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{{Short description|Far-right anti-Islam movement}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Counter-[[jihad]]''', also known as the '''counter-jihad movement''',<ref name="CJM">{{cite journal|title=Why we fight: Understanding the counter-jihad movement|last=Lee|first=Benjamin|journal=Religion Compass|volume=10|issue=10|quote=The clearest case of violence linked to the CJM is that of Anders Breivik; the commonalities between Breivik and the CJM have been noted by several writers (Kundnani, 2012: 4; Jackson, 2013; Meleagrou-Hitchens & Brun, 2013:2; Goodwin, 2013: 4; Titley, 2013).}}</ref> is a self-titled political current loosely consisting of authors, bloggers, [[think tanks]], street movements and campaignso organisations allon linked by beliefs that view [[Islam]] not as a religion but as aan [[worldview]]ideology that constitutes an existential threat to [[Western culture|Western civilization]]. Consequently, counter-jihadists consider all Muslims as a potential threat, especially when they are already living within Western boundaries.<ref name="Zúquete 2018">{{cite book | last=Zúquete | first=José | title=The Identitarians: The Movement against Globalism and Islam in Europe | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press | location=Notre Dame, Indiana | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-268-10421-49780268104214 | oclc=1055656293 | pages=169–170}}</ref> Western Muslims accordingly are portrayed as a "[[fifth column]]", collectively seeking to destabilize Western nations' identity and values for the benefit of an international Islamic movement intent on the establishment of a [[caliphate]] in Western countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akbarzadeh |first1=Shahram |last2=Roose |first2=Joshua M. |title=Muslims, Multiculturalism and the Question of the Silent Majority |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |date=September 2011 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=309–325 |doi=10.1080/13602004.2011.599540|s2cid=145595802 }}</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite journalsfn|last1=Lee|first1=Benjamin|title=A Day in the "Swamp": Understanding Discourse in the Online Counter-Jihad Nebula|journal=Democracy and Security|date=4 September 2015|volume=11|issue=3|pages=248–274|doi=10.1080/17419166.2015.1067612|s2cid=62841363|url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/78286/1/a_day_in_the_swamp_author_sub.pdf}}</ref> The counter-jihad movement has been variously described as [[Criticism of Islam|anti-Islamic]],<ref name="svd.se">
{{Cite news|url=http://www.svd.se/kultur/understrecket/diffus-rorelse-med-muslimer-som-hatobjekt_6364272.svd|title=Diffus rörelse med muslimer som hatobjekt|work=Svenska Dagbladet|date=3 August 2011|access-date=6 August 2011|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105150636/http://www.svd.se/kultur/understrecket/diffus-rorelse-med-muslimer-som-hatobjekt_6364272.svd|archive-date=5 November 2011|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name="CBSNews">
{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57432640/pentagon-suspends-counterjihad-class-on-islam/|title=Pentagon suspends "counterjihad" class on Islam|work=[[CBS News]]|date=11 May 2012|access-date=3 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623235638/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57432640/pentagon-suspends-counterjihad-class-on-islam/|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/14/breivik-trial-norway-mass-murderer |title=The Guardian: Far-right anti-Muslim network on rise globally as Breivik trial opens |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]The Guardian |date=14 April 2012 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010343/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/14/breivik-trial-norway-mass-murderer |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=live }}
</ref> [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]],<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Goodwin|first1=Matthew J.|last2=Cutts|first2=David|last3=Janta-Lipinski|first3=Laurence|title=Economic losers, protestors, islamophobes or xenophobes? Predicting public support for a counter-Jihad movement|journal=Political Studies|date=19 August 2014|volume=64|issue=1|pages=4–26|doi=10.1111/1467-9248.12159|s2cid=145753701|url=http://opus.bath.ac.uk/41051/|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808001040/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/41051/|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=live}}
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</ref><ref>
{{cite news|author=Mattias Wåg|url=http://www.goteborgsfria.se/artikel/89385|title=Den nya högerextremismens terroristiska uttryck|newspaper=Göteborgs fria|date=28 July 2011|language=sv|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055059/http://www.goteborgsfria.se/artikel/89385|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name="Denes" /> inciting hatred against Muslims,<ref name="HateAgainstMuslims">{{cite journal|last1=Wolff|first1=Elisabetta Cassina|title=Evola's interpretation of fascism and moral responsibility|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]]|date=2 November 2016|volume=50|issue=4–5|pages=478–494|doi=10.1080/0031322X.2016.1243662|s2cid=152240495}}</ref> and [[Far-right politics|far-right]].<ref name="svd.se" /><ref name="Denes">
{{cite journal|last=Denes|first=Nick|title=Welcome to the Counterjihad: "Uncivil" Networks and European Social Space|journal=Dahrendorf Symposia Series|volume=2012-12|publisher=Dahrendorf Symposia|location=Berlin|year=2012|url=http://www.dahrendorf-symposium.eu/fileadmin/Content_Images/Papers/Dahrendorf_Symposia_Series/DSS_12.pdf|access-date=26 August 2012|doi=10.1080/17448689.2012.738894|s2cid=144605155}}{{Dead link|date=March 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
</ref>{{sfn|Meleagrou-Hitchens|Brun|2013|p=1}} Influential figures in the movement include the bloggers [[Pamela Geller]] and [[Robert B. Spencer|Robert Spencer]] in the US, and [[Geert Wilders]] and [[Tommy Robinson (activist)|Tommy Robinson]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyTNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172|page=172|title=Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism|first1=Max |last1=Taylor|first2=P.M. |last2=Currie|first3=Donald |last3=Holbrook|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=9781441101839}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Meleagrou-Hitchens|Brun|2013|p=2}}: "The popular American Counter-Jihad activists Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer ... EDL leader Tommy Robinson now holds almost legendary status within this nascent movement, and is considered the “rock star” of the ECJM [European Counter-Jihad Movement]."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aked|Jones|Miller|2019|p=24}}: "Dutch politician Geert Wilders – a key European counter-jihad figurehead" {{harvnb|Aked|Jones|Miller|2019|p=26}}: "both Labour and Conservative Home Secretaries have prevented counter-jihadists from entering the UK: Jacqui Smith stopped a planned visit by Dutch politician Geert Wilders in 2009 and Theresa May denied Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer in 2013."</ref>
</ref><ref name=HitchensBrun2013>
Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Hans Brun, ''[http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ICSR-ECJM-Report_Online.pdf A Neo-Nationalist Network: The English Defence League and Europe's Counter-Jihad Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512130405/http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ICSR-ECJM-Report_Online.pdf |date=12 May 2013 }}'', [[The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence|International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence]], March 2013.▼
</ref> Influential figures in the movement include the bloggers [[Pamela Geller]] and [[Robert B. Spencer|Robert Spencer]].
 
