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{{short description|Science funding in Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=NovemberFebruary 20122021}}
The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[European Union]]/[[European Commission]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''.
 
The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Horizon 2020Europe]], hadhas a budget of 7795.5 billion Euros to be distributed over 7 years.
 
The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In Horizon 2020, the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies.
 
==Background==
Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Amsterdam Treaty]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by Commission civil servants that are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. E.g. to advise the [[European Commission]] on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm |title=ISTAG website |publisher=Cordis.lu |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
==The framework programmes==
The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods,; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) ononward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below.<ref>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[European Currency Unit]]s; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros.
 
{| class="wikitable"
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| FP1 || First<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8
|-
| FP2 || Second<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24/10/ October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4
|-
| FP3 || Third<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6
|-
| FP4 || Fourth<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18/05/ May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2
|-
| FP5 || Fifth<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0
|-
| FP6 || Sixth<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29/08/ August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3
|-
| FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[European Atomic Energy Community|Euratom]] over five years<ref name="fp7">{{cite web |url= http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html |title= How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief |publisher= European Commission |access-date=31 July 2011 }}</ref>
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| FP8 || [[Horizon 2020]] (Eighth)<ref>{{cite web|last=Cordis|title=The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607|title=Research and innovation funding: making a real difference|date=2016|website=European Commission|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| FP9|| [[Horizon Europe]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Cordis|title=The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 AugAugust 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || not defined yet95.5<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/rapidinfo/pressresearch-release_IPand-19innovation/funding/funding-1676_en.htmopportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_en | title=EUHorizon budgetEurope for}}</ref><ref>{{cite 2021-2027:web Commission| welcomesurl=https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ provisional| agreementtitle=What on Horizon Europe,is the futurebudget EUof researchHorizon andEurope? innovation programme|date=2019|website=European Commission|access-date=156 AugMay 2021 2019}}</ref>
|}
 
{{Further|European Steel Technology Platform|European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry|European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration}}
 
==Funding instruments==
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* Integrating Project (IP)
** Medium- to large-sized collaborative research projects funded in FP6 and FP7. They are composed of a minimum of three partners coming from three countries from [[Associated state]]s but can join several tens of partners. The typical duration of such projects is three to five years but there is not a defined upper limit. The budget granted by the Commission can reach several tens of million euros, paid as a fraction of the actual costs spent by the participants.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cordis.europa.eu/fp6/instr_ip.htm |title= CORDIS Archive : CORDIS FP6: What is FP6: Instruments: Integrated Projects |website= Cordis.europa.eu |access-date= 2016-12-27}}</ref>
** IPs specifically aim at fostering European competitiveness in [[basic research]] and [[applied science]] with a focus on "addressing major needs in society" defined by the Priority Themes of the Framework Programme. Like STRePs ''(see below)'', IPs ask for a strong participation of [[Small and Medium-sized Enterprise|small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)]] to ascertain the translation of research results into commercially viable products or services.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/documentlibrary/66622311EN6.pdf |title= Provisions for Implementing Integrated Projects |formataccess-date= PDF29 November 2011|accessarchive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110521032723/http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/documentlibrary/66622311EN6.pdf|archive-date= 2921 NovemberMay 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref>{{qn|date=September 2017}}
* Network of Excellence (NoE)
** Medium-sized research projects co-funded by the European Commission in FP6 and FP7. These projects are "designed to strengthen scientific and technological excellence on a particular research topic through the durable integration of the research capacities of the participants."<ref>{{cite web
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| publisher= [[European Commission]]
}}</ref>
** NoE projects require the minimum participation of three EU member-nations, however, projectsthe are usuallycommission expected{{by whom|date=Septemberprojects 2017}}would tousually involve at least six countries.<ref name="pdf">[http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/documentlibrary/66621951EN6.pdf "Provisions for Implementing Networks of Excellence"], cordis.europa.eu. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201013625/http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/documentlibrary/66621951EN6.pdf |date=1 December 2011 }}. Retrieved 25 June 2009</ref> Projects are provided grants for a maximum of seven years. The budget granted by the Commission is €1–6&nbsp;million per year depending upon the number of researchers involved.<ref name="pdf"/>
** An NoE project should not strictly be considered as a research project, since its aim is not to conduct research, but rather to contribute to the clarification of the concepts in the covered field.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
* Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP)
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| title = OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2008
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AfvVAgAAQBAJ
| date = 24 October 2008
| series = OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook
| publisher = OECD Publishing
| publication-date = 2008
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| quote = Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) [...] are initiatives emerging from European technology platforms and are financed partly by FP7 funds and by industry.
}}
</ref> A specific action was the FIRST project, to foster cooperation in the area of internet technologies through the [[European-Latin American Technology Platforms]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=FIRST: Platform technology between Europe and Latin America — OVTT |url=https://www.ovtt.org/en/first-platform-technology-between-europe-and-latin-america/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
</ref>
 
