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Automatic milking: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Lely Astronaut Display.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Touchscreen]] display of a milking robot]]
* '''Increased complexity''' – While complexity of equipment is a necessary part of technological advancement, the increased complexity of the AMS milking unit over conventional systems, increases the reliance on manufacturer maintenance services and possibly increasing operating costs. The farmer is exposed in the event of total system failure, relying on prompt response from the service provider. In practice AMS systems have proved robust and manufacturers provide good service networks. Because all milking cows have to visit the AMS voluntarily, the system requires a high quality of management. The system also involves a central place for the computer in the daily working routines.
* '''Difficult to apply in pasture systems''' – as a continuous animal prescence is pedimentrequired for an optimal utilization of the AMS unit, AMS works at their best in zero-grazing systems, in which the cow is housed indoors for most of the lactation period. Zero-grazing suits areas (e.g. the Netherlands) where land is at a premium, as maximum land can be devoted to feed production which is then collected by the farmer and brought to the animals in the barn. In pasture systems, cows graze in fields and are required to walk to the milking parlour. It has been found that it can be challenging to make cows maintain a high milking frequency if the distance to walk between pasture and milking unit is too great. Maintaining production on pasture has, however, been shown to be possible in amongst others the AUTOGRASSMILK project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://autograssmilk.dk/results/|title=Results and deliverables|last=|first=|date=|website=autograssmilk.dk|language=en-UK|access-date=2017-03-26}}</ref> There are currently research projects at the [[Dexcel facility]] in [[New Zealand]], [[University of Sydney]]'s FutureDairy site, [[Michigan State University]]'s [[Kellogg Biological Station]] and the [[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]]'s research facility [https://www.slu.se/en/faculties/vh/departments/the-swedish-livestock-research-center/ Lövsta Livestock Research Center], where cattle are on pasture and milked by AMS.
* '''Lower milk quality''' –With automatic milking, the number of anaerobic spores, the freezing point increases, the frequency of milk quality failure almost doubles, which fully reflects the quality of milk caused by automatic milking. Although the automatic milking machine cleans the cow's teat and tests the pre-squeezed milk, there is still a phenomenon that the infected milk is not transferred, and the device itself is also lack of cleaning, and the milk is not handled properly. This situation was also confirmed in 2002 when investigating nearly 98 farms in Denmark with automatic milking systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2002-11-01|title=Milk Quality on Danish Farms with Automatic Milking Systems|journal=Journal of Dairy Science|language=en|volume=85|issue=11|pages=2869–2878|doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74374-9|pmid=12487454|issn=0022-0302|last1=Rasmussen|first1=M.D.|last2=Bjerring|first2=M.|last3=Justesen|first3=P.|last4=Jepsen|first4=L.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bulk milk total bacteria count (BMTBC) and somatic cell count (BMSCC) are also affected by automatic milking. These two counts were studied when introducing an automatic milking system to cows that were previously milked conventionally. BMSCC was found to not significantly increase between pre and post-AMS installation but BMTBC was found to significantly increase in the first three months but then return to normal levels. BMSCC was found to significantly improve in the third year with respect to the pre-introduction level. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=Angel |title=Long-term variability of bulk milk somatic cell and bacterial counts associated with dairy farms moving from conventional to automatic milking systems |journal=Italian Journal of Animal Science |volume=17 |pages=218–225 |publisher=Journal of Animal Science |doi=10.1080/1828051X.2017.1332498 |year=2018 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''Possible increase in stress for some cows''' – Cows are social animals, and it has been found that due to dominance of some cows, others will be forced to milk only at night.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Such behaviour is inconsistent with the perception that AMS reduces stress by allowing "free choice" of milking time.
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