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{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}
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{{Infobox Sports league
| title =
| sport = [[Women's baseball]]
| founded = [[1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1943]]
| logo = Logo of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.svg
| pixels = 180px
| fame =
| motto = Do or die!
| inaugural = 1943
| teams = [[#Teams|15]]
| country =
| champion =[[Kalamazoo Lassies]]
| most_champs =[[Rockford Peaches]] (4)
| qualification =
| folded =September 5, 1954
| website = [http://www.aagpbl.org/ aagpbl.org]
| singles =
| ceo =
| related_comps =
| Founder = [[Philip K. Wrigley]]
}}
The '''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League''' ('''AAGPBL''') was a professional [[women's baseball]] league founded by [[Philip K. Wrigley]] which existed from 1943 to 1954. The AAGPBL is the forerunner of women's professional league sports in the United States. Over 600 women played in the league, which consisted of eventually 10 teams located in the American [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> In 1948, league attendance peaked at over 900,000 spectators. The most successful team, the [[Rockford Peaches]], won a league-best four championships. The 1992 film ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' is a mostly fictionalized account of the early days of the league and its stars.
==Founding and play==
[[File:All American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics.jpg|thumb|All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in [[Opa-locka, Florida]], on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): [[Fort Wayne Daisies]] (partially visible), [[Chicago Colleens]], [[Rockford Peaches]], [[South Bend Blue Sox]], [[Springfield Sallies]] and [[Peoria Redwings]].|alt=]]
With the entry of the United States into [[World War II]], several major league baseball executives started a new professional league with women players in order to maintain baseball in the public eye [[Major League Baseball#World War II era|while the majority of able men were away]]. The founders included [[Philip K. Wrigley]], [[Branch Rickey]], and [[Paul V. Harper]]. They feared that [[Major League Baseball]] might even temporarily cease due to the war because of the loss of talent,<ref name=WDL1/> as well as restrictions on team travel due to gasoline rationing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-women-baseball-wrigley-0624-20180612-story.html |title=Female players hit a home run for wartime baseball — but were seen, rarely heard |last=Grossman |first=Ron |date=2018-06-24 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2018-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The women's initial tryouts were held at [[Wrigley Field]] in [[Chicago]]. Scouted from amateur [[softball]] games across the country, over 200 women were invited to try out, and about 60 were selected for the league roster. Like the male major-league, the 'girls' league was also [[Baseball color line|informally segregated]], thus no African Americans were recruited or hired. Women were selected for their skilled play, but the player also needed to fit what was seen by marketers as a wholesome feminine ideal.<ref name=May/> The first league game was played on May 30, 1943.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/10-fun-facts-about-the-allamerican-girls-professional-baseball-league/a830a7a0-1f96-4737-8e13-0a7942f1e2bc |title=10 Fun Facts About The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |work=WBEZ |access-date=June 4, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2018/5/30/17407798/women-baseball-trailblazers-reflect-aagpbl-75th-anniversary |title=Women's baseball trailblazers reflect on the league, 75 years after its founding |last=Hasse |first=Nicole |date=May 30, 2018 |website=SBNation.com |access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref>
Scouts for the Chicago-based All-American Girls Professional Baseball League initially sought and recruited talent from the Chicago softball Metropolitan League, among with several others. However, after seeing many of their players leave for the AAGPL, it was decided to then turn the amateur Metropolitan League to a professional league. The result was the creation of the six-team [[National Girls Baseball League]], which began in 1944, composed entirely of Chicago-area teams. The National Girls baseball League was founded by Emery Parichy, [[Charles Bidwill]], owner of the [[Chicago Cardinals]] football team and politician Ed Kolski. Pirachy operated the Metropolitan League. Football star [[Red Grange]] was hired to preside over the league. The NGBL was much less publicized than the AAGPL, but it paralleled the AAGPL, as it also lasted until 1954 and drew up to 500,000 fans per season. For a time, the two leagues were involved in a strong rivalry for players, before meeting and calling a [[poaching]] truce in 1946. Many players and several managers appeared in both leagues.<ref name="sabr.org">{{Cite web |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/the-international-girls-baseball-league/|title=The International Girls Baseball League |website=Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/softballnationalnews/past-present/national-girls-baseball-league-1944---1954|title=National Girls Baseball League|website=Softball National News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgirlsbaseballleague.com/about|title=Their Turn at Bat: The Story of the National Girls Baseball League|website=National Girls Baseball League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/4/10/18373414/national-girls-baseball-league-s-kotch-kowell-dead-at-91|title=National Girls Baseball League's 'Kotch' Kowell dead at 91|first=Maureen|last=O'Donnell|date=April 10, 2017|website=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-01-11-9201030815-story.html|title=Obituary: Girls Baseball League Founder Emery A. Parichy |first=Jerry|last=Crimmins |date=1992-11-01 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>