While the roots of the movement go back to the 1980s, it did not gain significant momentum until after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] and, the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]] and the [[2005 French riots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fh1rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265|title=Islamist Terrorism in Europe|first=Petter|last=Nesser|page=265|publisher=Oxford University|year=2018|isbn=9780190934927}}</ref> As far back as 2006, bloggers such as [[Fjordman]] were identified as playing a key role in forwarding the nascent counter-jihad ideology.<ref name="{{sfn|Lee" />|2015}} [[Bat Ye'or]]'s [[Eurabia]] conspiracy theory]] published in her eponymous book in 2005 also played an important factor in influencing the movement. The first official counter-jihad conferences were held in 2007. The movement received considerable attention in 2011 following the [[2011 Norway attacks|lone wolf attacks]] by [[Anders Behring Breivik]], a neo-Nazi who disguised himself with a manifesto that exploited and extensively reproduced the writings of prominent counter-jihad bloggers,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/breivik-jeg-leste-hitlers-mein-kampf-da-jeg-var-14-ar/s/12-95-3423203669|title=Breivik: - Jeg leste Hitlers Mein Kampf da jeg var 14 år |date=16 March 2016|work=Nettavisen|language=no}}</ref> and following the emergence of prominent street movements such as the [[English Defence League]] (EDL) and [[Pegida]].<ref name="{{sfn|Lee" />|2015}} The movement has adherents both in Europe and in North America. The European wing is more focused on the alleged cultural threat to European traditions stemming from immigrant Muslim populations, while the American wing emphasizes an alleged external threat, essentially terrorist in nature.<ref name="svd.se"/>
 
SeveralAccording academicto accounts have presentedacademics, [[conspiracy theories]] asare a key component of the counter-jihad movement.<ref>Cited in Lee (2016):
* {{cite journal|last1=Fekete|first1=Liz|title=The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre|journal=Race & Class|date=15 December 2011|volume=53|issue=3|pages=30–47|doi=10.1177/0306396811425984|s2cid=146443283}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bangstad|first1=Sindre|title=Eurabia Comes to Norway|journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations|date=July 2013|volume=24|issue=3|pages=369–391|doi=10.1080/09596410.2013.783969|s2cid=145132618}}
* Meleagrou-Hitchens, A., & Brun, H. (2013). A neo-nationalist network: The English Defence League and Europe's counter-jihad movement. London: The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisationand Political Violence.</ref> The movement is also strongly pro-[[Israel]],{{sfn|Lee|2015}}{{sfn|Pertwee|2017|p=8}} praising the country as a bastion of Western culture against its surrounding Muslim countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/a/ca18fd09-0f0d-3891-92d0-81d5cd927270/diffus-rorelse-med-muslimer-som-hatobjekt|title=Diffus rörelse med muslimer som hatobjekt|date=2 August 2011|work=Svenska Dagbladet|language=sv}}</ref> On a day-to-day level, it seeks to generate outrage at perceived Muslim crimes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Benjamin J.|title='It's not paranoia when they are really out to get you': the role of conspiracy theories in the context of heightened security|journal=Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression|date=30 September 2016|volume=9|issue=1|pages=4–20|doi=10.1080/19434472.2016.1236143|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
==Overview==
{{Islamophobia|Issues}}
 
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
Counter-jihad is a radical right-wing movement<ref name=Fleischer/> that operates, according to Toby Archer, via the "sharing of ideas between Europeans and Americans and daily linking between blogs and websites on both sides of the Atlantic",<ref name=Archer2013/> and, according to Rasmus Fleischer, "calls for a counterjihad against the supposed [[Eurabia|Islamisation of Europe]]".<ref name=Fleischer/> Two central counter-jihad themes have been identified, namely that Islam and Muslim immigration poses a threat to Western civilisation,{{sfn|Meleagrou-Hitchens|Brun|2013|p=1}}<ref name=Archer2013/> and a lack of trust in political "elites", focusing especially against the [[European Union]].<ref name=Archer2013>{{cite book|first1=Toby |last1=Archer|editor1-last=Taylor|editor1-first=Max|editor2-last=Currie|editor2-first=P.M.|editor3-last=Holbrook|editor3-first=Donald|title=Extreme right wing political violence and terrorism|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|isbn=9781441140876|pages=173–4}}</ref> While the roots of the movement go back to the 1980s, it did not gain significant momentum until after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.<ref name=tnyt1/>
While the roots of the movement go back to the 1980s, it did not gain significant momentum until after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.<ref name=tnyt1/>
 
The authors of ''Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse'' describe the movement as heavily relying on two key tactics:
{{blockquote|The first is arguing that the most radical Muslims – men like [[Osama bin Laden]] – are properly interpreting the [[Quran]], while peaceful moderate Muslims either do not understand their own holy book or are strategically faking their moderation. The second key tactic is to relentlessly attack individuals and organizations that purport to represent moderate Islam...painting them as secret operatives in a grand Muslim scheme to destroy the West.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beirich|first1=Heidi |editor-last1=Wodak, |editor-first1=Ruth |editor2editor-last2=KhosraviNik, |editor-first2=Majid |editor3editor-last3=Mral, |editor-first3=Brigitte|title=Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse|date=2013|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-78093-343-69781780933436|pages=91–92|chapter=Hate Across the Waters: The Role of American Extremists in Fostering an International White Consciousness}}</ref>}}
 
