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{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
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'''''Cutty Sark''''' is a British [[clipper]] ship. Built on the [[River Leven, Dunbartonshire|River Leven]], Dumbarton, Scotland in 1869 for the [[Jock Willis Shipping Line]], she was one of the last [[
After the [[SS Agamemnon (1865)|big improvement]] in the [[fuel efficiency]] of steamships in 1866, the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 gave them a shorter route to
''Cutty Sark'' is listed by [[National Historic Ships]] as part of the [[National Historic Fleet]] (the nautical equivalent of a [[Grade 1 Listed Building]]). She is one of only three remaining
The ship has been damaged by fire twice in recent years, first on 21 May 2007 while undergoing conservation. She was restored and was reopened to the public on 25 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cutty Sark: Queen reopens Greenwich tea clipper|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-17835225|work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 April 2012}}</ref> Funders for the Cutty Sark conservation project include: the [[National Lottery Heritage Fund|Heritage Lottery Fund]], the House of Commons [[Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]], [[Sammy Ofer]] Foundation, Greenwich Council, [[Greater London Authority]], [[Stavros Niarchos Foundation|The Stavros Niarchos Foundation]], [[Berry Bros. & Rudd|Berry Brothers & Rudd]], Michael Edwards
On 19 October 2014 she was damaged in a smaller fire.<ref name="FireOnDeck">{{cite news|title=Cutty Sark damaged in fire on deck|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-29680243|date=19 October 2014|access-date=26 October 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref>
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==Construction==
[[File:Cutty Sark (ship, 1869) - SLV H91.250-164.jpg|thumb|left|''Cutty Sark'' photographed at sea by Captain Woodget using a camera balanced on two of the ship's boats lashed together
''Cutty Sark'' was ordered by ship-owner John Willis, who operated a shipping company founded by his father. The company had several ships in the tea trade from China to Britain. Speed was an advantage to vessels carrying a high
It is uncertain how the hull shape for ''Cutty Sark'' was chosen. Willis chose [[Hercules Linton]] to design and build the ship but Willis already possessed another ship, ''[[Punjaub (ship)|The Tweed]]'', which he considered to have exceptional performance. ''The Tweed'' (originally ''Punjaub'') was a [[frigate]] designed by Oliver Lang based on the lines of an old French frigate, built in [[Bombay]] for the [[East India Company]] as a combination sail/paddle steamer. She and a sister ship were purchased by Willis, who promptly sold the second ship plus engines from ''The Tweed'' for more than he paid for both. ''The Tweed'' was then lengthened and operated as a fast sailing vessel, but was considered too big for the tea runs. Willis also commissioned two all-iron clippers with designs based upon ''The Tweed'', [[Hallowe'en (clipper)|''Hallowe'en'']] and [[Blackadder (clipper)|''Blackadder'']]. Linton was taken to view ''The Tweed'' in [[dry dock]].
Willis considered that ''The Tweed''{{'}}s [[bow (ship)|bow]] shape was responsible for its notable performance, and this form seems to have been adopted for ''Cutty Sark''. Linton, however, felt that the [[stern]] was too [[barrel]] shaped and so gave ''Cutty Sark'' a squarer stern with less [[tumblehome]]. The broader stern increased the buoyancy of the ship's stern, making it lift more in heavy seas so it was less likely that waves would break over the stern, and over the helmsman at the wheel.<ref name="Lubbock 1945">{{cite book |
A contract for ''Cutty Sark'
Work on the ship was suspended when Scott and Linton ran out of money to continue. Rather than simply liquidate the company, an arrangement was made for Denny's to take over the contract and complete the ship, which was finally launched on 22 November 1869 by Captain Moodie's wife. The ship was moved to Denny's yard to have her masts fitted, and then on 20 December towed downriver to [[Greenock]] to have her running rigging installed. In the event, completing the ship meant the company's creditors were owed even more money than when work had first been halted.<ref name=Ships>{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=W. H. |last2=Sawyer |first2=L. A. |date=1995 |title=The Empire Ships |page=49 |publisher=Lloyd's of London Press
[[File:Cutty sark detail.jpg|right|upright|thumb|[[Clipper#Fineness|Fine lines]] of the [[Bow (ship)|bow]]]]
''Cutty Sark'' has a registered length of {{convert|212.5|ft