In the winter of 1952–1953, players from both the AAGPL and National Girls Baseball League played together in the four–team [[International Girls Baseball League]] based in [[Miami, Florida]].<ref name="sabr.org"/>
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League went through three periods of ownership. It was owned by chewing gum mogul Wrigley<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000">{{cite book |first=Kathryn |last=Cullen-DuPont |title=Encyclopedia of Women's History in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374|access-date=November 28, 2011 |date=August 1, 2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|pages=9–10}}</ref> from 1943 to 1945, wealthy publicist [[Arthur Meyerhoff]] from 1945 to 1951, and the teams were individually owned from 1951 to 1954. The teams generally played in [[Midwestern]] cities. The [[South Bend Blue Sox]] and the [[Rockford Peaches]] were the only two teams that stayed in their home cities for the full period of the AAGPBL's existence.<ref name=May/>
{{HistBaseball nav}}
In the first season, the league played a game that was a hybrid of baseball and softball. The ball was 12 inches in circumference, the size of a regulation softball (regulation baseballs are 9 to 9{{fraction|1|4}} inches). The pitcher's mound was only forty feet from home plate, closer even than in regulation softball and much closer than the baseball distance of 60 feet, 6 inches. Pitchers threw underhand windmill, like in softball, and the distance between bases was 65 feet, five feet longer than in softball, but 25 feet shorter than in baseball. Major similarities between the AAGPBL and baseball included nine player teams and the use of a pitcher's mound (softball pitchers throw from flat ground). By 1948, the ball had shrunk to 10{{fraction|3|8}} inches, overhand pitching was allowed, and the mound was moved back to 50 feet. Over the history of the league, the rules continued to gradually approach those of baseball. By the final season in 1954, the ball was regulation baseball size, the mound was moved back to 60 feet, and the basepaths were extended to 85 feet (still five feet shorter than in regulation baseball).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/20/rules-of-play |title=Rules of Play |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|date=January 18, 2012}}</ref> Teams were generally [[Baseball manager|managed]] by men who knew competitive athletics and were former major league players, in part to demonstrate to fans that the league was serious.<ref name=May/>
Salaries were above average for women and ranged from $45–$85 (or ${{Inflation|US|45|1943}}–${{Inflation|US|85|1943}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) a week during the first years of play to about $125 (or ${{Inflation|US|125|1951}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) per week in later years. The women's league generally went along with the men's late spring to early autumn season.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Anne Janette |title=Great Women in Sports |location=Detroit |publisher=Visible Ink Press |date=1996}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:1943-First Four AAGPBL.gif|thumb|250px|left|First AAGPBL players signed in 1943: Back, L-R: Claire Schillace, Ann Harnett and Edythe Perlick. Seated: Shirley Jameson. Photo courtesy of Northern Indiana Center for History Collection.{{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 30 October 2019|PROD}}]] -->
The uniforms worn by the female ballplayers consisted of a belted, short-sleeved tunic dress with a slight flare of the skirt. Rules stated that skirts were to be worn no more than six inches above the knee, but the regulation was most often ignored in order to facilitate running and fielding. A circular team logo was sewn on the front of each dress, and baseball caps featured elastic bands in the back so that they were one-size-fits-all.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org/dressed_to_the_nines/timeline_1943.htm |title=Dressed to the Nines - Timeline |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame}}</ref>
During [[spring training]], the girls were required to attend [[Helena Rubinstein]]'s evening charm school classes. The proper etiquette for every situation was taught, and every aspect of personal hygiene, mannerisms, and dress code was presented to all the players. In an effort to make each player as physically attractive as possible, each received a beauty kit and instructions on how to use it. As a part of the league's 'Rules of Conduct', the 'girls' were not permitted to have short hair, they could not smoke or drink in public places, they were not allowed to wear pants, and they were required to wear lipstick at all times. Fines for not following the league's rules of conduct were five dollars for the first offense, ten for the second, and suspension for the third.<ref name="leaguehistory" /> In 1944, [[Josephine D'Angelo|Josephine "JoJo" D'Angelo]] was fired for cutting her hair short.<ref>{{cite web |last1=de la Cretaz |first1=Britni |title=The Hidden Queer History Behind "A League of Their Own" |url=http://narrative.ly/the-hidden-queer-history-behind-a-league-of-their-own/ |website=Narratively |access-date=May 30, 2018 |date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> The women's contracts were much stricter about behavior than in the men's league, and each team was also assigned its own [[chaperone (social)|chaperone]] by the league.<ref name=May/>
The AAGPBL received extensive publicity from its inception throughout the 1940s. The league was featured in both national periodicals such as ''Time'', ''Life'', ''Seventeen'', ''Newsweek'', and American Magazine'','' as well as in local city newspapers. Philip Wrigley, the league's founder, believed in the value of advertising, which may have attributed to the league's extensive exposure and marketing focus. Wrigley learned to appreciate advertising from his father, William Wrigley, who had success with his chewing gum company in large part due to marketing methods. The league remained under Wrigley's advertising influence until 1951, when individual team directors took over the publicity.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Fidler |first=Merrie A. |chapter=Establishing the Public Image: Publicity and Promotion, 1943–1944 |title=The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |pages=50–68 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland |date=2006}}</ref>
