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{{Short description|Head of the Maronite Church from 1898 to 1931}}
{{POV|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Patriarch
| honorific-prefix = [[His Beatitude]]
| church = [[Maronite Church]]
| see = [[Patriarch of Antioch]]
| title = [[List of Maronite Patriarchs|Patriarch of Antioch]]
| image = Elias Peter Hoayek.JPGjpg
| name = [[Beatification|BlessedVenerable]] <br />Elias Peter Hoayek <br />{{lang|ar|الياس بطرس الحويّك}}
| elected = January 6, 1899
| ended = December 24, 1931
| ordination = 1870 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
| consecration = December 14, 1889 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
| consecrated_by = [[Paul Peter Massad]]
| predecessor = [[John Peter El Hajj]]
| successor = [[Anthony Peter Arida]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1843|12|4|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Helta]], [[Lebanon]]
| death_date = December 24, 1931 (aged 87)
| death_place = [[Bkerké]], [[Lebanon]]
| beatified_date = 8 July 2019
| beatified_place =
|beatified_place = [[Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|Episcopal see of the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch]], [[Bkerké]], [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]], [[Lebanon]]
| beatified_by = [[Bechara Boutros al-Rahi|Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi]]
| venerated = [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Maronite Church]]<br>[[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]]<br>[[Syriac Catholic Church]]
}}
{{Maronites}}
 
Venerable '''Elias Peter Hoayek''' ({{lang-ar|الياس بطرس الحويّك}}; 4 December 1843 – 24 December 1931; also spelled '''Hoyek, Hwayek, Huayek, Juayek, Hawayek, Houwayek''') was the 72nd [[List of Maronite Patriarchs|Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites]], the largest Christian Catholic community in the [[Levant]], from 1898 to 1931 when he died.
 
He is hailed as the father of [[Lebanese nationalism|''Lebanonism'']] and the founder of the modern Lebanese state. Many{{who?|date=June 2021}} Lebanese people {{cn-span|hailed his patriotism, and follow his example and maintain it to this day.|date=June 2021}} [[Hawayek|Hoayek]] is considered, by many{{who?|date=June 2021}}, {{cn-span|the founder of Lebanon.|date=June 2021}}
 
==Early life==
Elias [[Hawayek|Hoayek]] was born in [[Helta]], [[Batroun]], [[North Governorate|North Lebanon]] on December 4, 1843.<ref name="CH">{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bhoyek|Patriarch Elias Pierre Hoyek (Hoayek)|23 January 2015}}</ref> He studied at the Seminary College of St. John Maroun in North Lebanon. He later went to the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Catholic seminary|seminary]] of Ghazir in 1859, where he studied languages (French, Arabic, [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]]) as well as philosophy. In 1866, he went to Rome to study [[theology]] at the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda Fide]]. In 1870, he was made a [[Catholic priest]] and returned to Lebanon. Upon his return, he taught [[theology]] at his old school the Seminary of St. John Maroun. He was appointed secretary and moved to the patriarchal residence in 1872, where he remained until 1898 when he was elected [[Patriarch]]. He was consecrated [[titular bishop]] of Arca on December 14, 1889<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/anti0.htm gcatholic.org]</ref> by Patriarch [[Paul Peter Massad]].
 
As vicar of Patriarch [[John Peter El Hajj]], he was commissioned to raise the necessary funds for the construction of a residence to the Maronites in [[Jerusalem]] and for the construction of the new Maronite seminary in Rome, which opened in 1893. In 1895, Hoayek founded the Congregation of the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Robin |url= https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-francis-sainthood-beatification-decree-sheen.html |publisher=Vatican News |title= A new saint for the Church and Fulton Sheen soon to be Blessed |date= 6 July 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707121654/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-francis-sainthood-beatification-decree-sheen.html |archive-date=2019-07-07 }}</ref>
 
==Becoming Patriarch==
[[File:Elie Hoyek 1899.jpg|thumb|left|Patriarch Hoayek in 1899]]▼
The previous Patriarchpatriarch, John el Hajj, died on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1898; Monseigneur [[Hawayek|Hoayek]] was requested to return to Lebanon from a trip to Rome. On January 6, 1899, he was elected Patriarch and, in the consistory of June 19, 1899, Hoayek was ratified as the choice of Maronite bishops by [[Pope Leo XIII]], who granted him the [[pallium]].<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-31-1898-99-ocr.pdf vatican.va]</ref>
 
[[Hawayek|Hoayek]] adopted the middle name Peter (Boutros) to signify him being the successor to [[St.Saint Peter|Peter]], first Bishop of Antioch.
 
Patriarch [[Hawayek|Hoayek]]’s's residence was simple, consisting of three rooms: a bedroom/office, a reception room and a chapel. He was known to particularly revere the readings of the confessions of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], the Eternal Maxims and the [[Imitation of Christ]].{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
 
Among his first acts as patriarch was the construction of a new residence in [[Bkerké]], replacing the former one: the foundation stone was laid on September 29, 1899. In 1893, he began the construction of the new Maronite College of [[Rome]], inaugurated on February 7, 1904. In 1906, he obtained from the [[Holy See]] the division of the eparchy of Tyre and Sidon in two separate dioceses.<ref>[Papal brief, Supreme of 26 January 1906.]</ref> Between 1906 and 1908, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the [[Immaculate Conception]] of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], he ordered the construction of the statue of the Madonna in Harissa that still dominates the region.
 