Benjamin Lee describes the "counter-jihad scene" as one where
{{blockquote|Europe and the United States are under threat from an aggressive and politicized Islamic world that is attempting to take over Europe through a process of "Islamification" with the eventual aim of imposing [[Sharia law]]. In this process, the threat is characterized by the perceived removal of Christian or Jewish symbols, the imposition of Islamic traditions, and the creation of [[no-go area]]s for non-Muslims. The construction of [[mosques]] in particular is seen as continued reinforcement of the separation of the Muslim population from the wider populous. As strong as the threatening practices of Muslims in descriptions of the counter jihad are images of a powerless Europe in decline and sliding into decadence, unable to resist Islamic takeover. The idea that European culture in particular is in a state of decline, while a spiritually vigorous East represented by Islam is in the ascendancy in civil society, is a common sentiment in some circles.<ref name="{{sfn|Lee" />|2015}}}}
 
Two central counter-jihad themes have been identified:
* the notion that Islam poses a threat to "Western civilisation", with a particular focus on "Muslims living in Europe", that is, within the European Counterjihad Movement (ECJM), "seen predominantly in terms of immigration",<ref name=Archer2013/> particularly Muslim immigration.<ref name=HitchensBrun2013/>
* a lack of trust in regional, political and economic "elites", with a particular focus against the European Union (EU).<ref name=Archer2013>{{cite book|author1=Toby Archer|author-link1=Breivik's Mindset|editor1-last=Taylor|editor1-first=Max|editor2-last=Currie|editor2-first=P.M.|editor3-last=Holbrook|editor3-first=Donald|title=Extreme right wing political violence and terrorism|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|isbn=9781441140876|pages=173–4|edition=1. publ.}}<!--|access-date=23 May 2016--></ref>
 
==Counter-jihad movement==
One of the first organizations of the counter-jihad movement (CJM), the 910 Group (later renamed to the [[International Civil Liberties Alliance]]) was founded in 2006 and announced on [[Gates of Vienna]], "a principal blog of the CJM since 2004". Its stated purpose was to defend "liberties, human rights, and religious and political freedoms [that] are under assault from extremist groups who believe in Islamist supremacy".<ref name=UPE>{{cite book|title=Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis|editor=Gabriella Lazaridis|editor2=Giovanna Campani|pages=70–103|isbn=978-1138101654|publisher= Routledge|year=2016|author=Gabriella Lazaridis|author2=Marilou Polymeropoulou|author3=Vasiliki Tsagkroni}}</ref> In April 2007, the counter-jihad current became visible as a movement operating in northwestern Europe with "The UK and Scandinavia Counterjihad Summit", organised by a transatlantic network of anti-Islam bloggers in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark.<ref name="expo19">{{cite web|url=https://expo.se/fakta/wiki/counterjihad|title=Counterjihad|work=Expo|language=Swedish|date=8 January 2019}}</ref> The conference was hosted by American blogger Edward May, Danish activist [[Anders Gravers Pedersen]], and Danish blogger Exile, and included participants such as Norwegian blogger [[Fjordman]].<ref name="expo19"/>
 
[[File:Robert Spencer.jpg|thumb|220pxupright|[[Robert B. Spencer|Robert Spencer]], author and editor of the central counter-jihad blog ''[[Jihad Watch]].'']]
In October 2007 a second summit, "Counterjihad Brussels 2007", was hosted by the Belgian [[Flemish Movement|Flemish-nationalist]] party [[Vlaams Belang]] in the [[European Parliament]] building in Brussels, Belgium.<ref name="Fleischer">
{{cite book|author1first1=Rasmus Fleischer|author-link1last1=Two fascisms in contemporary Europe? Understanding the ideological split of the radical rightFleischer|editor1-last=Deland|editor1-first=Mats|editor2-last=Minkenberg|editor2-first=Michael|editor3-last=Mays|editor3-first=Christin|title=In the Tracks of Breivik: Far Right Networks in Northern and Eastern Europe|date=2014|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90542-0|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Coi8BAAAQBAJ|access-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809192341/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Coi8BAAAQBAJ|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name=Luban/> This conference has been regarded as a crucial event in the movement's history<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1|title=Breivik's swamp|first=Toby|last=Archer|date=25 July 2011|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910205259/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0%2C1|archive-date=10 September 2011|url-status=dead}}
</ref> and featured speakers [[Bat Ye'or]]<ref name=Fleischer/> and [[David Littman (historian)|David Littman]] followed by "country reports" from delegates Paul Beliën and [[Filip Dewinter]] (Vlaams Belang, Belgium), Stefan Herre ([[Politically Incorrect (blog)|PI blog]], Germany), [[Nidra Poller]] ([[PJ Media|Pajamas Media]] blog, France), [[Gerard Batten]] ([[UK Independence Party]], UK), [[Ted Ekeroth]] ([[SwedishSweden Democrats]], Sweden), [[Lars Hedegaard]] ([[International Free Press Society]], Denmark), [[Jens Tomas Anfindsen]] ([[Ole Jørgen Anfindsen#Social commentary|HonestThinking]] blog, [[Human Rights Service]], Norway), [[Kenneth Sikorski]] (Tundra Tabloids blog, Finland), [[Hans Jansen|Johannes Jansen]] (Netherlands), Adriana Bolchini Gaigher (Lisistrata blog, Italy), [[Traian Ungureanu]] (Romania), [[Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff]] (Austria), Matyas Zmo (Czech Republic), with further speeches by [[Arieh Eldad]] ([[Moledet]], Israel). [[Patrick Sookhdeo]] ([[Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity]], Barnabas Fund, UK), Dr [[Marc Cogen]] (Professor of International Law, Vesalius College, Belgium), [[Sam Solomon]] (Islamic Affairs Consultant, [[Christian Concern]]), [[Robert B. Spencer|Robert Spencer]] ([[Jihad Watch]], [[David Horowitz Freedom Center]]), [[Andrew G. Bostom]], and Laurent Artur du Plessis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://libertiesalliance.org/2007/10/20/counter-jihad-brussels-18-19-october-2007/|title=Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007|date=20 October 2007|work=International Civil Liberties Alliance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CounterJihad Brussels 2007 Conference Press Release|url=https://counterjihadeuropa.wordpress.com/conferences/counterjihad-brussels-2007/|website=Counterjihad Europa|date=28 October 2007|publisher=Wordpress|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031233953/http://counterjihadeuropa.wordpress.com/conferences/counterjihad-brussels-2007/counterjihad-brussels-2007-biographies/|archive-date=31 October 2007|location=Internet Archive}}</ref><br/>▼
{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1|title=Breivik's swamp|first=Toby|last=Archer|date=25 July 2011|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910205259/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0%2C1|archive-date=10 September 2011|url-status=dead}}
▲</ref> and featured speakers Bat Ye'or<ref name=Fleischer/> and [[David Littman (historian)|David Littman]] followed by "country reports" from delegates Paul Beliën and [[Filip Dewinter]] (Vlaams Belang, Belgium), Stefan Herre ([[Politically Incorrect (blog)|PI blog]], Germany), [[Nidra Poller]] ([[PJ Media|Pajamas Media]] blog, France), [[Gerard Batten]] ([[UK Independence Party]], UK), Ted Ekeroth ([[Swedish Democrats]], Sweden), [[Lars Hedegaard]] ([[International Free Press Society]], Denmark), Jens Tomas Anfindsen ([[Ole Jørgen Anfindsen#Social commentary|HonestThinking]] blog, [[Human Rights Service]], Norway), Kenneth Sikorski (Tundra Tabloids blog, Finland), [[Hans Jansen|Johannes Jansen]] (Netherlands), Adriana Bolchini Gaigher (Lisistrata blog, Italy), [[Traian Ungureanu]] (Romania), [[Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff]] (Austria), Matyas Zmo (Czech Republic), with further speeches by [[Arieh Eldad]] ([[Moledet]], Israel). [[Patrick Sookhdeo]] ([[Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity]], Barnabas Fund, UK), Dr [[Marc Cogen]] (Professor of International Law, Vesalius College, Belgium), Sam Solomon (Islamic Affairs Consultant, [[Christian Concern]]), [[Robert B. Spencer|Robert Spencer]] ([[Jihad Watch]], [[David Horowitz Freedom Center]]), [[Andrew G. Bostom]], and Laurent Artur du Plessis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://libertiesalliance.org/2007/10/20/counter-jihad-brussels-18-19-october-2007/|title=Counter Jihad Brussels: 18-19 October 2007|date=20 October 2007|work=International Civil Liberties Alliance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CounterJihad Brussels 2007 Conference Press Release|url=https://counterjihadeuropa.wordpress.com/conferences/counterjihad-brussels-2007/|website=Counterjihad Europa|date=28 October 2007|publisher=Wordpress|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031233953/http://counterjihadeuropa.wordpress.com/conferences/counterjihad-brussels-2007/counterjihad-brussels-2007-biographies/|archive-date=31 October 2007|location=Internet Archive}}</ref><br/>
 