The league's principle advertising agent was Arthur E. Meyerhoff who handled the league's publicity from 1943 through 1950. Meyerhoff's promotional efforts focused on the value of national exposure in popular periodicals. These magazine articles attracted new fans and new players to the AAGPBL. The major publicity themes that characterized the league were “Recreation for War Workers,” “Femininity,” “Community Welfare,” and “Family Entertainment.”<ref name="auto1"/>
The league shifted to decentralized league administration from 1951 to 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-structure|title=League Structure |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League}}</ref> Thus, the responsibility was on individual team management to publicize and promote the teams. However, local managers were not always effective due to their lack of expertise in advertising. In the 1951 season, the league president Fred Leo asked all team presidents to provide publicity on games and training events. Only one team complied with Fred Leo's request, which led to an early 1952 preseason board meeting to discuss inadequate promotion.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Fidler |first=Merrie A. |chapter=Decentralization of Publicity and Promotion, 1951–1954 |title=The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |pages=136–142 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland |date=2006}}</ref>
Due to the decentralized league administration, many of the promotion efforts from team management were aimed exclusively at local populaces. There were many promotional events with players, children's benefits, civic groups, and holiday celebrations. Along with daily newspaper reports, the primary advertising strategy was radio broadcasts.<ref name="auto"/>
The AAGPBL peaked in attendance during the 1948 season, when 10 teams attracted 910,000 paid fans.<ref name="leaguehistory" /> The [[Rockford Peaches]] won the most league championships with four (1945, 1948, 1949, 1950). The Milwaukee/Grand Rapids Chicks were second with three (1944 in Milwaukee, 1947 and 1953 in Grand Rapids). The Racine Belles (1943 and 1946) and the South Bend Blue Sox (1951 and 1952) each won two, and the Kalamazoo Lassies won in the league's final season (1954).<ref name=May>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK3iCwAAQBAJ&q=from+1943+to+1945,+Arthur+Meyerhoff+from+1945+to+1951,+and+the+teams+were+individually+owned+from+1951+to+1954.+In+1947+and+1948,+spring+training+exhibition+games+were+held+at+the+Gran+Stadium+in+Havana,+Cuba. |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Baseball |last1=Heaphy |first1=Leslie A. |last2=May |first2=Mel Anthony |date=March 1, 2016 |publisher=McFarland |pages=9–16 |isbn=978-1-47666-594-8 |language=en}}</ref>
==Legacy==
The 1992 film ''[[A League of Their Own]]'', although fictionalized, covers the founding and play of this league. [[Geena Davis]], [[Lori Petty]], [[Rosie O'Donnell]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], and [[Tom Hanks]] were the stars of the film, which was directed by [[Penny Marshall]]. The league is the forerunner of later-day professional league sports played by women.<ref name=May/>
Lois Siegel documented the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in her film ''Baseball Girls'', which was produced by the National Film Board of Canada. [[Olive Little]] threw the first no-hitter in team and league history.<ref>{{cite book |title=Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport |first=M. Ann |last=Hall |page=57 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd. |location=Toronto |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-55277-021-4}}</ref>
Several histories of the AAGPBL have been published in book form.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macy |first=Sue |title=A Whole New Ball Game: The Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |year=1995 |isbn=0-14-037423-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Browne |first=Lois |title=Girls of Summer: The Real Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |year=1993 |isbn=0-00-637902-8}}</ref>
Although the AAGPBL was the first recorded professional women's baseball league, women had played baseball since the nineteenth century. The first known women's baseball team played at [[Vassar College]] in 1866,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Debra A. |last=Shattuck |url=http://innovators.vassar.edu/innovator.html?id=76 |title=Bats, Balls and Books: Baseball and Higher Education for Women at Three Eastern Women's Colleges, 1866–1891 |journal=Journal of Sport History |date=Summer 1992}}</ref> while barnstorming Bloomer Girls teams.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlage |first=Gai Ingham |title=Women in Baseball |year=1994 |isbn=0-275-94735-1}}</ref> (sometimes including men<ref>{{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It |date=June 1981 |isbn=0-941372-08-1}}</ref>)
[[Baseball Hall of Fame]] members [[Max Carey]] and [[Jimmie Foxx]] managed teams in the AAGPBL. The character of Jimmy Dugan, played by [[Tom Hanks]] in ''[[A League of Their Own]]'', was loosely based on Foxx's tenure in the league. However, several of his former AAGPBL players said that, unlike Hanks’ character in the movie, Foxx was always gentlemanly around them.<ref>{{sabrbio1|e34a045d|Jimmie Foxx|John Bennett|November 16, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:AAGSBL logo.jpg|thumb|100px|Logo of the All-American Girls Softball League, 1943]]The league went through a series of name changes during its history. It was founded as the '''All-American Girls Softball League''',<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> but midway through its first season of 1943, the name was changed to the '''All-American Girls Baseball League''' (AAGBBL).