New Record for the Most Saline Water Body on Earth|journal=Aquatic Geochemistry|date=April 2017|volume=23|issue=2 |pages=109–117|doi=10.1007/s10498-017-9312-z|bibcode=2017AqGeo..23..109P |s2cid=132715553}}</ref> (i.e. 12 times as salty as ocean water). Previously, it was considered that the most [[Salt lake|saline lake]] outside of Antarctica iswas [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]],<ref name=Quinn2015/> in [[Djibouti]], which has a salinity of 34.8% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water). Probably the best-known hypersaline lakes are the [[Dead Sea]] (34.2% salinity in 2010) and the [[Great Salt Lake]] in the state of [[Utah]], USAUS (5–27% variable salinity). The [[Dead Sea]], dividing [[Israel]] and the Palestinian [[West Bank]] from [[Jordan]], is the world's deepest hypersaline lake, and the [[Araruama Lagoon]] in [[Brazil]] is the world's largest.<ref name=EncBr1986/> The Great Salt Lake, located in [[Utah]], while having nearly three times the surface area of the Dead Sea, is shallower and experiences much greater fluctuations in salinity. At its lowest recorded water levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than that of the ocean.<ref name=Wilkerson/><ref name=Allred/><ref name=Kjeldsen/>
 
==See also==
* {{annotated link|Brine pool}}
* {{annotated link|Halocline}}
* [[Halophile]] – organism that thrives in high salt concentrations
* {{annotated link|Halophile}}
* {{annotated link|[[List of bodies of water by salinity}}]]
* {{annotated link|Salt[[Pink lake}}]]
* [[Salt lake]] – one with a concentration of salts and minerals significantly higher than most lakes
* {{portal-inline|Lakes}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Hammer1986>{{cite book |last=Hammer |first=Ulrich T. |title=Saline lake ecosystems of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdvPFm6SyoC&pg=PA315&dqq=Lovenula&eipg=KkFMSZHSGqWQkATs0cSSDw#PPA39,M1PA315 |year=1986 |publisher=Springer |isbn=90-6193-535-0}}</ref>
<ref name=Vreeland>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Vreeland |firstfirst1=R.H. |last2=Rosenzweig |first2=W.D. |last3=Powers |first3=D.W. |year=2000 |title=Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal |journal=Nature |volume=407 |pages=897–900 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v407/n6806/abs/407897a0.html |doi=10.1038/35038060 |pmid=11057666 |issue=6806|lastbibcode=2000Natur.407..897V |s2cid=9879073 |name-authorlist-ampstyle=yesamp}}</ref>
<ref name=Marion97>{{cite journal |first=G.M. |last=Marion |title=A theoretical evaluation of mineral stability in Don Juan Pond, Wright Valley, Victoria Land |journal=Antarctic Science |volume=9 |pages=92–99 |year=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0954102097000114 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=220255}}</ref>
<ref name=Quinn2015>{{cite book |editor-last1=Quinn |editor-first1=Joyce A. |editor-last2=Woodward |editor-first2=Susan L.|title=Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features &#91;2 volumes&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |year=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-446-9 |page=9}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name=EncBr1986>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Goetz |editor-first=P.W. |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |volume=3 |page=937 |year=1986}}</ref> -->
<ref name=Wilkerson>{{cite web|first=Christine |last=Wilkerson |url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg9.htm |title=Utah's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville, PI39 – Utah Geological Survey |publisher=Geology.utah.gov |accessdateaccess-date=2010-08-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815024315/http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg9.htm |archivedatearchive-date=2010-08-15 }}</ref>
<ref name=Allred>{{cite web | url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/hypersaline/index.html |title=Microbial life in hypersaline environments |lastlast1=Allred |firstfirst1=Ashley |last2=Baxter |first2=Bonnie |publisher=Science Education Resource Center at [[Carleton College]] |accessdateaccess-date=2010-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name=Kjeldsen>{{cite journal | pmid=17367515 | title=Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria from an extreme hypersaline sediment, Great Salt Lake (Utah) |last1=Kjeldsen |first1=K.U. |last2=Loy |first2=A. |last3=Jakobsen |first3=T.F. |last4=Thomsen |first4=T.R. |last5=Wagner |first5=M. |last6=Ingvorsen |first6=K. |publisher=[[U.S. National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health]] |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00288.x |volume=60 |issue=2 |date=May 2007 |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. |pages=287–298 |display-authors=4|doi-access=free | bibcode=2007FEMME..60..287K }}</ref>
}}
 
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