*''Challenge'' (1851): 0.60, the most extreme clipper by builder [[William H. Webb]] *''[[Witch of the Wave]]'' (1851): 0.66, an ordinary clipper but with speed records from China to London *[[Lightning (clipper)|''Lightning'' (1854)]]: 0.61, It is probable that few, if any, merchant sailing vessels had a prismatic coefficient of less than 0.57.{{r|Chapelle 1967|p=45}}}}{{efn|An alternative prismatic coefficient calculation for ''Cutty Sark'' is given as 0.627 based on a survey of the ship afloat in 1937.{{r|Scott 1941|p=185}}}} After water-line length, the prismatic coefficient is the next most important determinant of potential hull speed.<ref name="Cannon 2021">{{cite Broadly, the parts of the ship visible above the waterline were constructed from East India [[teak]], while American [[Ulmus thomasii|rock elm]] was used for the ship's bottom. The [[stem (ship)|stem]], {{
The diagonally-braced iron frame made for a strong, rigid ship;<ref name=hull/>
==Performance==
{{Quote box |title=Master's opinion |width=30% |quote=She was built for me. I superintended the building and fitting of her, and I never sailed a finer ship. At ten or twelve knots she did not disturb the water at all. Although she was a very sharp ship, just like a yacht, her spread of canvas was enormous, ... She was the fastest ship of her day, a grand ship, a ship that will last forever.|source=—Captain George Moodie{{sfn|Carr|1964|p=4}}}}
{{Quote box |title=A speck on the horizon |width=30% |quote=One day we sighted a vessel, a mere speck on the horizon, astern of us, and the way she came into view it was evident she was travelling much faster than ourselves. 'Bringing the wind up with her' was remarked on board, and that seemed the only feasible conclusion to arrive at and account for the manner in which she overhauled us. In a few hours she was alongside us, and proved to be the famous British clipper ''Cutty Sark'', one of the fastest ships afloat. She passed us going two feet to our one, and in a short time was hull down ahead of us. |source=—Wool clipper crewman, 1879<ref>[[Basil Lubbock|Lubbock, Basil]], ''China Clippers'', pp. 295–296, account of a fast wool clipper crewman First published 1903 Charles Protheroe "Life in the Mercantile Marine" page 45.</ref>}}
The maximum logged speed for ''Cutty Sark'' was {{convert|17.5|kn|lk=in}}. Her greatest recorded distance in noon to noon sights was {{convert|363|nmi|lk=in}} averaging {{convert|15|kn}}, although she recorded {{convert|2164|nmi}}<ref>{{citation|last=Carr|first=Frank G G, CBE, MA|author-link=Frank George Griffith Carr|title=Cutty Sark, last of the clippers|date=December 1964|orig-year=December 1954|publisher=The "Cutty Sark" Society|via=reprinted from Yachting World|page=4}}</ref> in six days, which given the weather over the whole period implied she had achieved over {{
==Name==
[[File:Cutty Sark Figurehead.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The ship's figurehead shows [[Cutty-sark (witch)|Cutty-sark]], the nickname of the witch Nannie Dee who chases a drunk farmer, [[Tam o' Shanter (poem)|Tam o' Shanter]], snatching his horse's tail before he escapes by crossing water.]]
[[File:Cutty sark stern.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Motto and [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]] emblem on the stern of the ship]]
The ship was named after [[Cutty-sark (witch)|Cutty-sark]], the nickname of the witch Nannie Dee in [[Robert Burns]]'s 1791 poem ''[[Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam o' Shanter]]''. The ship's [[figurehead (object)|figurehead]], the original of which has been attributed to carver Fredrick Hellyer of Blackwall, is a stark white carving of a bare-breasted Nannie Dee with long black hair holding a grey horse's tail in her hand.<ref>[http://www.seawitchartist.com/cuttysark-figurehead.htm The Cutty Sark's figurehead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120115627/http://seawitchartist.com/cuttysark-figurehead.htm |date=20 January 2016 }} at Seawitchartist.com</ref> In the poem she wore a [[linen]] {{lang|sco|sark}} ([[Scots language|Scots]]: a short [[chemise]] or [[undergarment]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=cutty |title=Cutty, Cuttie |at=at 4 |quote=(8) ''cutty(-ie) sark'', a short chemise or undergarment |website=[[Dictionary of the Scots Language]] |access-date=21 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234446/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=cutty |archive-date=26 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>), that she had been given as a child, which explains why it was ''cutty'', or in other words far too short. The [[erotic]] sight of her dancing in such a short undergarment caused Tam to cry out "[[:wikt:weel#Scots|Weel]] done, Cutty-sark", which subsequently became a well
==History==
===First tea seasons===
''Cutty Sark'' was destined for the [[tea]] trade, a seasonal trade of a high value cargo from
''Cutty Sark'' sailed in eight "tea seasons", from London to China and back.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Cutty Sark''{{'}}s tea runs{{sfn|Carr|1964|p=5}}