<ref name="leaguehistory"/> After the 1943 season, the official League name was again changed, to the '''All-American Girls Professional Ball League''' (AAGPBL), reflecting that players were paid from the start and further separating it from existing amateur leagues.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player Marg Callaghan Sliding into Home Plate as Umpire Norris Ward Watches|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4025/|work=[[World Digital Library]]|date=April 22, 1948|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=December 31, 2013}}</ref> This name was used until the end of the 1945 season, when the league reverted to '''All-American Girls Baseball League''' (AAGBBL), which it would use through 1950. When teams were sold to independent owners at the end of the 1950 season, the official League name was changed to the '''American Girls Baseball League''' (AGBL), although it continued to be popularly identified as the '''All-American League''' or the '''All-American Girls Baseball League''' (AAGBBL). When the Players' Association organized in 1986, and gained recognition by the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988, it was finally named '''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League''' (AAGPBL).<ref name="leaguehistory"/>
==Rules of play==
{{Main|All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_rules_of_play|l1=AAGPBL Rules of Play}}
==Uniforms==
[[File:ChicksUniform MillerPark.jpg|thumb|150px|Reproduction 1944 Milwaukee Chicks uniform on display at Miller Park]]The uniform was a one-piece short-skirted flared tunic with a team patch in the center of the chest. The base uniform was designed by [[Wrigley Company]] art director [[Otis Shepard]], assisted by Wrigley's wife Helen and Chicago softball player Ann Harnett, the first player signed by the league.<ref name="leaguehistory">{{cite web |title=League History |url=https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-history |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref> Shepard was also the longtime art director for the [[Chicago Cubs]] and spearheaded a series of innovative uniforms beginning in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thorn|first1=John|title=Otis Shepard, Baseball's Greatest Graphic Artist|url=https://ourgame.mlblogs.com/otis-shepard-2ac835a93d61|website=Our Game|publisher=Major League Baseball|access-date=May 3, 2018|date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lukas|first1=Paul|title=Possibly the Greatest Example of Uni-Watching Ever|url=https://uni-watch.com/2014/02/14/incredible-chicago-tribune-article-on-the-1937-cubs-uniforms/|website=Uni Watch|access-date=May 3, 2018|date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> Shepard designed all visual elements of the league, including game scorecards and promotional materials. For his work on the AAGPBL and the Cubs, Shepard was called the "chief visualizer of mid-century baseball."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hathaway |first1=Norman |last2=Nadel |first2=Dan |title=Dorothy and Otis: Designing the American Dream: The Pioneering Designers of Baseball, Billboards, and Chewing Gum |date=2014 |publisher=Harper Design |location=New York |isbn=978-0062262431 |page=231}}</ref>
Shepard modeled the uniform after the figure skating, field hockey, and tennis outfits of the period. The uniforms included satin shorts, knee-high baseball socks, and a baseball cap.<ref name="leaguehistory" /> The team patches were modeled after each respective city's seal.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=@AAGPBL |number=982178369725915137 |date = April 6, 2018 |title=On top are the logos used in #ALeagueofTheirOwn and on the bottom are the real logos. The logos are actually the city seal of the towns they played in. Why they changed the logos for the movie? Because it looked better on camera. }}</ref>
In the beginning, each team was issued one uniform style, to be worn in all games. Shepard unveiled the inaugural uniforms in a palette of pastel colors: green for Kenosha; yellow for Racine; blue for South Bend; and peach for Rockford. The accessories (cap, belt, stirrups) were bold darker shades of the team color. As new teams were added, they were given a new distinctive team color (gray for Milwaukee, pink for Minneapolis). Road uniforms were introduced to the league starting with the 1948 season.
==Theme song==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:AAGPBL Victory Song.jpg|thumb|{{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 30 October 2019|PROD}}]] -->
The theme song made famous in the 1992 film ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' was the official song of the All-American Girls Baseball League, co-written by [[Pepper Paire]] and [[Nalda Bird]] (although in the movie, the word "Irishmen" was changed to "Irish ones").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song |title=Victory Song |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326063722/http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song |archive-date=March 26, 2018 }}</ref> In their annual reunions since 1998, it is usual to hear the original AAGPBL players singing the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_SqGGLs0Yw|title=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players |last=emilylasota|date=May 14, 2007|website=YouTube}}</ref>
==Teams==
=== Team timeline ===
<timeline>
DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy
Define $now = 12/31/1954
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Period = from:01/01/1943 till:12/31/1954
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
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id:line value:black
id:lightline value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5)
id:bg value:white
id:Comets value:yellowgreen
id:Peaches value:rgb(1,0.714,0.757)
id:Belles value:rgb(0.824,0.706,0.549)
id:BlueSox value:skyblue
id:Schnitts value:rgb(0.790,0.790,0.790)
id:Orphans value:rgb(1,0.5,0.5)
id:Chicks value:rgb(0.875,0.675,1)
id:Daisies value:rgb(0.941,1,0.467)
id:Lassies value:rgb(0.502,1,0.478)
id:Redwings value:rgb(1,0.749,0.502)
id:Colleens value:rgb(0.753,1,0.502)
id:Sallies value:rgb(0.502,1,1)
