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====Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa====
[[File:Bantu Phillipson.png|thumb|<br>'''1''' = 2000–1500 BC origin<br />'''2''' = {{Circa|1500 BC}} first dispersal<br />{{nbsp|4}} '''2.a''' = Eastern Bantu<br>{{nbsp|4}} '''2.b''' = Western Bantu<br />'''3''' = 1000–500 BC [[Urewe]] nucleus of Eastern Bantu<br />'''4'''–'''7''' = southward advance<br />'''9''' = 500–1 BC Congo nucleus<br />'''10''' = AD 1–1000 last phase<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.txstate.edu/anthropology/cas/journal_articles/herder.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021249/http://www.txstate.edu/anthropology/cas/journal_articles/herder.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa|archivedate=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm|title=Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elaine.ihs.ac.at/~isa/diplom/node59.html|title=5.2 Historischer Überblick|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016165014/http://elaine.ihs.ac.at/~isa/diplom/node59.html|archive-date=16 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
In Central Africa the [[Sao civilisation|Sao Civilisation]] flourished for over a millennium beginning in the 6th century BC. The Sao lived by the [[Chari River]] south of [[Lake Chad]] in territory that later became part of present-day [[Cameroon]] and [[Chad]]. Sao artifacts show that they were skilled workers in [[bronze]], [[copper]], and [[iron]],<ref name="Fanso 19">Fanso 19.</ref> with finds including bronze sculptures, terracotta statues of human and animal figures, coins, funerary urns, household utensils, jewellery, highly decorated pottery, and spears.<ref>Fanso 19; Hudgens and Trillo 1051.</ref> Nearby, around [[Lake Ejagham]] in south-west [[Cameroon]], the [[Ekoi people#History|Ekoi Civilisation]] rose circa 2nd century AD, and are most notable for constructing the [[Ikom monoliths]]. Further east, the northern part of the [[Swahili coast]] was home to the elusive [[Azania]], most likely a [[Southern Cushitic language|Southern Cushitic]] polity.<ref>{{Cite book |title=JournalInsert Hilton, John (1993-10). "Peoples of Azania". Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics. 1 (5). ISSN 1320-3606. Check date values in: {{!}}date= (help)}}</ref>