From 2009, the [[English Defence League]] (EDL) street movement began holding rallies with thousands of protesters. A March 2012 counter-jihad conference in Denmark drew 200–300 supporters from throughout Europe. Ten times the number of left-wing protesters staged a counter-demonstration.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=149759573|title=80 Arrested After Anti-Islam Protest In Denmark|agency=Associated Press|date=31 March 2012|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181010/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=149759573|archive-date=1 April 2012|url-status=live}}
</ref> The 2012 conference in Denmark was claimed by its organisers, the EDL, to mark the starting point of a pan-European movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cphpost.dk/news/national/islam-debate-takes-centre-stage-aarhus|title=Islam debate takes centre stage in Aarhus|publisher=The Copenhagen Post|date=4 April 2012|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419113029/http://cphpost.dk/news/national/islam-debate-takes-centre-stage-aarhus|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> There have been no official CJM conferences since 2013, pointing to a decline in the original movement.<ref name=UPE/> However, a high-point in the European street movement came in January 2015 when 25,000 people attended a [[Pegida]] rally in the German city of Dresden.<ref>{{cite journalsfn|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/192414854/Aked_Jones_Miller_Counterjihad_report_2019.pdf|last1=Aked|first1=H.|last2=Jones|first2=M.|last3=Miller|first3=D.|year=2019|title=Islamophobia in Europe: How governments are enabling the far-right 'counter-jihad' movement|journal=Spinwatch Public Interest Investigations|publisher=University of Bristol|pagep=34}}</ref> In June 2018, 10,000 protesters attended a "[[Tommy Robinson (activist)|Free Tommy]]" rally in London.<ref name{{sfn|Pertwee|2020|p="perwee"/>211}} It has been argued by Christopher Othen in his book ''Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency'' that, after a fallout following the 2011 Norway attacks, the movement was reinvigorated by events such as the [[Arab Spring]], a series of Islamist terrorist attacks, and the [[European migrant crisis]], and to have influenced the success of [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{cite booksfn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-IDwAAQBAJ&q=How+the+Counter-Jihad+Movement+Created+Mayhem,+Murder+and+the+Trump+PresidencyOthen|title=Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency|date=15 August 2018|work=Amberley Publishing|isbn=9781445678009 |last1=Othen |first1=Christopher |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited }}</ref> The counter-jihad movement has also been seen to have had numerous links with the [[Trump administration]], and to have influenced [[Trumpism|Trump's ideology]].{{sfn|Aked|Jones|Miller|2019|p=16}}{{sfn|Pertwee|2020|pp=211, 222}}<ref name="perweevox201702"/>{{cite journal|title=DonaldAspects Trump,of the anti-Muslimmovement farhas thus been seen to have entered mainstream right-wing andpolitics in the newUnited conservativeStates, revolution|first=Ed|last=Perwee|year=2020|journal=Ethnicas andwell Racialas Studiesin European countries.{{sfn|volume=43Aked|issue=16 Jones|pages=211–230Miller|doi=10.1080/01419870.2020.17496882019|s2cidp=218843237 6}}{{sfn|doiMeleagrou-accessHitchens|Brun|2013|p=free2}}</ref><ref name="theguardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.voxtheguardian.com/world/20172015/2/13dec/1455982205/trumpfar-islamright-muslimsmuslim-islamophobiacultural-shariacivil-war|title=Trump's counterAnti-jihad|date=FebruaryMuslim 13,prejudice 2017‘is moving to the mainstream’|work=VoxThe Guardian|lastdate=Beauchamp5 December 2015|first=ZackMark|last=Townsend}}</ref>
 