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width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:8.5pt
bar:1 color:Peaches from:01/01/1943 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Rockford Peaches|Rockford]]
bar:2 color:BlueSox from:01/01/1943 till:12/31/1954 text:[[South Bend Blue Sox|South Bend]]
bar:3 color:Comets from:01/01/1943 till:12/31/1951 text:[[Kenosha Comets|Kenosha]]
bar:4 color:Belles from:01/01/1943 till:12/10/1950 text:[[Racine Belles|Racine]]
bar:5 color:Schnitts from:01/01/1944 till:12/10/1944 text:[[Milwaukee Chicks|Milwaukee]]
bar:6 color:Daisies from:01/01/1944 till:12/10/1944 text:[[Minneapolis Millerettes|Minneapolis]]
bar:5 color:Schnitts from:01/01/1945 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Grand Rapids Chicks|Grand Rapids]]
bar:6 color:Daisies from:01/01/1945 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Fort Wayne Daisies|Fort Wayne]]
bar:9 color:Lassies from:01/01/1946 till:12/10/1949 text:[[Muskegon Lassies|Muskegon]]
bar:10 color:Redwings from:01/01/1946 till:12/31/1951 text:[[Peoria Redwings|Peoria]]
bar:11 color:Colleens from:01/01/1948 till:12/31/1948 text:[[Chicago Colleens|Chicago]]
bar:12 color:Sallies from:01/01/1948 till:12/31/1948 text:[[Springfield Sallies|Springfield]]
bar:9 color:Lassies from:01/01/1950 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Kalamazoo Lassies|Kalamazoo]]
bar:4 color:Belles from:01/01/1951 till:12/10/1952 text:[[Battle Creek Belles|Battle Creek]]
bar:4 color:Belles from:01/01/1953 till:12/31/1953 text:[[Muskegon Belles|Muskegon]]
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# > If the chart uses more than one bar color, add a legend by selecting the appropriate fields from the following six options (use only the colors that are used in the graphic.) Leave a blank line after the end of the timeline, then add a line with the selected values from the list, separated by a space. {{Font color || {{RGB|190|186|218}}|Current clubs}} {{Font color || {{RGB|255|255|179}}|Former clubs}} {{Font color || {{RGB|101|211|159}}|Future clubs}}
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| coord = {{coord|42.5|-88.25}}
| zoom = 6
| width = 550
| height = 350
| mark1 = Blue pog.svg| label1 = Rockford Peaches | mark-coord1 = {{coord|42.259444|-89.064444}}| label-pos1 = left| label-color1 = black
| mark2 = Blue pog.svg| label2 = Kenosha Comets | mark-coord2 = {{coord|42.582222|-87.845556}}| label-pos2 = left| label-color2 = black
| mark3 = Blue pog.svg| label3 = Racine Belles | mark-coord3 = {{coord|42.726111|-87.805833}}| label-pos3 = right| label-color3 = black
| mark4 = Blue pog.svg| label4 = South Bend Blue Sox | mark-coord4 = {{coord|41.676389|-86.250278}}| label-pos4 = bottom| label-color4 = black
| mark5 = Blue pog.svg| label5 = Milwaukee Chicks | mark-coord5 = {{coord|43.05 |-87.95 }}| label-pos5 = left| label-color5 = black
| mark6 = Blue pog.svg| label6 = Minneapolis Millerettes | mark-coord6 = {{coord|44.981944|-93.269167}}| label-pos6 = right| label-color6 = black
| mark7 = Blue pog.svg| label7 = Fort Wayne Daisies | mark-coord7 = {{coord|41.080556|-85.139167}}| label-pos7 = bottom| label-color7 = black
| mark8 = Blue pog.svg| label8 = Grand Rapids Chicks | mark-coord8 = {{coord|42.961111|-85.655556}}| label-pos8 = right| label-color8 = black
| mark9 = Blue pog.svg| label9 = Peoria Redwings | mark-coord9 = {{coord|40.720833|-89.609444}}| label-pos9 = top| label-color9 = black
| mark10 = Blue pog.svg| label10 = Chicago Colleens | mark-coord10 = {{coord|41.881944|-87.627778}}| label-pos10 = left| label-color10 = black
| mark11 = Blue pog.svg| label11 = Springfield Sallies | mark-coord11 = {{coord|39.799444|-89.655 | }}| label-pos11 = top| label-color11 = black
| mark12 = Blue pog.svg| label12 = Kalamazoo Lassies | mark-coord12 = {{coord|42.29 |-85.585833}}| label-pos12 = left| label-color12 = black
| mark13 = Blue pog.svg| label13 = Battle Creek Belles | mark-coord13 = {{coord|42.312222|-85.204167}}| label-pos13 = right| label-color13 = black
| mark14 = Blue pog.svg| label14 = Muskegon Lassies / Belles | mark-coord14 = {{coord|43.234167|-86.248333}}| label-pos14 = top| label-color14 = black
}}
* [[Kenosha Comets]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1951)
* [[Racine Belles]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1950)
* [[Rockford Peaches]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1954)
* [[South Bend Blue Sox]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1954)
* [[Milwaukee Chicks]] (1944)
* [[Minneapolis Millerettes]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1944)
* [[Fort Wayne Daisies]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1945–1954)
* [[Grand Rapids Chicks]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1945–1954)
* [[Muskegon Lassies]] (1946–1949)
* [[Peoria Redwings]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1946–1951)
* [[Chicago Colleens]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1948)
* [[Springfield Sallies]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1948)
* [[Kalamazoo Lassies]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1950–1954)
* [[Battle Creek Belles]] (1951–1952)
* [[Muskegon Belles]] (1953)
==League champions==
*[[1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1943]] – [[Racine Belles]]
*[[1944 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1944]] – [[Milwaukee Chicks]]
*[[1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1945]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1946 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1946]] – [[Racine Belles]]
*[[1947 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1947]] – [[Grand Rapids Chicks]]
*[[1948 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1948]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1949 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1949]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1950 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1950]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1951 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1951]] – [[South Bend Blue Sox]]
*[[1952 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1952]] – [[South Bend Blue Sox]]