===Horizon 2020===
[[File:Horizon 2020 Logo.png|alt=The Horizon 2020 logo, a European Union framework programme.|thumb|The Horizon 2020 logo, a European Union framework programme.]]
Horizon 2020 iswas the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".
 
The programme runsran from 2014–202014 to 2020 and providesprovided an estimated [[€]]80 billion of funding,<ref name="grove">{{cite magazine|last=Grove|first=Jack|title='Triple miracle' sees huge rise in EU funds for frontier research|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/416952.article|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|access-date=16 March 2014|date=2011}}</ref><ref name="amos">{{cite webnews|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|title=Horizon 2020: UK launch for EU's £67bn research budget|work=BBC News |date=31 January 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25961243|publisher=BBC|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> an increase of 23 per cent on the previous phase.<ref name="rabesandratana">{{cite web|last=Rabesandratana|first=Tania|title=E.U. Leaders Agree on Science Budget|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/funding/2013/06/e.u.-leaders-agree-science-budget|publisher=ScienceInsider|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> The ERC, as one component of H2020, funded 6,707 research projects worth a total of €13.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erc.europa.eu/news/mapping-ERC-frontier-research|access-date=18 July 2022|title=ERC reveals mapping of its funded research}}</ref>
From 2013 to 2020 the EU’s European Research Council assigned to UK scientists €1.7bn in grants, more than any other country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/the-uk-must-stay-in-the-eus-horizon-research-programme/|title=The UK must stay in the EU's Horizon research programme|date=September 1, 2022|publisher=[[Physics World]]}}</ref>
 
Horizon 2020 providesprovided grants to research and innovation projects through open and competitive calls for proposals. Legal entities from any country arewere eligible to submit project proposals to these calls. Participation from outside the European Union iswas explicitly encouraged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-3cpart_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=Horizon 2020 |website=Ec.europa.eu |access-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124171958/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-3cpart_en.pdf|archive-date=2014-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Participants from European Union member states and countries associated to Horizon 2020 arewere automatically fundedfundable.
 
Horizon 2020 supportssupported [[Openopen access]] to research results,.<ref name="openaccess">{{cite web|title=Fact sheet: Open Access in Horizon 2020|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/horizon2020/files/FactSheet_Open_Access.pdf|publisher=European Commission|access-date=19 March 2014|date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421013333/https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/horizon2020/files/FactSheet_Open_Access.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> inProjects ordersuch toas createthe greater[[European efficiency,Processor improveInitiative]] transparencywere andbeneficiaries accelerateof innovationHorizon 2020.<ref name="guideopenaccess">{{citeCite web|titlelast=GuidelinesOliver|first=Peckham|date=18 onSeptember Open2020|title=European Access to ScientificCommission PublicationsDeclares and€8 ResearchBillion DataInvestment in Horizon 2020Supercomputing|url=httphttps://ecwww.europahpcwire.eucom/research2020/participants09/data18/european-commission-declares-e8-billion-investment-in-supercomputing/|website=HPC Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Virtual reality at the service of healthcare |url=https:/h2020/grants_manualec.europa.eu/hieasme/oa_piloten/h2020news/virtual-hireality-oaservice-pilot-guide_en.pdfhealthcare |publisherwebsite=EASME - European Commission |access-date=1930 March 20142021 |language=en |date=8 March 2017}}</ref>
 
Horizon 2020 willhas bebeen succeeded by [[Horizon Europe]] in 2021.
 