==Organisation==
Blogs such as ''[[Gates of Vienna]]'', ''[[Jihad Watch]]'', ''[[Pamela Geller|Atlas Shrugs]]'', ''[[Politically Incorrect (Blog)|Politically Incorrect]]'', ''[[The Brussels Journal]]'' are central to the transatlantic Countercounter-jihad movement (TCJM). Notable figures include: the editors of these blogs, respectively Edward 'Ned' May (pseudonym Baron Bodissey),<ref name=Archer2013/> [[Robert Spencer (author)|Robert Spencer]];, [[Pamela Geller]];, Stefan Herre;, and [[Paul Beliën]]. Notable writers in the Countercounter-jihad movement are [[Bat Ye'or]], [[David Horowitz]] and [[Fjordman]].<ref name=svd.se/><ref name=tnyt1>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/opinion/sunday/the-rise-of-the-macro-nationalists.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=The Rise of the Macro-Nationalists|first=Thomas|last=Hegghammer|author-link=Thomas Hegghammer|date=30 July 2011|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129062332/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/opinion/sunday/the-rise-of-the-macro-nationalists.html|archive-date=29 November 2011|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name=tnyt2 /><br/>
 
Think tanks such as the [[International Free Press Society]] and the [[David Horowitz Freedom Center]] have had an important role in providing funds and establishing international links.<ref name=Kundnani/><ref name=Fekete2012/> The [[Center for Security Policy]] is also a part of the movement and operates a counter-jihad campaign.{{sfn|Pertwee|2020|p=215}} In time, a network of formal organisations has been established, with its main centres in Europe and the United States.<ref name=Townsend2012>
{{cite web|last=Townsend|first=Mark|title=Far-right anti-Muslim network on rise globally as Breivik trial opens:Report highlights UK role in the growth of groups that inspired Norway's mass murderer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/14/breivik-trial-norway-mass-murderer|website=The Guardian|access-date=27 April 2012|date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150000/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/14/breivik-trial-norway-mass-murderer|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live}}
</ref> A transatlantic umbrella organisation, [[Stop Islamization of Nations]] (SION) was established in 2012.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/20/idUS122494+20-Jan-2012+PRN20120120|work=[[Reuters]] (Press release)|title=Stop Islamization of Nations (SION) Calls on UN to Protect Christians of Syria|date=20 January 2012|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222544/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/20/idUS122494+20-Jan-2012+PRN20120120|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
The International Free Press Society lists representatives from many parts of the counter-jihad spectrum on its board of advisors.<ref name=Luban>
{{Cite news|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=45928|work=[[InterPress Service]]|title=Dutch Foe of Islam Ignores US Allies' Far Right Ties|first=Daniel|last=Luban|author2=Eli Clifton|date=28 February 2009|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173343/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=45928|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Anders Hvass|title=Lars Hedegaard ude af DF|language=da|trans-title=Lars Hedegaard leaves Danish People's Party|publisher=[[Berlingske tidene]]Tidene|url=http://www.b.dk/politik/lars-hedegaard-ude-af-df|access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> [[Eurabia]] conspiracy theorist Bat Ye'or is on the board of advisors, while owner of the blog ''Gates of Vienna'', Edward S. May, serves as outreach co-ordinator on its board of directors.<ref name="Luban"/><ref>{{cite web|authorfirst=Nick |last=Lowles|title=International Counter-jihadist Organisations - The International Free Press Society (IFPS) Network|url=http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/counter-jihad/organisations/Free-Press-Society|publisher=Hope Not Hate|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303201310/http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/counter-jihad/organisations/Free-Press-Society|archive-date=3 March 2013|location=Internet Archive|date=June 2012}}</ref>
 
===American Counter-jihad movement===
[[File:Pamela Geller 2011.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pamela Geller]], a central figure of the movement in the US]]
The U.S.-based [[Stop Islamization of America]] (SIOA) is led by Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer,.<ref name=MorgEur/><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05EEDB113CF933A25753C1A9669D8B63&scp=3&st=cse&pagewanted=all |title=Outraged, And Outrageous |work=The New York Times |date=10 October 2010 |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624210616/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05EEDB113CF933A25753C1A9669D8B63&scp=3&st=cse&pagewanted=all |archive-date=24 June 2017 |url-status=live }}
<blockquote/ref> SIOA has been accused by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of "promot[ing] a conspiratorial anti-Muslim agenda under the guise of fighting radical Islam. The group seeks to rouse public fears by consistently vilifying the Islamic faith and asserting the existence of an Islamic conspiracy to destroy "'American"' values".<ref>▼
</ref> as a program under their American Freedom Defense Initiative (AFDI). According to the AFDI website, the initiative aims, among other activities, to:<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://freedomdefensewww.typepadadl.comorg/fdimain_Extremism/2011/07/american-freedom-defense-initiative-action-plansioa.htmlhtm|title=AmericanBackgrounder: FreedomStop DefenseIslamization Initiativeof ActionAmerica Plan(SIOA)|authorpublisher=Pamela[[Anti-Defamation GellerLeague]]|date=31March July25, 2011|access-date=28 April 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2012050122173120120502054200/http://freedomdefensewww.typepadadl.comorg/fdimain_Extremism/2011/07/american-freedom-defense-initiative-action-plansioa.htmlhtm|archive-date=1 May 2012-05-02|url-status=dead|author-link=Pamela Geller}}
</ref>
* Create state organizations that work towards the initiative's aims at a local level
* Organize grass-root small groups at the local level to fight what it labels "specific Islamic supremacist initiatives" in American cities
* Build strategic alliances with activist groups in Europe and Israel to engage in open and stealthy counter-jihad measures
* Promote candidates who "fight against the march of Islamic supremacists"
* Host conferences "that educate Americans about Leftist indoctrination and Islam's quest for domination"
 