*[[1953 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1953]] – [[Grand Rapids Chicks]]
*[[1954 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1954]] – [[Kalamazoo Lassies]]<ref name=May/>
==AAGPBL Players Association==
When the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was unable to continue in 1955, its history and its significance were forgotten by baseball historians. Many people in the 1950s thought that women were not supposed to play baseball, so most female athletes competed on other fields of endeavor. Finally, in 1980, former pitcher [[June Peppas]] launched a newsletter project to get in touch with friends, teammates, and opponents that resulted in the league's first reunion in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] in 1982. The Players Association was formed after a 1986 Reunion held in Fort Wayne as part of Run, Jane, Run, a local Women's Bureau event. Historian and Baseball card publisher Sharon Roepke (author of Diamond Gals) who was circulating a petition to get the Baseball Hall of Fame to recognize the All American Girls Baseball League asked the players at the Reunion to organize to help the effort. A meeting was held at the South Bend home of Fran Janssen, and the Player's Association was born. June Peppas was nominated President.<ref>Minutes of AAGPBL origin meeting; personal recollection of participant Sharon Roepke</ref>
==National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame inductees==
*1999 – [[Claire Schillace]]
*2002 – [[Faye Dancer]]
*2003 – [[Dorothy Ferguson]] (Dottie Key)
*2005 – [[Joanne Winter]]
*2010 – [[Dorothy Kamenshek]]
*2012 – [[Jean Faut]]
*2012 – [[Doris Sams]]
*2013 – [[Pepper Paire]]
*2013 – [[Sophie Kurys]]
*2017 – [[Arleene Johnson]] (Noga)
*2018 – [[June Peppas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame |title=Inductees |website=National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184929/http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame/ |archive-date=January 14, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player of the Year Award]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League batting records]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielding records]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitching records]]
*[[List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players]]
*[[List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers]]
*[[Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame]], which includes AAGPBL exhibit
*[[Major women's sport leagues in North America]]
*[[Women in baseball]]
*[[Women's professional sports]]
*[[Women's sports]]
* [[Toni Stone]], [[Mamie Johnson]], [[Connie Morgan]] (the only three Black Women to play in the [[Negro leagues]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/playing-with-the-boys-gender-race-and-baseball-in-post-war-america/ |title=Playing With The Boys: Gender, Race, and Baseball in Post-War America |first=A.J. |last=Richard |date=2019 |website=Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*''A Whole New Ball Game'' by [[Sue Macy]]
*"Muscle in the Bud" (an article in ''Baseball As America'') by Barbara Gregorich
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|v=no|voy=no|n=no|wikt=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no|b=no|s=no|commons=Category:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|d=Q1052634|q=no}}
*{{Official website|http://www.aagpbl.org/}}
*{{Curlie|Sports/Baseball/Women/|Women's baseball}}
*[https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/collections/show/33 Grand Valley State University All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Oral History Project]
*[https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/38136 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, The Forgotten Champs: The 1944 Milwaukee Chicks Oral History Project]
*[https://www.nfb.ca/film/baseball_girls/"Baseball Girls" documentary, The National Film Board of Canada ]
{{All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Professional Baseball}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League| ]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1943]]
[[Category:1954 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct major baseball leagues in the United States]]
[[Category:Women's baseball leagues in the United States]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:History of Chicago]]
[[Category:Baseball in Chicago]]
[[Category:Sports leagues disestablished in 1954]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Illinois]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Indiana]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Michigan]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|League for women's baseball teams in the United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Sports league
| title =
| sport = [[Women's baseball]]
| founded = [[1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1943]]
| logo = Logo of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.svg
| pixels = 180px
| fame =
| motto = Do or die!
| inaugural = 1943
| teams = [[#Teams|15]]
| country =
| champion =[[Kalamazoo Lassies]]
| most_champs =[[Rockford Peaches]] (4)
| qualification =
| folded =September 5, 1954
| website = [http://www.aagpbl.org/ aagpbl.org]
| singles =
| ceo =
| related_comps =
| Founder = [[Philip K. Wrigley]]
}}
The '''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League''' ('''AAGPBL''') was a professional [[women's baseball]] league founded by [[Philip K. Wrigley]] which existed from 1943 to 1954. The AAGPBL is the forerunner of women's professional league sports in the United States. Over 600 women played in the league, which consisted of eventually 10 teams located in the American [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> In 1948, league attendance peaked at over 900,000 spectators. The most successful team, the [[Rockford Peaches]], won a league-best four championships. The 1992 film ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' is a mostly fictionalized account of the early days of the league and its stars.