==== Objective and pillars ====
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* The first pillar, "Excellent Science", focuses on basic science. It has a budget of 24 billion euro.
* The second pillar is "Industrial Leadership", with a budget of 14 billion euro. It is managed by [[Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs|DG Enterprise]] and based on [[Europe 2020]] and Innovation Union strategies. The goal is to find ways to modernize European industries that have suffered from a fragmented European market.
* The third pillar funds potential solutions to social and economic problems, "Societal challenges" (SC). The goal is implementation of solutions, less on technology development.
 
The structure follows the previous framework programme (FP7, 2007–132007–2013) to the level of the sub-programmes under the pillars.
 
Horizon 2020 is also implementing the [[European environmental research and innovation policy]], which is aimed at defining and turning into reality a transformative agenda for greening the economy and the society as a whole so as to achieve a truly [[sustainable development]].
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The framework programme is implemented by the [[European Commission]], the executive body of the [[European Union]]. More specifically, it is implemented by various agencies, including:
 
* [[Directorate-General|Directorate-Generals]]s (DGs)
** [[Directorate-General for Research and Innovation]]
** [[Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology]]
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==== Associated countries ====
Associated countries have signed an association agreement for the purposes of this framework programme. To date, 14 countries are associated to Horizon 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Associated Countries|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-list-ac_en.pdf|access-date=2016-12-27|website=Ec.europa.eu|formatarchive-url=PDFhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140506015249/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-list-ac_en.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Participants from European Union member states and countries associated to Horizon 2020 are automatically funded.
 
[[Switzerland]] is considered as "partly associated" due to the [[2014 Swiss referendums|2014 referendums]] held by [[Switzerland]], which free movement of workers between Switzerland and the EU was limited. Swiss organisationsorganizations continue to be active participants in Horizon 2020, however, their participation is sometimes covered by national funding.
 
[[Israel]] is an "associated country" toof Horizon 2020. A central point of negotiation was the funding toof projects beyond the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]].<ref name="elis">{{cite news|last=Elis|first=Niv|date=2014|title=Israel joins 77 billion euro Horizon 2020 R&D program|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business/Business-News/Israel-joins-77-billion-euro-Horizon-2020-R-and-D-program-340233|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> Israel published its views in an Appendix to the official documents.
 
[[Armenia]] gained the status of associated country and Armenian researchers and organizations can participate in all Horizon programs on equal footing with EU member states.<ref>{{cite news|title=The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020|url=https://eenarmenia.am/en/content/horizon2020/|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>
 
==Illustrative projects==
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IMPETUS ('''I'''nformation '''M'''anagement '''P'''ortal to '''E'''nable the in'''T'''egration of '''U'''nmanned '''S'''ystems) is addressing the scientific analysis of information management requirements for a safe and efficient integration of [[Unmanned Aerial Systems|unmanned aerial systems]] (UAS) in very low level airspace. As a result, technologically and commercially feasible service solutions are elaborated and deployed in an experimental testing environment.
 
