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Place section **Other Animals** directly after section **Human gastrointestinal tract**; logical order of paragraphs |
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==== Detoxification and drug metabolism ====
[[Enzyme]]s such as [[CYP3A4]], along with the [[antiporter]] activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of [[drug metabolism]] in the detoxification of [[antigen]]s and [[xenobiotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Ziegler|first2=DM|date=5 December 1990|title=The enzymes of detoxication.|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=265|issue=34|pages=20715–8|pmid=2249981|last1=Jakoby|first1=WB|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45272-0|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Other animals==▼
[[Ruminants]] show many specializations for digesting and [[fermenting]] tough plant material, consisting of additional stomachs (see [[Digestive system of ruminants]]).
In most vertebrates, including [[fish]]es, [[amphibian]]s, [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s, and [[monotreme|egg-laying mammals]], the gastrointestinal tract ends in a [[cloaca]] and not an [[anus]]. In the cloaca, the [[urinary system]] is fused with the genito-anal pore. [[Theria]]ns (all mammals that do not lay eggs, including humans) possess separate anal and uro-genital openings. The females of the subgroup [[placentalia]] have even separate urinary and genital openings.▼
Many birds and other animals have a specialised stomach in the digestive tract called a [[gizzard]] used for grinding up food.▼
Another feature found in a range of animals is the [[crop (anatomy)|crop]]. In birds this is found as a pouch alongside the esophagus.▼
In 2020, the oldest known fossil digestive tract, of an extinct wormlike organism in the [[Cloudinidae]] was discovered; it lived during the late [[Ediacaran]] [[Period (geology)|period]] about 550 million years ago.<ref name="NYT-20200110">{{cite news |last=Joel |first=Lucas |title=Fossil Reveals Earth's Oldest Known Animal Guts - The find in a Nevada desert revealed an intestine inside a creature that looks like a worm made of a stack of ice cream cones. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/science/fossil-guts-intestines.html |date=10 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20200110">{{cite journal |author=Svhiffbauer, James D. |display-authors=et al. |title=Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period |date=10 January 2020 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=11 |number=205 |page=205 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z |doi-access=free |pmid=31924764 |pmc=6954273 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..205S }}</ref>▼
A through-gut (one with both mouth and anus) is thought to have evolved within the [[nephrozoa]]n clade of [[Bilateria]], after their ancestral ventral orifice (single, as in [[cnidaria]]ns and [[xenacoelomorpha|acoels]]; re-evolved in nephrozoans like [[flatworms]]) stretched antero-posteriorly, before the middle part of the stretch would get narrower and closed fully, leaving an anterior orifice (mouth) and a posterior orifice (anus plus [[Gonopore|genital opening]]). A stretched gut without the middle part closed is present in another branch of bilaterians, the extinct [[proarticulata|proarticulates]]. This and the [[embryological origins of the mouth and anus|amphistomic]] development (when both mouth and anus develop from the gut stretch in the embryo) present in some nephrozoans (e.g. [[roundworms]]) are considered to support this hypothesis.<ref>Nielsen, C., Brunet, T. & Arendt, D. Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2, 1358–1376 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0</ref><ref>De Robertis, E. M., & Tejeda-Muñoz, N. (2022). Evo-Devo of urbilateria and its larval forms. ''Developmental Biology'', '''487''', 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.003</ref>▼
==Clinical significance==
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* Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in [[longcase clock]]s and for [[fusee (horology)|fusee]] movements in [[bracket clock]]s, but may be replaced by metal wire.
* The oldest known [[condom]]s, from 1640 AD, were made from animal intestine.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_1870958.html?menu=news.quirkies.sexlife | title = World's oldest condom | access-date = 2008-04-11 | year = 2008| publisher = [[Ananova]]}}</ref>
▲==Other animals==
▲Many birds and other animals have a specialised stomach in the digestive tract called a [[gizzard]] used for grinding up food.
▲Another feature found in a range of animals is the [[crop (anatomy)|crop]]. In birds this is found as a pouch alongside the esophagus.
▲In most vertebrates, including [[fish]]es, [[amphibian]]s, [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s, and [[monotreme|egg-laying mammals]], the gastrointestinal tract ends in a [[cloaca]] and not an [[anus]]. In the cloaca, the [[urinary system]] is fused with the genito-anal pore. [[Theria]]ns (all mammals that do not lay eggs, including humans) possess separate anal and uro-genital openings. The females of the subgroup [[placentalia]] have even separate urinary and genital openings.
▲In 2020, the oldest known fossil digestive tract, of an extinct wormlike organism in the [[Cloudinidae]] was discovered; it lived during the late [[Ediacaran]] [[Period (geology)|period]] about 550 million years ago.<ref name="NYT-20200110">{{cite news |last=Joel |first=Lucas |title=Fossil Reveals Earth's Oldest Known Animal Guts - The find in a Nevada desert revealed an intestine inside a creature that looks like a worm made of a stack of ice cream cones. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/science/fossil-guts-intestines.html |date=10 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20200110">{{cite journal |author=Svhiffbauer, James D. |display-authors=et al. |title=Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period |date=10 January 2020 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=11 |number=205 |page=205 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z |doi-access=free |pmid=31924764 |pmc=6954273 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..205S }}</ref>
▲A through-gut (one with both mouth and anus) is thought to have evolved within the [[nephrozoa]]n clade of [[Bilateria]], after their ancestral ventral orifice (single, as in [[cnidaria]]ns and [[xenacoelomorpha|acoels]]; re-evolved in nephrozoans like [[flatworms]]) stretched antero-posteriorly, before the middle part of the stretch would get narrower and closed fully, leaving an anterior orifice (mouth) and a posterior orifice (anus plus [[Gonopore|genital opening]]). A stretched gut without the middle part closed is present in another branch of bilaterians, the extinct [[proarticulata|proarticulates]]. This and the [[embryological origins of the mouth and anus|amphistomic]] development (when both mouth and anus develop from the gut stretch in the embryo) present in some nephrozoans (e.g. [[roundworms]]) are considered to support this hypothesis.<ref>Nielsen, C., Brunet, T. & Arendt, D. Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2, 1358–1376 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0</ref><ref>De Robertis, E. M., & Tejeda-Muñoz, N. (2022). Evo-Devo of urbilateria and its larval forms. ''Developmental Biology'', '''487''', 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.003</ref>
== See also ==
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