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{{short description|Family of physicist Albert Einstein}}
{{about|the family of Albert Einstein|other people named Einstein|Einstein (surname)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Family
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The '''Einstein family''' is the family of physicist [[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955). Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, was his oldest recorded relative, born in the late 17th century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–1831), was also the grandfather of the tenor [[Heinrich Sontheim]] (1820–1912) of Stuttgart.<ref name="tanzer">{{cite book |author = Aron Tanzer |year = 1988 |title = Die Geschichte der Juden in Jebenhausen und Göppingen (The History of Jews in Jebenhausen and Göppingen) |publisher = Anton H. Konrad Verlag |location = Weissenhorn, Germany |pages = 220, 301, 334, 378, 383}}</ref>
Albert's three children were from his relationship with his first wife, [[Mileva Marić]], his daughter Lieserl being born a year before they married. Albert Einstein's second wife was [[Elsa Einstein]], whose mother [[Fanny Koch]] was the sister of Albert's mother, and whose father, Rudolf Einstein, was the son of Raphael Einstein, a brother of Albert's paternal grandfather. Albert and Elsa were thus first cousins through their mothers and second cousins through their fathers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinelsa_content.html |title=Short life history: Elsa Einstein |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803204554/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinelsa_content.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Etymology ==
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''Einstein'' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}} {{respell|EYEN|styne}}, {{IPA-de|ˈaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|de-Einstein.ogg}}) is either a German habitational surname from various places named with a Middle High German derivative of the verb ''einsteinen'' 'to enclose, surround with stone'; or a Jewish (Ashkenazic) adaptation of the German name, or else an ornamental name using the ending ''-stein'' 'stone'.<ref>Modified from {{cite book|author=P. Hanks|author2=F. Hodges|title=A dictionary of surnames|location=New York/Oxford|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
==Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)==
{{anchor|Pauline Koch|Pauline Einstein|Mother}}
{{Infobox person
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}}
'''Pauline Einstein''' (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist [[Albert Einstein]]. She was born in [[Cannstatt]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg]].<ref>{{cite web |title =Short life history: Pauline Einstein |work =Albert Einstein In The World Wide Web |publisher =ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich |date =January 2015 |url =http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinpauline_content.html |access-date =10 July 2011 |archive-date =22 July 2011 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110722183452/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinpauline_content.html |url-status =dead }}</ref> She was [[Jewish]] and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and Jette Bernheimer. They were married in 1847. Pauline's father was from [[Jebenhausen]], now part of the city of [[Göppingen]], and grew up in modest economic circumstances. Later, he lived in Cannstatt and together with his brother Heinrich, made a considerable fortune in the corn trade. They even became "Royal Württemberg [[:wikt:purveyor|Purveyor]] to the Court". Their mother was from Cannstatt and was a quiet and caring person.
=== Early life ===
At 18 years old, Pauline married the merchant [[Einstein family#Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)|Hermann Einstein]] who lived in [[Ulm]]. They married in Cannstatt on 8 August 1876. After the wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in a bed feathers company. Their son, Albert was born on 14 March 1879.<ref name=Bio>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein – Biography |access-date=28 May 2017 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |archive-date=6 March 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref> On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob the family moved to [[Munich]]'s borough of [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] in the summer of 1880, where the two brothers together founded an electrical engineering company called<ref>{{Cite book |title=Introducing Einstein|first=Joseph|last=Schwartz|isbn=1-84046-667-7|year=2005}}</ref> Einstein & Cie. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881. Pauline Einstein was a well-educated and quiet woman who had an inclination for the arts. She was a talented and dedicated piano player. She made Albert begin violin lessons at the age of five.<ref>Botstein, Leon; Galison, Peter; Holton, Gerald James; Schweber, Silvan S. (2008) ''Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture'', Princeton Univ. Press</ref>
=== Business problems ===
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=== Death ===
During [[World War I]], Pauline fell ill with cancer. In 1918, when visiting her daughter, Maria, and son-in-law, Paul Winteler, in Luzern, Pauline was taken to the sanatorium Rosenau, due to her illness. At the end of 1919, Albert took his terminally-ill mother out of the sanatorium in [[Luzern]] and brought her to Haberlandstrasse 5, Berlin, to stay with him and his second wife, Elsa, where she later died that year.
==Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)==
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=== Early life ===
[[File:Abraham and Helen Einstein.jpg|thumb|left|Abraham and Helene Einstein]]
'''Hermann Einstein'''
He had six siblings:<ref>[http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/print/p_hermann.html "Short life history: Hermann Einstein"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108233735/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/print/p_hermann.html |date=8 November 2017 }} in Albert Einstein, autobiographic writings, 1946</ref>
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In 1893 the Einstein brothers lost a bid on a contract for the electrification of Munich to Schukert; Hermann and Jakob's small company lacked the capital to convert their equipment over from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient [[alternating current]] (AC) standard being used by Schukert.<ref>Barry R. Parker, Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist, Prometheus Books – 2003, page 31</ref> Their fortunes took a downward turn from there. They were forced to sell their Munich factory and, in search of business, the two brothers moved their company to [[Pavia]], Italy in 1894. Hermann, Pauline and Maja moved to Milan in the same year and one year later moved to [[Pavia]]. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there, though he spent time in Pavia as well.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michaels |first1=Daniel |last2=Sylvers |first2=Eric |title=Italian Tech Startup Revives Einstein's Father's Power Plant |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/italian-tech-startup-revives-einsteins-fathers-power-plant-11640523602 |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=26 December 2021}}</ref>
Due to poor business, Hermann and Jakob had to abandon their factory in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/print/p_hermann.html |title=Short life history: Hermann Einstein |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108233735/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/print/p_hermann.html |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Though Hermann had lost most of their money, he founded another electrical engineering company in [[Milan]], this time without his brother. He was supported financially by his relative Rudolf Einstein in this venture.<ref>Christof Rieber, Albert Einstein. Biografie eines Nonkonformisten, Thorbecke 2018, page 78 f.</ref>
=== Death ===
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'''Maria "Maja" Einstein''' (18 November 1881 – 25 June 1951) and her older brother, Albert, were the two children of [[Einstein family#Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)|Hermann Einstein]] and [[Einstein family#Pauline Koch (Albert's mother)|Pauline Einstein]] (née Koch), who had moved from Ulm to Munich in June 1881, when Albert was one.<ref>
[[File:Maja and Albert Einstein c1886.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Maja and Albert, {{c.|1886}}]]
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As neither the full name nor the fate of the child are known, several hypotheses about her life and death have been put forward:
*Michele Zackheim, in her book on "Lieserl", ''Einstein's Daughter'', states that "Lieserl" had a [[developmental disability]], and that she lived with her mother's family and probably died of scarlet fever in September 1903.<ref>
*Another possibility, favoured by Robert Schulmann of the ''Einstein Papers Project'', is that "Lieserl" was adopted by Marić's close friend, Helene Savić, and was raised by her and lived under the name "Zorka Savić" until the 1990s. Savić did in fact raise a child by the name of Zorka, who was blind from childhood and died in the 1990s. Before his death in 2012, her grandson [[Milan N. Popović]], upon extensive research of the relationship between Einstein and Marić, rejected the possibility that it was "Lieserl", and also favoured the hypothesis that the child died in September 1903.<ref>Milan Popović: ''In Alberts Shadow. The life and letters of Mileva Marić, Einstein's first wife'', Johns Hopkins University Press, London 2003, p.11, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-7856-5}}</ref>
A letter widely circulated on the Internet on the "universal force" of love, attributed as "a letter from Albert Einstein to his daughter", is a hoax.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/katharine-rose/the-truth-behind-einsteins-letter-on-the-universal-force-of-love_b_7949032.html The Truth Behind Einstein's Letter on the 'Universal Force' of Love]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/einstein-universal-force/|title=A Universal Force|website=Snopes.com|date=28 April 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>
==Hans Albert Einstein (Albert's first son)==
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{{Anchor|Hans Albert Einstein}}