The expected growth of future UAS movements in rural as well as urban areas indicates the need for traffic management solutions, ensuring a normal course of trouble free operations of manned as well as unmanned aviation.<ref>{{Cite webbook|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/93d90664-28b3-11e7-ab65-01aa75ed71a1/language-en|title=European drones outlook study : unlocking the value for Europe.|last=Union|first=Publications Office of the European|date=2017-04-21|publisher=Publications Office|language=en|doi=10.2829/085259|access-dateisbn=2017-12-139789292160821 }}</ref> IMPETUS contributes by investigating potential [[microservices]] that serve the airspace user's needs in all phases of the operation life cycle, from strategical planning over pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight data provision. Since [[information management]] is an infrastructural prerequisite of future unmanned traffic systems, the results support the European goal to gain in prosperity by means of the job and business opportunities of an emerging drone service market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/drones-warsaw-declaration.pdf|title=Warsaw Declaration: "Drones as a leverage for jobs and new business opportunities"|date=2016-11-24|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129031517/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/drones-warsaw-declaration.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Ensuring a scalable, flexible and cost efficient system, IMPETUS proposes the application of the [[Function as a Service]] paradigm and Smart Concepts. Concurrently, data quality and integrity is taken into account to guarantee a safe conduct of all operations. To fulfil these purposes, the project started to characterize data processes and services of vital importance for drone operations. Following the requirements derived from this preliminary studies, a Smart UTM Design is drafted in alignment with the U-Space concept, which describes a framework for a progressive implementation of services to “enable"enable complex drone operations with a high degree of automation to take place in all types of operational environments, including urban areas".”<ref>{{Cite journalbook|date=2017-11-21|others=SESAR Joint Undertaking|title=U-space : blueprint.|publisher=Publications Office|url=http://publications.europa.eu/publication/manifestation_identifier/PUB_MG0417617ENN|language=en|doi=10.2829/335092|isbn=9789292160876 }}</ref> Subsequently, specific microservices will be prototyped and laboratory scale tested in a server-less cloud-based environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://impetus-research.eu/impetusapproach/|title=IMPETUS - Information Management Portal to Enable the Integration of Unmanned Systems|date=2017-11-20|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014555/http://impetus-research.eu/impetusapproach/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
On behalf of the [[SESAR Joint Undertaking]], IMPETUS is carried out from 2017 –to 2019 by a multinational consortium of key stakeholders in unmanned aviation:
 
Altitude Angel (UK), Boeing Research and Technology Europe (ES), C-Astral (SI), CRIDA (ES), INECO (ES), Jeppesen (DE) and the [[Technische Universität Darmstadt|Technical University of Darmstadt]] (DE).
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A network of Open Access repositories, archives and journals that support Open Access policies. The '''OpenAIRE Consortium''' is a [[#Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]] (FP8) project, aimed to support the implementation of the [[European Council|EC]] and [[European Research Council|ERC]] [[Open Access]] policies.
 
{{quoteblockquote|Its successor OpenAIREplus is aimed at linking the aggregated research publications to the accompanying research and project information, datasets and author information.
Open access to scientific peer reviewed publications has evolved from a pilot project with limited scope in FP7 to an underlying principle in the Horizon 2020 funding scheme, obligatory for all H2020 funded projects.
The goal is to make as much European funded research output as possible available to all, via the OpenAIRE portal.
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The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness<ref>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness.<ref>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref>
 
In 2010, the [[Austrian Research Promotion Agency]] launched a petition calling for a simplification of administrative procedures, which attracted over 13,000 signatories.<ref>{{cite web |title= Cerexhe receives petition for the simplification of administrative procedures for researchers |url= http://eupan.eu/en/news/show/&tid=323 |access-date= 16 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140116183508/http://eupan.eu/en/news/show/%26tid%3D323 |archive-date= 16 January 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The numerous other criticisms of the petitioners were later distilled into a [[green paper]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Green Paper ''"From Challenges to Opportunities: Towards a Common Strategic Framework for EU Research and Innovation funding"''|url=http://rp7.ffg.at/upload/medialibrary/Austria_FFG_Position_GreenPaper_CSF_2011.pdf|publisher=Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), Vienna|date=May 2011|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401085103/http://rp7.ffg.at/upload/medialibrary/Austria_FFG_Position_GreenPaper_CSF_2011.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Horizon 2020]], there are significant simplifications: e.g. fewer funding rates (increasing the funding rates of the large companies), less reporting, less auditing, shorter time from proposal to project kick-off. In a ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' article in December 2020, Horizon 2020 is praised for being less bureaucratic than past framework programmes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abbott|first=Alison|date=2020-12-16|title=Farewell to Europe’sEurope's Horizon 2020|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03516-6|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=588|issue=7838|pages=371–371371|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03516-6|pmid=33328670|bibcode=2020Natur.588..371A|s2cid=229300023}}</ref>
 
In 2021, the European Commission services introduced several simplifications in the new framework programme [[Horizon Europe]], to facilitate the work of the beneficiaries especially in the reporting phase.<ref>{{cite web |title=EU Funds simply explained |url=https://eufunds.me/ |website=EU Funds |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
 
==See also==
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