! Year !! From !! To !! Days
|-
| 1870 || Shanghai || Beachy Head
|-
| 1871 || Shanghai || North Foreland || 107
|-
| 1872 || Shanghai || Portland
|-
| 1873 || Shanghai || Deal
|-
| 1874 || Woosung
|-
| 1875 || Woosung
|-
| 1876 || Woosung
|-
| 1877 || Woosung
|}
===Competition from steamers===
''Cutty Sark''{{'}}s launch coincided with the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] to shipping in 1869. Her first trip encountered significant competition with steamships. The route from the Far East to London (and many other European ports) through the Suez Canal was shorter by about {{convert|3300|nmi
Less obviously, steamship design had taken a large step forward in 1866 with [[SS Agamemnon (1865)|''Agamemnon'']], using higher boiler pressure and a compound engine, so obtaining a large improvement in fuel efficiency. Ships of this type could compete with clippers before the Suez Canal opened.<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite book |last=Jarvis |first=Adrian |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Gardiner |editor2-first=Basil |editor2-last= Greenhill
|title=The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |date=1993 |pages=158–159 |chapter=Chapter 9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine |isbn=0-85177-563-2}}</ref>
When the tea clippers arrived in China in 1870, they found a big increase in the number of steamers, which were in high demand. The rate of freight to London that was given to steamers was nearly twice that paid to the sailing ships. Additionally, the insurance premium for a cargo of tea in a steamer was substantially less than for a sailing vessel. So successful were the steamers using the Suez Canal that, in 1871, 45 were built in Clyde shipyards alone for Far Eastern trade.
The numbers of tea clippers sailing to China each year steadily reduced, with many ships being sold and moving to general cargo work. Costs were kept to a minimum and rigs were often reduced to [[barque]] so that a smaller crew was needed.
===''Thermopylae''===
''Cutty Sark''{{'}}s
{{Quote box |title=Life at Sea |width=30% |quote=A little east of the longitude of the Cape we were favoured by a great fair wind blow, that tested all the resources of ship and crew. At the first spurt, heavy squalls came up from S.W., that threatened to take toll of our masts, but later it steadied down to a hurricane straight from the west.
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In December 1877 the ship sailed from London to Sydney, where she took on coal for Shanghai, arriving there in April. However, the ship was unable to find any cargo of tea for a return trip to London—the days of the tea race were over. The master, Captain Tiptaft, died in October while still in Shanghai and was replaced by the first mate, James Wallace. The ship now had to take different cargoes around the world, including coal, jute, castor oil and tea to Australia.
In 1880 yards were shortened and the [[stunsail|stun'sails]] removed.{{sfn|Carr|1964|p=5}}
===Wool trade===
[[File:Cutty Sark - waiting in Sydney Harbour for the new season's wool.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Cutty Sark'' in Sydney Harbour awaiting a cargo of new season's wool, {{c.}} 1890]]
In December 1883, ''Cutty Sark'' departed [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], New South Wales with 4,289 bales of wool and 12 casks of tallow, arriving in London in just 83 days. This was 25 days faster than her nearest rival that year and heralded the start of a new career taking Australian wool to Britain in time for the January wool sales.
From 1885 to 1893, ''Cutty Sark'' was run between England and New South Wales under the agency of the Sydney
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Cutty Sark''{{'}}s wool runs{{sfn|Carr|1964|p=5}}
! Year !! From !! To !! Days
|-
| 1883–84 || Newcastle, NSW || Deal
|-
| 1884–85 || Newcastle, NSW || Dock
|-
| 1885
|-
| 1887
|-
| 1887–88 || Newcastle, NSW || Lizard
|-
| 1888–89 || Sydney
|-
| 1889–90 || Sydney
|-
| 1890–91 || Sydney
|-
| 1891–92 || Sydney
|-
| 1893
|-
| 1893–94 || Sydney
|-
| 1894–95 || Brisbane
|}
===As ''Ferreira''===
Eventually steamships began to dominate the wool trade too and it ceased to be profitable for a sailing ship. In 1895 Jock Willis sold ''Cutty Sark'' to the
[[File:Cutty Sark (ship, 1869) - SLV H91.250-165.jpg|thumb|right|''Cutty Sark'' moored in a port, possibly Sydney. Another clipper can be seen in the background.]]
The ship traded various cargoes between Portugal, Rio de Janeiro, New Orleans, Mozambique, Angola, and Britain. In May 1916 she was dismasted off the [[Cape of Good Hope]] because of the rolling of the ship in bad weather and had to be towed into [[Table Bay]] off [[Cape Town]]. Because of World War I, it was impossible to obtain suitable materials to replace the masts so she was re-rigged over 18 months to a [[barquentine]] sail arrangement.