'''Hans Albert Einstein''' (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was born in Bern, Switzerland, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans earned his doctorate at [[ETH Zurich]] in 1936 and emigrated to the U.S. in 1938. He was a long-time professor of [[Hydraulic engineering]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], widely recognized for his research on [[sediment transport]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/in_memoriam/catalog/einstein_hans_albert.html|title=University of California In Memoriam |website= www.lib.berkeley.edu |access-date= 2017-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinhansalbert_content.html|title=Short life history: Hans Albert Einstein|website=www.einstein-website.de|access-date=2019-07-07|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730171656/https://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinhansalbert_content.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Hans Albert had four children, three biological sons and one adopted daughter, [[Evelyn Einstein]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Martin|first1=Douglas|title=Evelyn Einstein Dies at 70; Shaped by a Link to Fame|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/us/19einstein.html?_r=0|access-date=August 31, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 18, 2011}}</ref> Of Hans Albert's biological sons, only [[Bernhard Caesar Einstein]] lived to adulthood. Bernhard himself had five children with his wife, Doris Aude Ascher.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Quotable Einstein |last= Calaprice |first= Alice |year= 1996 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, New Jersey |isbn= 0-691-02696-3 |page= xxiii }}</ref> Bernhard was an engineer with multiple patents.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Michele |last=Zackheim |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2008/mar/lesser-god|title=Einstein — Children of a Lesser God: For the Offspring of a Science Deity, the Legacy Is More Burden Than Blessing |publisher=Discover Magazine |date=February 12, 2008 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
==Eduard "Tete" Einstein (Albert's second son)==
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Eduard was a good student and had musical talent. After ''[[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]'', he started to study medicine to become a [[psychiatrist]], but by the age of 21 he was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]]. He was institutionalized two years later for the first of several times. Biographers of his father have speculated that the drugs and "cures" of the time damaged rather than aided the young Einstein.<ref>{{cite book |author = Clark, Ronald W. |year = 1971 |title = Einstein: The Life and Times{{Page needed|date=October 2014}} |publisher = Avon |isbn = 0-380-44123-3 |author-link = Ronald W. Clark }}</ref> His brother [[Hans Albert Einstein]] believed that his memory and cognitive abilities had been deeply affected by [[electroconvulsive therapy]] treatments Eduard received while institutionalized.<ref>Barry Parker (2003): ''Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist.'' Prometheus Books. New York. p. 236.</ref>
After a breakdown, Eduard had told his father Albert that he hated him, and after the father's emigration to the United States they never saw each other again.<ref>Parker (2003): ''Einstein'', pp. 236-237.</ref> The father and son, whom the father fondly referred to as "Tete" (for ''petit''), corresponded regularly before and after Eduard became ill. Their correspondence continued after the father's immigration to the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1928|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-mentally-ill-son-philosophy|work=Shapell Manuscript Collection|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219192433/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-mentally-ill-son-philosophy|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1944|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-to-schizophrenic-son|work=Shapell Manuscript Collection|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219193920/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-to-schizophrenic-son|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Eduard remained interested in music and art,<ref>{{cite web|title
His mother cared for him until she died in 1948. From then on Eduard lived most of the time at the psychiatric clinic [[Burghölzli]] in Zurich, where he died in 1965 of a stroke at age 55. He is buried at Hönggerberg Cemetery in Zurich.<ref>Robert Dünki, Anna Pia Maissen: [http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/prd/Deutsch/Stadtarchiv/Publikationen%20und%20Broschueren/Jahresbericht%202007-2008.pdf#page=342 {{'}}''... damit das traurige Dasein unseres Sohnes etwas besser gesichert wird' Mileva und Albert Einsteins Sorgen um ihren Sohn Eduard (1910–1965). Die Familie Einstein und das Stadtarchiv Zürich''.] In: Stadtarchiv Zürich. Jahresbericht 2007/2008. (german)</ref>
== See also ==
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== External links ==
{{Commons|Einstein Family}}
* [http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinlieserl.html ''Lieserl Einstein's Biography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184159/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinlieserl.html |date=22 July 2011 }} from einstein-website.de
* [http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinpauline_content.html Pauline Koch's fact file] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722183452/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinpauline_content.html |date=22 July 2011 }} from einstein-website.de
{{Einstein}}
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[[Category:Albert Einstein]]
[[Category:German families]]
[[Category:Jewish-German families]]
[[Category:American families of German ancestry]]
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