==Founding and play==
[[File:All Fortnite Professional Claps the girl basekball League members performing calisthenics.jpg|thumb|All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in [[Opa-locka, Florida]], on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): [[Fort Wayne Daisies]] (partially visible), [[Chicago Colleens]], [[Rockford Peaches]], [[South Bend Blue Sox]], [[Springfield Sallies]] and [[Peoria Redwings]].|alt=]]
With the entry of the United States into [[World War II]], several major league baseball executives started a new professional league with women players in order to maintain baseball in the public eye [[Major League Baseball#World War II era|while the majority of able men were away]]. The founders included [[Philip K. Wrigley]], [[Branch Rickey]], and [[Paul V. Harper]]. They feared that [[Major League Baseball]] might even temporarily cease due to the war because of the loss of talent,<ref name=WDL1/> as well as restrictions on team travel due to gasoline rationing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-women-baseball-wrigley-0624-20180612-story.html |title=Female players hit a home run for wartime baseball — but were seen, rarely heard |last=Grossman |first=Ron |date=2018-06-24 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2018-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The women's initial tryouts were held at [[Wrigley Field]] in [[Chicago]]. Scouted from amateur [[softball]] games across the country, over 200 women were invited to try out, and about 60 were selected for the league roster. Like the male major-league, the 'girls' league was also [[Baseball color line|informally segregated]], thus no African Americans were recruited or hired. Women were selected for their skilled play, but the player also needed to fit what was seen by marketers as a wholesome feminine ideal.<ref name=May/> The first league game was played on May 30, 1943.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/10-fun-facts-about-the-allamerican-girls-professional-baseball-league/a830a7a0-1f96-4737-8e13-0a7942f1e2bc |title=10 Fun Facts About The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |work=WBEZ |access-date=June 4, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2018/5/30/17407798/women-baseball-trailblazers-reflect-aagpbl-75th-anniversary |title=Women's baseball trailblazers reflect on the league, 75 years after its founding |last=Hasse |first=Nicole |date=May 30, 2018 |website=SBNation.com |access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref>
Scouts for the Chicago-based All-American Girls Professional Baseball League initially sought and recruited talent from the Chicago softball Metropolitan League, among with several others. However, after seeing many of their players leave for the AAGPL, it was decided to then turn the amateur Metropolitan League to a professional league. The result was the creation of the six-team [[National Girls Baseball League]], which began in 1944, composed entirely of Chicago-area teams. The National Girls baseball League was founded by Emery Parichy, [[Charles Bidwill]], owner of the [[Chicago Cardinals]] football team and politician Ed Kolski. Pirachy operated the Metropolitan League. Football star [[Red Grange]] was hired to preside over the league. The NGBL was much less publicized than the AAGPL, but it paralleled the AAGPL, as it also lasted until 1954 and drew up to 500,000 fans per season. For a time, the two leagues were involved in a strong rivalry for players, before meeting and calling a [[poaching]] truce in 1946. Many players and several managers appeared in both leagues.<ref name="sabr.org">{{Cite web |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/the-international-girls-baseball-league/|title=The International Girls Baseball League |website=Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/softballnationalnews/past-present/national-girls-baseball-league-1944---1954|title=National Girls Baseball League|website=Softball National News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgirlsbaseballleague.com/about|title=Their Turn at Bat: The Story of the National Girls Baseball League|website=National Girls Baseball League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/4/10/18373414/national-girls-baseball-league-s-kotch-kowell-dead-at-91|title=National Girls Baseball League's 'Kotch' Kowell dead at 91|first=Maureen|last=O'Donnell|date=April 10, 2017|website=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-01-11-9201030815-story.html|title=Obituary: Girls Baseball League Founder Emery A. Parichy |first=Jerry|last=Crimmins |date=1992-11-01 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>
In the winter of 1952–1953, players from both the AAGPL and National Girls Baseball League played together in the four–team [[International Girls Baseball League]] based in [[Miami, Florida]].<ref name="sabr.org"/>
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League went through three periods of ownership. It was owned by chewing gum mogul Wrigley<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000">{{cite book |first=Kathryn |last=Cullen-DuPont |title=Encyclopedia of Women's History in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374|access-date=November 28, 2011 |date=August 1, 2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|pages=9–10}}</ref> from 1943 to 1945, wealthy publicist [[Arthur Meyerhoff]] from 1945 to 1951, and the teams were individually owned from 1951 to 1954. The teams generally played in [[Midwestern]] cities. The [[South Bend Blue Sox]] and the [[Rockford Peaches]] were the only two teams that stayed in their home cities for the full period of the AAGPBL's existence.<ref name=May/>
{{HistBaseball nav}}
In the first season, the league played a game that was a hybrid of baseball and softball. The ball was 12 inches in circumference, the size of a regulation softball (regulation baseballs are 9 to 9{{fraction|1|4}} inches). The pitcher's mound was only forty feet from home plate, closer even than in regulation softball and much closer than the baseball distance of 60 feet, 6 inches. Pitchers threw underhand windmill, like in softball, and the distance between bases was 65 feet, five feet longer than in softball, but 25 feet shorter than in baseball. Major similarities between the AAGPBL and baseball included nine player teams and the use of a pitcher's mound (softball pitchers throw from flat ground). By 1948, the ball had shrunk to 10{{fraction|3|8}} inches, overhand pitching was allowed, and the mound was moved back to 50 feet. Over the history of the league, the rules continued to gradually approach those of baseball. By the final season in 1954, the ball was regulation baseball size, the mound was moved back to 60 feet, and the basepaths were extended to 85 feet (still five feet shorter than in regulation baseball).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/20/rules-of-play |title=Rules of Play |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|date=January 18, 2012}}</ref> Teams were generally [[Baseball manager|managed]] by men who knew competitive athletics and were former major league players, in part to demonstrate to fans that the league was serious.<ref name=May/>
