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{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Central nervous system
| Latin = Systemasystema nervosum centrale<br />pars centralis systematis nervosi<ref>{{cite book | title=Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, Farlex 2012}}</ref>
| Image = 1201 Overview of Nervous System.jpg
| Caption = Schematic diagram showing the central nervous system in yellow, peripheral in orange
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}}
 
The '''central nervous system''' ('''CNS''') is the part of the [[nervous system]] consisting primarily of the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]], the retina and optic nerve, and the [[olfactory nerve]] and epithelia. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of [[bilateria|bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals]]—that is, all multicellular animals except [[sponge]]s and [[Coelenterata|diploblasts]]. It is a structure composed of [[nervous tissue]] positioned along the [[Anatomical terms of location#Cranial and caudal|rostral (nose end) to caudal (tail end)]] axis of the body and may have an enlarged section at the rostral end which is a brain. Only [[arthropods]], [[cephalopods]] and [[vertebrates]] have a true brain, though precursor structures exist in [[onychophora]]ns, [[gastropods]] and [[lancelets]].
 
The rest of this article exclusively discusses the vertebrate central nervous system, which is radically distinct from all other animals.
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| width1 = 822
| height1 = 232
| caption1 =
| image2 = Neuron with oligodendrocyte and myelin sheath.svg
| alt2 = A neuron of the CNS, myelinated by an oligodendrocyte
| width2 = 410
| height2 = 485
| caption2 =
| footer = A peripheral nerve myelinated by [[Schwann cell]]s (left) and a CNS neuron myelinated by an [[oligodendrocyte]] (right)
}}{{clear left}}
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| width2 = 300
| footer = Top image: CNS as seen in a median section of a 5-week-old embryo. Bottom image: CNS seen in a median section of a 3-month-old embryo.
| footer_align = center
}}
 
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| width3 = 200
| footer = Top: the [[lancelet]], regarded an archetypal vertebrate, lacking a true brain. Middle: an early [[vertebrate]]. Bottom: spindle diagram of the evolution of vertebrates.
| footer_align = center
}}
{{See also|Cephalization|Archicortex}}
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====Planaria====
[[Planarian]]s, members of the phylum [[Platyhelminthes]] (flatworms), have the simplest, clearly defined delineation of a nervous system into a CNS and a [[peripheral nervous system|PNS]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Hickman, Jr.
| first = Cleveland P. Jr.
|author2=Larry S. Roberts|author3=Susan L. Keen|author4=Allan Larson|author5=Helen L'Anson|author6=David J. Eisenhour
| title = Integrated Princinples of Zoology: Fourteenth Edition
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==External links==
{{commons|Central nervous system}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218033853/http://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/s2/chapter01.html|date=2012-02-18|title=Overview of the Central Nervous System}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191011040440/http://primate-brain.org/ High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170626152300/http://humannervoussystem.info/ Explaining the human nervous system].
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