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{{Main|Weimar Republic|Nazi Germany}}
[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945|upright]]
[[File:Europe under Nazi domination.png|thumb|A map of [[German
On 11 August 1919, President [[Friedrich Ebert]] signed the democratic [[Weimar Constitution]].{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=156–160}} In the subsequent struggle for power, [[Bavarian Soviet Republic|communists seized power in Bavaria]], but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the {{lang|de|[[Kapp Putsch]]|italic=no}}. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the [[occupation of the Ruhr]] by Belgian and French troops, and a period of [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|hyperinflation]] followed. A [[Dawes Plan|debt restructuring plan]] and the creation of a [[German Rentenmark|new currency]] in 1924 ushered in the [[Golden Twenties]], an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.<ref>{{cite book|pages=56–70|chapter=1919–1922: Years of Crisis and Uncertainty|title=Weimar and the Rise of Hitler|publisher=Macmillan|last=Nicholls|first=AJ |year=2016|isbn=978-1-349-21337-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3113137|title=The United States and the Reconstruction of Germany in the 1920s|first=Frank|last=Costigliola |journal=The Business History Review |volume=50 |number=4|year=1976|pages=477–502|doi=10.2307/3113137|s2cid=155602870 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=86|title=The Weimar Republic|last=Kolb|first=Eberhard|edition=2nd|publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-34441-8|translator1=P. S. Falla |translator2=R. J. Park}}</ref>
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