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Dowman persevered in his determination to buy the ship, which he did for £3,750 and she was returned to Falmouth harbour. The purchase was made with the support of Dowman's wife, artist Catharine Dowman ({{nee|Courtauld}}),<ref>[https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/catharine-dowman-and-preservation-cutty-sark Catharine Dowman and the preservation of Cutty Sark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221052417/https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/catharine-dowman-and-preservation-cutty-sark |date=21 December 2019 }} 06 March 2018, ''rmg.co.uk'', Retrieved 16 April 2019</ref> heiress daughter of [[Sydney Courtauld]], crepe and silk manufacturer.
The rigging was restored to an approximation of the original arrangement and the ship was used as a cadet training ship. In 1924 she was used as committee boat for the regatta week in Fowey during that years regatta week as recalled to me by Mr. Arthur (Toby) West. As a historic survivor, the ship was opened to the public and visitors would be rowed out to inspect her. Dowman died in 1936 and the ship was given by Catharine Dowman, his widow, along with £
[[File:CuttySarkAndHMSWorcester.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Cutty Sark'' and {{HMS|Worcester|1860|6}} as training ships, 1938]]
At Greenhithe ''Cutty Sark'' acted as an auxiliary vessel to {{HMS|Worcester|1860|6}} for sail training drill, but by 1950 she had become surplus to requirements. From February to October 1951 she was temporarily moved first for a refit and then to take part in the [[Festival of Britain]] at [[Deptford]]. On 30 January 1952, the 800-ton tanker {{MV|Aqueity|1946|6}} collided with ''Cutty Sark''{{'}}s bow in the Thames. The two ships were locked together after the collision which forced ''Cutty Sark''{{'}}s [[jibboom]]
==Museum ship==
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[[File:Cutty sark October 2003.jpg|thumb|right|''Cutty Sark'' in Greenwich, October 2003]]
''Cutty Sark'' was preserved as a [[museum ship]], and has since become a popular [[tourist]] attraction, and part of the [[National Historic Fleet]]. She is located near the centre of [[Greenwich]], in south-east
[[File:Cutty Sark 1997frog1.jpg|thumb|''Cutty Sark'' in Greenwich, 1977]]
The ship is in the care of the Cutty Sark Trust, whose president, the then [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]], was instrumental in ensuring her preservation, when he set up the Cutty Sark Society in 1951. The Trust replaced the Society in 2000.<ref name="Radio4-2007-05-22"/> She is a [[Grade I listed building|Grade I listed monument]] and was on the [[Heritage at Risk Register|Buildings At Risk Register]] following the 2007 fire. The gallery beneath the ship holds the world's largest collection of ships' figureheads, donated to the Society by [[Sydney Cumbers]] in 1953.<ref name=figure>{{cite web |title=Figureheads |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/cuttysark/history-and-collections/collections/figureheads |website=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704082353/http://www.rmg.co.uk/cuttysark/history-and-collections/collections/figureheads |archive-date=4 July 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
[[Cutty Sark DLR station|Cutty Sark station]] on the [[Docklands Light Railway]] is one minute's walk away, with connections to central London and the [[London Underground]]. [[Greenwich Pier]] is next to the ship, and is served by scheduled river boats from [[pier]]s in central London. A tourist information office stands to the east of the ship.
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==={{anchor|Fire}}<!-- [[Cutty Sark fire]] redirects here-->Conservation and fire===
[[File:Cutty Sark being restored.jpg|thumb|right|The ship one week before the fire. Most of the upper sections had already been dismantled for renovation.]]
[[File:Cutty Sark fire.jpg|thumb|right|''Cutty Sark'' on fire, in May 2007
By the early 2000s, there were serious concerns about corrosion of the iron internal structure, and the hull was also becoming distorted because more weight was being carried on the [[keel]] than if the ship was afloat, when it would be evenly supported over the whole area below the waterline. An extensive conservation project was planned to overcome this, including repair and anti-[[corrosion]] painting of the framework and the addition of some additional steel ribs to add strength, and a new method of supporting the ship.