SIOA has been accused by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of
▲<blockquote>promot[ing] a conspiratorial anti-Muslim agenda under the guise of fighting radical Islam. The group seeks to rouse public fears by consistently vilifying the Islamic faith and asserting the existence of an Islamic conspiracy to destroy "American" values.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/sioa.htm|title=Backgrounder: Stop Islamization of America (SIOA)|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|date=March 25, 2011|access-date=April 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502054200/http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/sioa.htm|archive-date=2012-05-02|url-status=dead}}
</ref></blockquote>
 
In 2010, a groupworkgroup dubbed "Team B II", patterned after the 1970s [[anti-communist]] [[Team B]], published a report titled ''[[Shariah: The Threat To America]]'' which has been cited as influencing the movement's discourse and the public's perception. The report was published by the [[Center for Security Policy]].<ref>[{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/02/03/why-do-so-many-americans-believe-that-islam-is-a-political-ideology-not-a-religion/ |title=Why do so many Americans believe that Islam is a political ideology, not a religion?] {{Webarchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312094502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/02/03/why-do-so-many-americans-believe-that-islam-is-a-political-ideology-not-a-religion/ |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}, |work=Washington Post, |first=Michael |last=Schulson, 3|date= February 2017}}
</ref><ref name="vox201702">[{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia |title=Trump's counter-jihad] {{Webarchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608051716/https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia |archive-date=8 June 2017 }}, |first=Zack |last=Beauchamp, |work=Vox,|date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
 
With the [[2016 United States presidential election|election]] of [[Donald Trump]] to the United States presidency in 2016, someit has havebeen claimed that the American wing has achieved some influence in the US administration. This is focused on the influence from [[Frank Gaffney]], President of the Center for Security Policy, and [[Brigitte Gabriel]], President of [[ACT for America]].<ref name="vox201702"/>
 
===European Counter-Jihad Movement===
[[File:Geert Wilders op Prinsjesdag 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Geert Wilders]], a key figure for the movement in Europe]]
TheAn umbrella organization, [[Stop Islamisation of Europe]] (SIOE), was founded by [[Anders Gravers Pedersen]],<ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-norway-killer-group-idUKTRE76M37M20110723 |title=Fringe group barred suspected Norway killer from forum |publisher=Reuters |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517174916/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/uk-norway-killer-group-idUKTRE76M37M20110723 |archive-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/24/nyheter/anders_behring_breivik/innenriks/terrorangrepet/17803023/ |title=Her er Breiviks meningsfeller |language=no |trans-title=These are the people who share Breivik's opinions |publisher=[[Dagbladet]] |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103214837/http://www.dagbladet.no/2011/08/24/nyheter/anders_behring_breivik/innenriks/terrorangrepet/17803023/ |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tv2nord.dk/artikel/121586:Krimi--Anders-Gravers-Pedersen-vaeltet-omkuld-under-demonstration |title=Anders Gravers Pedersen væltet omkuld under demonstration |language=da |trans-title=Anders Gravers Pedersen scuffled during demonstration |publisher=TV2 Nord |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710104124/http://www.tv2nord.dk/artikel/121586%3AKrimi--Anders-Gravers-Pedersen-vaeltet-omkuld-under-demonstration |archive-date=10 July 2011 }}</ref> who also sits on the board of the Stop Islamisation of Nations.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sion-to-hold-international-congress-and-media-workshop-to-address-islamic-supremacist-war-against-free-speech-142749465.html |title=SION to Hold International Congress and Media Workshop to Address Islamic Supremacist War Against Free Speech (Press Release) |publisher=PR Newswire |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418103335/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sion-to-hold-international-congress-and-media-workshop-to-address-islamic-supremacist-war-against-free-speech-142749465.html |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Thereand there are numerous affiliated "Stop the Islamisation" and "Defense Leagues"groups in several European countries,<ref name=Townsend2012/> among them [[Stop Islamisation of Denmark]], and [[Stop Islamisation of Norway]],.<ref andname=Townsend2012/> theThe [[English Defence League]] was a prominent street movement in the United Kingdom, formerly led by [[Tommy Robinson (activist)|Tommy Robinson]].{{sfn|Meleagrou-Hitchens|Brun|2013}}
 
The counter-jihad movement has connections to, and has influenced the ideology of European right-wing populist parties such as the [[Swiss People's Party]], [[Vlaams Belang]], [[Sweden Democrats]], [[Lega Nord]], [[Alternative for Germany]], [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]] of France, [[Freedom Party of Austria]], and Hungarian Prime Minister [[Viktor Orban]], while Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]] is the most important figurehead for the movement.{{sfn|Pertwee|2020|p=223}}{{sfn|Pertwee|2017|pp=6, 101}}{{sfn|Othen|2018|pp=19, 269–271}}
 
