Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Science funding in Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[European Union]]/[[European Commission]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''.
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==Background==
Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Amsterdam Treaty]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by Commission civil servants that are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. E.g. to advise the [[European Commission]] on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm |title=ISTAG website |publisher=Cordis.lu |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==The framework programmes==
The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods
{| class="wikitable"
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| publisher= [[European Commission]]
}}</ref>
** NoE projects require the minimum participation of three EU member-nations, however,
** An NoE project should not strictly be considered as a research project, since its aim is not to conduct research, but rather to contribute to the clarification of the concepts in the covered field.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
* Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP)
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| title = OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2008
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AfvVAgAAQBAJ
| date = 24 October 2008
| publisher = OECD Publishing
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===Horizon 2020===
[[File:Horizon 2020 Logo.png|alt=The Horizon 2020 logo, a European Union framework programme.|thumb|The Horizon 2020 logo, a European Union framework programme.]]
Horizon 2020 was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".
The programme ran from 2014 to 2020 and provided an estimated [[€]]80 billion of funding,<ref name="grove">{{cite magazine|last=Grove|first=Jack|title='Triple miracle' sees huge rise in EU funds for frontier research|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/416952.article|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|access-date=16 March 2014|date=2011}}</ref><ref name="amos">{{cite news|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|title=Horizon 2020: UK launch for EU's £67bn research budget|work=BBC News |date=31 January 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25961243|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> an increase of 23 per cent on the previous phase.<ref name="rabesandratana">{{cite web|last=Rabesandratana|first=Tania|title=E.U. Leaders Agree on Science Budget|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/funding/2013/06/e.u.-leaders-agree-science-budget|publisher=ScienceInsider|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> The ERC, as one component of H2020, funded 6,707 research projects worth a total of €13.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erc.europa.eu/news/mapping-ERC-frontier-research|access-date=18 July 2022|title=ERC reveals mapping of its funded research}}</ref>
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Horizon 2020 provided grants to research and innovation projects through open and competitive calls for proposals. Legal entities from any country were eligible to submit project proposals to these calls. Participation from outside the European Union was explicitly encouraged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-3cpart_en.pdf|title=Horizon 2020 |website=Ec.europa.eu |access-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124171958/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/3cpart/h2020-hi-3cpart_en.pdf|archive-date=2014-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Participants from European Union member states and countries associated to Horizon 2020 were automatically fundable.
Horizon 2020 supported [[open access]] to research results.<ref name="openaccess">{{cite web|title=Fact sheet: Open Access in Horizon 2020|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/horizon2020/files/FactSheet_Open_Access.pdf|publisher=European Commission|access-date=19 March 2014|date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421013333/https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/horizon2020/files/FactSheet_Open_Access.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Projects such as the [[European Processor Initiative
Horizon 2020 has been succeeded by [[Horizon Europe]] in 2021.
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The expected growth of future UAS movements in rural as well as urban areas indicates the need for traffic management solutions, ensuring a normal course of trouble free operations of manned as well as unmanned aviation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/93d90664-28b3-11e7-ab65-01aa75ed71a1/language-en|title=European drones outlook study : unlocking the value for Europe.|last=Union|first=Publications Office of the European|date=2017-04-21|publisher=Publications Office|language=en|doi=10.2829/085259|isbn=9789292160821 }}</ref> IMPETUS contributes by investigating potential [[microservices]] that serve the airspace user's needs in all phases of the operation life cycle, from strategical planning over pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight data provision. Since [[information management]] is an infrastructural prerequisite of future unmanned traffic systems, the results support the European goal to gain in prosperity by means of the job and business opportunities of an emerging drone service market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/drones-warsaw-declaration.pdf|title=Warsaw Declaration: "Drones as a leverage for jobs and new business opportunities"|date=2016-11-24|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129031517/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/drones-warsaw-declaration.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Ensuring a scalable, flexible and cost efficient system, IMPETUS proposes the application of the [[Function as a Service]] paradigm and Smart Concepts. Concurrently, data quality and integrity is taken into account to guarantee a safe conduct of all operations. To fulfil these purposes, the project started to characterize data processes and services of vital importance for drone operations. Following the requirements derived from this preliminary studies, a Smart UTM Design is drafted in alignment with the U-Space concept, which describes a framework for a progressive implementation of services to "enable complex drone operations with a high degree of automation to take place in all types of operational environments, including urban areas".<ref>{{Cite book|date=2017-11-21|others=SESAR Joint Undertaking|title=U-space : blueprint.|publisher=Publications Office|url=http://publications.europa.eu/publication/manifestation_identifier/PUB_MG0417617ENN|language=en|doi=10.2829/335092|isbn=9789292160876 }}</ref> Subsequently, specific microservices will be prototyped and laboratory scale tested in a server-less cloud-based environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://impetus-research.eu/impetusapproach/|title=IMPETUS - Information Management Portal to Enable the Integration of Unmanned Systems|date=2017-11-20|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014555/http://impetus-research.eu/impetusapproach/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On behalf of the [[SESAR Joint Undertaking]], IMPETUS is carried out from 2017 to 2019 by a multinational consortium of key stakeholders in unmanned aviation:
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The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness<ref>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness.<ref>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref>
In 2010, the [[Austrian Research Promotion Agency]] launched a petition calling for a simplification of administrative procedures, which attracted over 13,000 signatories.<ref>{{cite web |title= Cerexhe receives petition for the simplification of administrative procedures for researchers |url= http://eupan.eu/en/news/show/&tid=323 |access-date= 16 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140116183508/http://eupan.eu/en/news/show/%26tid%3D323 |archive-date= 16 January 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The numerous other criticisms of the petitioners were later distilled into a [[green paper]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Green Paper ''"From Challenges to Opportunities: Towards a Common Strategic Framework for EU Research and Innovation funding"''|url=http://rp7.ffg.at/upload/medialibrary/Austria_FFG_Position_GreenPaper_CSF_2011.pdf|publisher=Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), Vienna|date=May 2011|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401085103/http://rp7.ffg.at/upload/medialibrary/Austria_FFG_Position_GreenPaper_CSF_2011.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Horizon 2020]], there are significant simplifications: e.g. fewer funding rates (increasing the funding rates of the large companies), less reporting, less auditing, shorter time from proposal to project kick-off. In a ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' article in December 2020, Horizon 2020 is praised for being less bureaucratic than past framework programmes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abbott|first=Alison|date=2020-12-16|title=Farewell to Europe's Horizon 2020|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03516-6|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=588|issue=7838|pages=371|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03516-6|pmid=33328670|bibcode=2020Natur.588..371A|s2cid=229300023}}</ref>
==See also==
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