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====North-west Africa====
the [[Maghreb]] and [[Ifriqiya]] were mostly cut off from the [[cradle of civilisation]] in Egypt by the [[Libyan desert]], exacerbated by [[Ancient Egyptian royal ships|Egyptian boats]] being tailored to the [[Nile]] and not coping well in the open [[Mediterranean Sea]]. This caused its societies to develop contiguous to those of [[Southern Europe]], until [[Phoenician settlement of North Africa|Phoenician settlement]]s came to dominate the most lucrative trading locations in the [[Gulf of Tunis]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Warmington |first=Brian |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=The Carthaginian Period |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=247}} Phoenician settlements subsequently grew into [[Ancient Carthage]] after gaining independence from [[Phoenicia]] in the 6th century BC, and they would build an [[Ancient Carthage#Independence, expansion and hegemony|extensive empire]] and a strict [[Trade|mercantile]] network, all secured by one of the largest and most powerful navies in the [[Classical antiquity|ancient Mediterranean]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Warmington |first=Brian |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=The Carthaginian Period |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=251–253}} Carthage would meet its demise in the [[Punic Wars]] against the expansionary [[Roman Republic]], however the momentum in these wars was not linear, with Carthage initially experiencing considerable success in the [[Second Punic War]] following [[Hannibal]]'s infamous [[Hannibal's crossing of the Alps|crossing of the alps]] into northern [[Italy]]. In a 14 year long campaign Hannibal’s forces conquered much of [[Italian peninsula|mainland Italy]], only being recalled after the Romans conducted a bold naval invasion of the [[History of Tunisia|Carthaginian homeland]] and then defeated him in [[Battle of Zama|climactic battle]] in 202 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warmington |first=Brian |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=The Carthaginian Period |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=256–257}} subsequent collapse of their empire would produce two further polities in the Maghreb; [[Numidia]], a polity made up of two [[Numidians|Numidian]] tribal federations which further centralised following the [[Massylii]] conquest of the [[Masaesyli]], which assisted the Romans in the Second Punic War; [[Mauretania]], a [[Mauri]] [[chiefdom|tribal kingdom]], home of the legendary [[Atlas (mythology)#King of Mauretania|King Atlas]]; and various tribes such as [[Garamantes]], [[Musulamii]], and [[Bavares]]. The [[Third Punic War]] would result in Carthage's total defeat in 146 BC and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] established the province of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], with [[Numidia]] assuming control of many of Carthage's African ports. Towards the end of the 2nd century BC [[Mauretania]] fought alongside Numidia's [[Jugurtha]] in the [[Jugurthine War]] against the Romans after he had usurped the Numidian throne from a Roman ally. Together they inflicted heavy casualties that quaked the [[Roman Senate]], with the war only ending inconclusively when Mauretania's [[Bocchus I]] sold out the [[Jugurtha]] to the Romans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warmington |first=Brian |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=The Carthaginian Period |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=258}}
At the turn of the millennium they would both would face the same fate as Carthage and be conquered by the Romans who established [[Mauretania#Roman province(s)|Mauretania]] and [[Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]] as provinces of their empire, whilst [[Musulamii]], led by [[Tacfarinas]], and [[Garamantes]] were eventually defeated in war in the 1st century AD however weren't conquered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahjoubi |first1=Ammar |last2=Salama |first2=Pierre |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=261–262}} In the 5th century AD the [[Vandal conquest of Roman Africa|Vandals conquered north Africa]] precipitating the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|fall of Rome]]. Swathes of [[Berbers|indigenous peoples]] would regain self-governance in the [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom]] and its numerous successor polities in the Maghreb, namely the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Ouarsenis|Ouarsenis]], [[Kingdom of the Aurès|Aurès]], and [[Kingdom of Altava|Altava]]. The [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandals]] ruled [[Ifriqiya]] for a century until [[Vandalic War|Byzantine reconquest]] in the early 6th century AD. The Byzantines and the Berber kingdoms fought minor inconsequential conflicts, such as in the case of [[Garmul]], however largely coexisted<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahjoubi |first1=Ammar |last2=Salama |first2=Pierre |title=General History of Africa: Volume 2 |chapter=The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa |year=1981 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375}}</ref>{{rp|pages=284}} Further inland to the Byzantine [[Exarchate of Africa]] were the [[Sanhaja]] in modern-day [[Algeria]], a grouping of three smaller groupings of [[Confederation|tribal confederations]], one of which is the [[Masmuda]] grouping in modern-day [[Morocco]], along with the nomadic [[Zenata]]; their composite tribes would later go onto shape much of [[History of North Africa|North African history]].
====West Africa====
====Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa====
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