==Counter-jihad ideology==
Line 109 ⟶ 95:
</ref>
 
</ref></blockquote> [[Cas Mudde]] argues that various [[conspiracy theories]] with roots in [[Bat Ye'or]]'s [[Eurabia]] are important to the movement. The main theme of these theories is an allegation that European leaders allow a Muslim dominance of Europe, whether by intention or not, through multicultural policies and lax [[immigration laws]].<ref name=MorgEur>▼
According to prominent counter-jihadist Edward S. May, writing under the pseudonym Baron Bodissey, the counter-jihadist movement is based on the belief that <blockquote>"Islam is above all a totalitarian political ideology, sugar-coated with the trappings of a primitive desert religion to help veil its true nature. The publicly stated goal of Islamic theology and political ideology is to impose the rule of Islam over the entire world, and make it part of Dar al-Islam, the 'House of Submission'."<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2009/11/counterjihad-manifesto.html|title=The Counterjihad Manifesto|first=Baron|last=Bodissey|date=20 November 2009|access-date=28 August 2011|work=Gates of Vienna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811154601/http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2009/11/counterjihad-manifesto.html|archive-date=2011-08-11|url-status=live}}
▲</ref></blockquote> [[Cas Mudde]] argues that various [[conspiracy theories]] with roots in [[Bat Ye'or]]'s [[Eurabia]] are important to the movement. The main theme of these theories is an allegation that European leaders allow a Muslim dominance of Europe, whether by intention or not, through multicultural policies and lax [[immigration laws]].<ref name=MorgEur>
{{Cite news |url=http://morgenbladet.no/samfunn/2011/eurabiske_vers |title=Eurabiske vers |language=no |trans-title=Eurabian verses |publisher=[[Morgenbladet]] |date=19 August 2011 |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024051313/http://morgenbladet.no/samfunn/2011/eurabiske_vers |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref> According to [[Hope not Hate]], counter-jihad discourse has replaced the racist discourse of rightwing, populist and nationalist politics in America and Europe "with the language of cultural and identity wars".<ref>{{cite web|title=Counter-jihad Report|url=http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/counter-jihad|website=Hope Not Hate|access-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705190727/http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/counter-jihad/|archive-date=5 July 2012|location=Internet Archive|date=1 June 2012}}</ref>
Line 119 ⟶ 103:
Toby Archer detects a difference between the European and American wings of the movement. The American wing emphasizes an external threat, essentially terrorist in nature. The European wing sees a cultural threat to European traditions stemming from immigrant Muslim populations. While Archer notes that the perceived failure of multi-culturalism is shared across much of the political spectrum, he argues the counter-jihad movement is a particular conservative manifestation of this trend. He acknowledges the movement's conservative defense of human rights and the rule of law but he believes by rejecting progressive policy it rejects much of what Europe is today.<ref name="svd.se"/>
 
The views of the counter-jihad movement have been criticizedcriticised as a source of support for the anti-Muslim views of individuals inspired to take violent direct action.<ref name=tnyt2>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3|title=Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.|first=Scott|last=Shane|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 July 2011|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116154910/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1|archive-date=16 November 2016|url-status=live}}
</ref> [[Anders Behring Breivik]], responsible for the [[2011 Norway attacks]], published a manifesto explaining his views which drew heavily on the work of counter-jihad bloggers such as [[Fjordman]].<ref name="tnyt1"/><ref name="dsp">
{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,776413,00.html|title=Blogging Hate - Anders Breivik's Roots in Right-Wing Populism|first=Frank|last=Patalong|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=25 July 2011|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729094403/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,776413,00.html|archive-date=29 July 2011|url-status=live}}
</ref> [[Daniel Pipes]] argues that a "close reading of his manifesto suggests" that Breivik wanted to discredit and undermine the movement's dedication to democratic change to further Breivik's "dreamed-for revolution" as the only alternative.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/272804/norway-s-terrorism-context-daniel-pipes|title=Norway's Terrorism in Context: The damage Behring Breivik did to the counterjihad may well have been purposeful|last=Pipes|first=Daniel|publisher=National Review Online|date=27 July 2011|access-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422095945/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/272804/norway-s-terrorism-context-daniel-pipes|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live}}
</ref> Breivik has later been identified as a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]],{{refn|Sources describing Breivik as ''neo-Nazi'' include:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/norway-marks-ten-years-since-breiviks-deadly-attacks-2021-07-21/|title=Bells toll in Norway to mark 10 years since neo-Nazi Breivik killed 77|work=Reuters|date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/norway-extremist-makes-nazi-salute-as-he-seeks-parole-just-10-years-after-killing-77/|title=Norway extremist makes Nazi salute as he seeks parole just 10 years after killing 77|work=Times of Israel|date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67914614|title=Anders Breivik: Mass murderer sues Norway over prison isolation|work=BBC News|date=9 January 2024|quote="A neo-Nazi who killed 77 people in Norway in 2011 is suing the country in a bid to end his years in isolation."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/norway-neo-nazi-breiviks-parole-request-rejected-by-court/a-60626563|title=Court rejects parole for neo-Nazi mass murderer Breivik|date=1 February 2022|work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220119-psychiatrist-says-breivik-still-a-danger-hitting-parole-chances|title=Psychiatrist says Breivik still a danger, hitting parole chances|date=19 January 2022|work=France 24|quote="Neo-Nazi Breivik, who killed 77 people in twin attacks, was sentenced in 2012 to 21 years in prison, which can be extended as long as he is considered a threat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/19/norways-far-right-mass-killer-breivik-sues-state-over-prison-isolation|title=Norway's far-right mass killer Breivik sues state over prison isolation|work=Al Jazeera|date=19 August 2023|quote="A neo-Nazi, Breivik killed 77 people, most of them teenagers, in shootings and a bombing attack in Norway’s worst peacetime atrocity in July 2011."}}</ref>}} and has stated that he had exploited counter-jihad rhetoric in order to protect "[[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalists]]", and instead start a media drive against what he deemed "anti-nationalist counterjihad"-supporters.<ref name="Expo14">
</ref> Breivik has later identified himself as a [[Fascism|fascist]] and voiced support for [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]], stating that he had exploited counter-jihad rhetoric in order to protect "[[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalists]]", and instead start a media drive against what he deemed "anti-nationalist counterjihad"-supporters.<ref name="Expo14">
{{Cite news|url=http://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html|title=Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar" [Breivik wants to deport "disloyal Jews"]|work=[[Expo (magazine)|Expo]]|date=10 January 2014|language=sv|author=Daniel Vergara|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713231651/http://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}
[</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905 "|title=Mass killer Breivik says wants to create fascist party"] {{Webarchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190708/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/05/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905 |archive-date=19 October 2015 }}. ''Reuters''. |work=Reutersdate=5 September 2014.}}▼
</ref><ref>▼
▲[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905 "Mass killer Breivik says wants to create fascist party"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019190708/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/05/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905 |date=19 October 2015 }}. ''Reuters''. 5 September 2014.
</ref>
 