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In an interview the next day, Richard Doughty, the chief executive of the Cutty Sark Trust, revealed that at least half of the "fabric" (timbers, etc.) of the ship had not been on site as it had been removed during the preservation work. Doughty stated that the trust was most worried about the state of iron framework to which the fabric was attached.<ref name=BBC_News_Story1/> He did not know how much more the ship would cost to restore, but estimated it at an additional £5–10 million, bringing the total cost of the ship's restoration to £30–35 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/22/nsark22.xml|title=Police launch Cutty Sark arson investigation|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=22 May 2007|first1=Amy|last1=Iggulden|first2=Martin|last2=Beckford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526194452/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F22%2Fnsark22.xml|archive-date=26 May 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In initial investigations, the possibility was covered that the fire might have been started deliberately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6675381.stm |title=Blaze ravages historic Cutty Sark - A fire which swept through the famous 19th Century ship Cutty Sark may have been started deliberately, police say.
In a second incident on the morning of 19 October 2014, another fire broke out on the deck of the ''Cutty Sark''. A small part of deck three and the hull timbers were damaged in the blaze. The London Fire Brigade managed to contain the blaze within an hour and she was reopened to the public shortly after.<ref name=FireOnDeck/>
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====Investigation conclusion====
On 30 September 2008, the [[London Fire Brigade]] announced the conclusion of the investigation into the fire at a press conference at [[New Scotland Yard]]. The painstaking investigation was conducted by the Fire Brigade, along with London's [[Metropolitan Police Service]], Forensic Science Services, and electrical examination experts Dr. Burgoyne's & Partners. They said that the most likely cause was the failure of an industrial vacuum cleaner that may have been left switched on over the weekend before the fire started. The report revealed no evidence that the ship was subjected to arson attack and concluded that the fire started accidentally.<ref name="vacuum"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk//CuttySarkFireReport-29Sep08.pdf|title=Report on the investigation into the fire on board the clipper ship Cutty Sark, King William Walk, Greenwich, London SE10 on Monday 21st May 2007|author1=London Fire Brigade|author2-link=Metropolitan Police Service|author2=Metropolitan Police Service|date=29 September 2008|access-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128063551/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/CuttySarkFireReport-29Sep08.pdf|archive-date=28 November 2011|url-status=dead|author1-link=London Fire Brigade
Physical evidence and CCTV footage of the fire showed that it probably started towards the stern of the ship on the lower deck. All electrical equipment on board was examined and it was determined that an industrial vacuum cleaner in this area was normally running continuously to suck up dust and particles from work going on to break up concrete within the ship. No one working on the ship had responsibility to ensure all equipment was turned off at the end of each day, and no one recalled switching off the equipment on the Friday in question. The vacuum cleaner has three motors inside and after the fire one was found to be burned out in a manner which suggested it had failed while operating. This was not conclusive evidence, however, because the motor might previously have failed in service without causing a fire, and gone unnoticed because the other two motors had continued to function. Tests on similar cleaners showed they had no thermal cutout devices and while they could run safely indefinitely if filters inside were clear, if the airflow through the cleaner was blocked then it would eventually overheat and could catch fire. This might occur if the cleaner were full of dust and debris. The cleaner had failed previously and two motors had been replaced.
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| Topgallant || 31.9 || 22.8
|-
| Royal ||
|-
| Skysail || 44.5 ||
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* {{cite book|title=The Log of the Cutty Sark|url=https://archive.org/details/logofcuttysark0000lubb|url-access=registration|first=Basil|last=Lubbock|year=1924|publisher=James Brown and Son|location=Glasgow, Scotland}}
* {{cite book|title=The Cutty Sark, Her Designer and Builder, Hercules Linton, 1836–1900|first=Robert E.|last=Brettle|date=1969|publisher=W. Heffer & Sons|location=Cambridge, England}}
* {{cite book|
==External links==
{{Commons|Cutty Sark}}
* [
* {{NHLE |num=1079013}}
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/sailing_ships/cutty_sark_1869_page_1.htm MaritimeQuest ''Cutty Sark'' Pages]
* [http://www.hnsa.org/hnsa-ships/cutty-sark/ HNSA Web Page: ''Cutty Sark''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004053221/http://www.hnsa.org/hnsa-ships/cutty-sark/ |date=4 October 2015 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120501114652/http://www.nbrb.by/Coinsbanknotes/CommCoin.asp?id=214 Belarusian memorial coins with ''Cutty Sark'' on reverse side]
* [https://www.snf.org/texts/uploads/files/Cutty%20Sark%20Trust_1.pdf Views of the restoration, including frame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004642/https://www.snf.org/texts/uploads/files/Cutty%20Sark%20Trust_1.pdf |date=12 April 2022 }}
{{Clipper ships}}
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[[Category:1869 ships]]
[[Category:
[[Category:2007 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2007 fires in Europe]]
[[Category:2007 in London]]
[[Category:Tea clippers]]
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[[Category:Sailing ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2007]]
[[Category:Burned buildings and structures in the United Kingdom]]
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