==Support for the diaspora==
▲[[File:Elie Hoyek 1899.jpg|thumb|left|Patriarch Hoayek in 1899]]
He was behind the creation of a Patriarchal Vicariate in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] in 1904, the first Maronite ecclesiastical structure after 1736.
He was the founder of the church in [[Cyprus]], delegating Shikrallah Khoury and Peter Chebly.
He was the founder of the [[Eparchy|independent dioceses]] in the [[United States|United States of America]] and in [[Argentina]] in 1920.
 
==World War I==
{{See also|Kafno}}
The First World War saw a lot of persecution of the Christians in the Middle East.{{vague|date=January 2015}} Some sources cite one and a half million of [[Armenians]] were killed by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces in the war. The Ottoman Empire was allied to Germany. The Allies (France and Great Britain) set up a blockage of the Lebanese and Syrian coastline against the Ottoman Empire which leads to the start of a famine. [[Jamal Pasha]], Ottoman military governor took steps to exile [[Hawayek|Hoayek]] because of his relations with France. In 1915, the blockade as well as a large locust infestation had resulted in diminished food supplies. While the granaries are almost empty, the Ottoman Empire requisitions Lebanese foodstuffs. As a result, a third of the Lebanese population died of starvation. This situation continued until 1919. The Patriarch received funds from Lebanese Diaspora and the French government. Again, Jamal Pasha attempted to exile the Patriarch.▼
[[File:Kafno Hoayek.jpg|thumb|right|Patriarch Hoayek distributing bread to the hungry during the [[Kafno]]]]
▲The First World War saw a lot of persecution of the Christians in the Middle East.{{vague|date=January 2015}} Some sources cite one and a half million of [[Armenians]] were killed by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces in the war. The Ottoman Empire was allied to Germany. The Allies (France and Great Britain) set up a blockage of the Lebanese and Syrian coastline against the Ottoman Empire which leads to the start of a famine. [[Jamal Pasha]], Ottoman military governor took steps to exile [[Hawayek|Hoayek]] because of his relations with France. In 1915, the blockade as well as a large locust infestation had resulted in diminished food supplies. While the granaries are almost empty, the Ottoman Empire requisitions Lebanese foodstuffs. As a result, a third of the Lebanese population died of starvation. This situation continued until 1919. The Patriarch received funds from Lebanese Diaspora and the French government. Again, Jamal Pasha attempted to exile the Patriarch.
 
The HM British army entered [[Damascus]] while the Ottoman (and their German allies) retreated to the Northnorth. This ended four hundred years of Ottoman rule in Lebanon. A transitional governance body was installed by the allied British and French forces.
 
==Peace Congress in Versailles==
In 1919, Patriarch Hoayek headed a second Lebanese delegation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]].
[[Faisal I of Iraq|Prince Faisal]] had hoped for an Arab kingdom to encompass Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and the Arabian Peninsula. Patriarch Hoayek fought to be able to see Lebanon free from the Ottoman Empire and had no desire to see it become part of an Arab monarchy.
The Lebanese delegation led by [[Hawayek|Hoayek]] presented the Lebanese aspirations as follows:
* The extension of the frontiers of Lebanon to include the cities of [[Beirut]], [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], [[Sidon]], [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] and the districts of Akkar, Beqaa, and Southern Lebanon. These cities and districts were natural parts of Lebanon but were administratively separated by the Ottoman rule.
* The recognition of Lebanon's full independence
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==Independence of Lebanon==
[[File:Proclamation of the state of Greater Lebanon.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of the state of Greater Lebanon]]
[[Henri Gouraud (soldier)|General Gouraud]] announced a declaration by France of the independence of Lebanon on September 1, 1920. He outlined the country's boundaries to include the area from Ras-al-Naqurah (Naqurah peninsula) in the Southsouth to [[Nahr al-Kabir|Nahr-el-Kabir]] in the Northnorth and from the summits of the Anti-Lebanon mountain in the Easteast to the [[Mediterranean]] sea in the Westwest. The new entity under French [[mandate (international law)|mandate]] was initially called [[Greater Lebanon|The State of Greater Lebanon]].
 
==Death==
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==Sainthood==
[[Pope Francis]] authorized the promulgation of decrees on the heroic virtues of Patriarch Elias Howayek, declaring him Venerable on July 5, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/37437 |publisher=Independent Catholic News |title= "Fulton Sheen on road to sainthood"|date= July 7, 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709141416/https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/37437 |archive-date=2019-07-09 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=De Sousa|first=Matthew|date=July 9, 2019|title="Somascan priest who risked life among those decreed Servant of God"|url=https://www.catholicweekly.com.au/somascan-priest-who-risked-life-among-those-decreed-servant-of-god/|url-status=dead|access-date=15 July 2019|publisher=The Catholic Weekly|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715211051/https://www.catholicweekly.com.au/somascan-priest-who-risked-life-among-those-decreed-servant-of-god/}}</ref>
 
==Quotation==
Patriarch Hoyek wrote: "Both national feeling and religion make it an obligation for you to respect and love everybody whatever may be his belief. Reason leads you to fraternize with the person you live with under the same sky and on the same land." (Hoayek, Al-Zakhair Al-Saniyyat, Jounieh, 1931 p.&nbsp;501)
 
==See also==
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[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Lebanese religious leaders]]
[[Category:Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch]]
[[Category:Lebanese Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Lebanese Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis]]
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