Line 135 ⟶ 118:
</ref>
 
Theologist and philosopherPhilosopher [[Marius Timmann Mjaaland]] has described the [[Christianism|role]] given to [[Christianity]] in some parts of the counter-jihad movement and has identified some aspects of the movement's ideology that he says links it to [[Christofascism|fascism-like]] conspiracy theories:, claiming that the movement draws heavily from the [[Crusades]].<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article4239821.ece|title=Korstog mot hellig krig (|trans-title=Crusade against Holy War)|first=Marius Timman|last=Mjaaland|work=[[Aftenposten]]|date=28 September 2011|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001032040/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article4239821.ece|archive-date=1 October 2011|url-status=dead|language=no}}▼
#The establishment of an allegedly continuous and coherent connection between the present-day conflict between the Christian West and Muslims, whereas analyses based on established historical science will dismiss any such claim as unfounded.
</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/debatt/2011/07/29/tempelridderen/|title=Tempelridderen |trans-title=The Templar|first=Marius Timman|last=Mjaaland|work=Morgenbladet|date=29 July 2011|access-date=27 October 2023|language=no}}
#A claim that mainstream politicians and media in Western countries have in effect become internal enemies or "traitors", by respectively allowing the creation of [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] societies and advocating "Marxism" and "political correctness".
▲</ref><ref>
#This, in turn, has allowed Muslims to settle in Western lands, and thereby allegedly opened them to attack from within.
#And, lastly, a [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean]], post-Christian worldview where the distinction between good and evil is given little attention, to the point where Christianity's ideal of "[[The Golden Rule|loving one's neighbour]]" is entirely omitted. Christianity is reduced from a system of belief to an identity marker, and a political mythology is built, that draws heavily on the [[Crusades]].<ref>
▲{{Cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article4239821.ece|title=Korstog mot hellig krig (Crusade against Holy War)|first=Marius Timman|last=Mjaaland|work=[[Aftenposten]]|date=28 September 2011|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001032040/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article4239821.ece|archive-date=1 October 2011|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
 
Counter-jihad has sought to portray Western Muslims as a "[[fifth column]]", collectively seeking to destabilize Western nations' identity and values for the benefit of an international Islamic movement intent on the [[Eurabia|establishment of a caliphate in Western countries]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akbarzadeh|first1=Shahram|last2=Roose|first2=Joshua M.|title=Muslims, Multiculturalism and the Question of the Silent Majority|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|date=September 2011|volume=31|issue=3|pages=309–325|doi=10.1080/13602004.2011.599540|s2cid=145595802}}</ref> Much of the Eurabia literature and Counter Jihad forums describe ''[[taqiyya]]'' as a manipulative strategy used by [[moderate Muslims]] to infiltrate and eventually overthrow society.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nilsson|first1=Per-Erik|title='Secular Retaliation': A Case Study of Integralist Populism, Anti-Muslim Discourse, and (Il)liberal Discourse on Secularism in Contemporary France|journal=Politics, Religion & Ideology|date=17 February 2015|volume=16|issue=1|pages=87–106|doi=10.1080/21567689.2015.1012160|s2cid=143457958}}</ref>
 
Supporters are often pro-Israel.<ref name="Lee" />
 
===Comparison with anti-communism===
The movement has been compared to the [[anti-communism]] of the [[Cold War]]. The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] compares both as similar exaggerated threats. "Like the communists that an earlier generation believed to be hiding behind every rock, infiltrated 'Islamist' operatives today are said to be diabolically preparing for a forcible takeover."<ref name=SPLC>
[http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2011/summer/the-anti-muslim-inner-circle ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804155642/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2011/summer/the-anti-muslim-inner-circle |date=4 August 2012 }} The Anti-Muslim Inner Circle. By Robert Steinback| Intelligence Report| Summer 2011| Issue Number: 142
</ref>
 
==See also==
Line 157 ⟶ 130:
*[[Counter-terrorism]]
*[[Far-right politics]]
*[[Great Replacement]]
*[[Islam and violence]]
*[[Islamic fundamentalism]]
*[[Islamofascism]]
*[[Jihad]]
*[[Jihadism]]
*[[Persecution of Christians#Muslim world|Persecution of Christians in Muslim countries]]
*[[War against Islam]]
{{div col end}}
 
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}
 
'''==Bibliography'''==
* {{cite report|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/192414854/Aked_Jones_Miller_Counterjihad_report_2019.pdf|last1=Aked|first1=H.|last2=Jones|first2=M.|last3=Miller|first3=D.|year=2019|title=Islamophobia in Europe: How governments are enabling the far-right 'counter-jihad' movement|work=Public Interest Investigations|publisher=University of Bristol}}
*{{cite thesis|type=Ph.D.|chapter=V|title=Warblog without end: online anti-Islamic discourses as persuadables |chapter-url=http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/715/ |last=Munksgaard |first=Daniel Carl |year=2010 |publisher=The University of Iowa |access-date=26 August 2012 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Benjamin|title=A Day in the "Swamp": Understanding Discourse in the Online Counter-Jihad Nebula|journal=Democracy and Security|date=September 2015|volume=11|issue=3|pages=248–274|doi=10.1080/17419166.2015.1067612|s2cid=62841363|url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/78286/1/a_day_in_the_swamp_author_sub.pdf}}
▲Alexander* {{cite report|first1=A. |last1=Meleagrou-Hitchens, Hans|first2=H. |last2=Brun, ''[|url=http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ICSR-ECJM-Report_Online.pdf |title=A Neo-Nationalist Network: The English Defence League and Europe's Counter-Jihad Movement] {{Webarchive|urlwork=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512130405/http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ICSR-ECJM-Report_Online.pdf |date=12 May 2013 }}'', [[The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence|International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence]], date=March 2013.}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-IDwAAQBAJ&pg|title=Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency|first=Christopher|last=Othen|year=2018|publisher=Amberley|isbn=9781445678009}}
* {{cite thesis|title='Green Crescent, Crimson Cross': The Transatlantic 'Counterjihad' and the New Political Theology|url=https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3780/1/Pertwee__green-crescent-crimson-cross.pdf|last=Pertwee|first=Ed|date=October 2017|publisher=London School of Economics}}
* {{cite journal|title=Donald Trump, the anti-Muslim far right and the new conservative revolution|first=Ed|last=Pertwee|year=2020|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=43|issue=16 |pages=211–230|doi=10.1080/01419870.2020.1749688|s2cid=218843237 |doi-access=free}}
 
[[Category:Counter-jihad| ]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics]]▼
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in Europe]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in North America]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories involving Muslims]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Europe]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in North America]]
▲[[Category:Anti-immigration politics]]
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