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As the [[Great Depression]] worsened in the 1930s, [[antisemitism]] began to rise even though Poland was home to over three million Jews (10 per cent of Poland's population), the largest Jewish population in Europe at the time. The impoverished Jewish families relied on their own local charities, which by 1929 had reached unprecedented proportions, providing services such as religion, education, health and other services to the value of 200 million [[złoty]] a year,<ref>Joseph Marcus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=82ncGA4GuN4C ''Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939''], p. 47.</ref> thanks in part to Jewish ''[[per capita]]'' income among the working Jews more than 40% higher than that of Polish non-Jews.<ref>[[Yehuda Bauer]]: A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929-1939'' (1983) Chapter 1. A Time of Crisis: 1929-1932.</ref>
From the 1920s the Polish government excluded Jews from receiving government bank credits, public sector employment, and obtaining business licenses. From the 1930s limits were placed on Jewish enrollment in university education, Jewish shops, Jewish export firms, [[Shechita]], Jewish admission to the medical and legal professions, Jews in business associations, etc. While in 1921-22 25% of students were Jews, by 1938-9 the proportion went down to 8%. The far-right [[National Democracy]] (Endeks) organized anti-Jewish boycotts. Following the death of Poland's ruler [[Józef Piłsudski]] in 1935, the Endeks intensified their efforts which lead to violence in a few cases pogroms in smaller towns. In 1937 the Endeks passed resolutions that "its main aim and duty must be to remove the Jews from all spheres of social, economic, and cultural life in Poland". The government in response organized the [[Camp of National Unity]] (OZON), which in 1938 took control of the Polish parliament. The Polish parliament then drafted anti-Jewish legislation similar to [[Anti-Jewish laws]] in Germany, Hungary, and Romania. OZON advocated mass emigration of Jews from Poland, boycott of Jews, [[Numerus clausus#Poland|numerus clausus]] (see also [[Ghetto benches]]), and other limitation on Jewish rights.At
====Minority rights====
At the insistence of President [[Woodrow Wilson]], the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]] required Poland to sign a treaty on June 28, 1919 that guaranteed minority rights in the new nation. Poland signed under protest as Germany was not required to sign the treaty and the rights of Polish people in Germany were not protected,<ref>Kultura fizyczna mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce w latach 1918-1939 Tomasz Jurek
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