Salaries were above average for women and ranged from $45–$85 (or ${{Inflation|US|45|1943}}–${{Inflation|US|85|1943}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) a week during the first years of play to about $125 (or ${{Inflation|US|125|1951}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) per week in later years. The women's league generally went along with the men's late spring to early autumn season.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Anne Janette |title=Great Women in Sports |location=Detroit |publisher=Visible Ink Press |date=1996}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:1943-First Four AAGPBL.gif|thumb|250px|left|First AAGPBL players signed in 1943: Back, L-R: Claire Schillace, Ann Harnett and Edythe Perlick. Seated: Shirley Jameson. Photo courtesy of Northern Indiana Center for History Collection.{{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 30 October 2019|PROD}}]] -->
The uniforms worn by the female ballplayers consisted of a belted, short-sleeved tunic dress with a slight flare of the skirt. Rules stated that skirts were to be worn no more than six inches above the knee, but the regulation was most often ignored in order to facilitate running and fielding. A circular team logo was sewn on the front of each dress, and baseball caps featured elastic bands in the back so that they were one-size-fits-all.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org/dressed_to_the_nines/timeline_1943.htm |title=Dressed to the Nines - Timeline |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame}}</ref>
During [[spring training]], the girls were required to attend [[Helena Rubinstein]]'s evening charm school classes. The proper etiquette for every situation was taught, and every aspect of personal hygiene, mannerisms, and dress code was presented to all the players. In an effort to make each player as physically attractive as possible, each received a beauty kit and instructions on how to use it. As a part of the league's 'Rules of Conduct', the 'girls' were not permitted to have short hair, they could not smoke or drink in public places, they were not allowed to wear pants, and they were required to wear lipstick at all times. Fines for not following the league's rules of conduct were five dollars for the first offense, ten for the second, and suspension for the third.<ref name="leaguehistory" /> In 1944, [[Josephine D'Angelo|Josephine "JoJo" D'Angelo]] was fired for cutting her hair short.<ref>{{cite web |last1=de la Cretaz |first1=Britni |title=The Hidden Queer History Behind "A League of Their Own" |url=http://narrative.ly/the-hidden-queer-history-behind-a-league-of-their-own/ |website=Narratively |access-date=May 30, 2018 |date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> The women's contracts were much stricter about behavior than in the men's league, and each team was also assigned its own [[chaperone (social)|chaperone]] by the league.<ref name=May/>
The AAGPBL received extensive publicity from its inception throughout the 1940s. The league was featured in both national periodicals such as ''Time'', ''Life'', ''Seventeen'', ''Newsweek'', and American Magazine'','' as well as in local city newspapers. Philip Wrigley, the league's founder, believed in the value of advertising, which may have attributed to the league's extensive exposure and marketing focus. Wrigley learned to appreciate advertising from his father, William Wrigley, who had success with his chewing gum company in large part due to marketing methods. The league remained under Wrigley's advertising influence until 1951, when individual team directors took over the publicity.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Fidler |first=Merrie A. |chapter=Establishing the Public Image: Publicity and Promotion, 1943–1944 |title=The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |pages=50–68 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland |date=2006}}</ref>
The league's principle advertising agent was Arthur E. Meyerhoff who handled the league's publicity from 1943 through 1950. Meyerhoff's promotional efforts focused on the value of national exposure in popular periodicals. These magazine articles attracted new fans and new players to the AAGPBL. The major publicity themes that characterized the league were “Recreation for War Workers,” “Femininity,” “Community Welfare,” and “Family Entertainment.”<ref name="auto1"/>
The league shifted to decentralized league administration from 1951 to 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-structure|title=League Structure |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League}}</ref> Thus, the responsibility was on individual team management to publicize and promote the teams. However, local managers were not always effective due to their lack of expertise in advertising. In the 1951 season, the league president Fred Leo asked all team presidents to provide publicity on games and training events. Only one team complied with Fred Leo's request, which led to an early 1952 preseason board meeting to discuss inadequate promotion.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Fidler |first=Merrie A. |chapter=Decentralization of Publicity and Promotion, 1951–1954 |title=The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |pages=136–142 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland |date=2006}}</ref>
Due to the decentralized league administration, many of the promotion efforts from team management were aimed exclusively at local populaces. There were many promotional events with players, children's benefits, civic groups, and holiday celebrations. Along with daily newspaper reports, the primary advertising strategy was radio broadcasts.<ref name="auto"/>
The AAGPBL peaked in attendance during the 1948 season, when 10 teams attracted 910,000 paid fans.<ref name="leaguehistory" /> The [[Rockford Peaches]] won the most league championships with four (1945, 1948, 1949, 1950). The Milwaukee/Grand Rapids Chicks were second with three (1944 in Milwaukee, 1947 and 1953 in Grand Rapids). The Racine Belles (1943 and 1946) and the South Bend Blue Sox (1951 and 1952) each won two, and the Kalamazoo Lassies won in the league's final season (1954).<ref name=May>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK3iCwAAQBAJ&q=from+1943+to+1945,+Arthur+Meyerhoff+from+1945+to+1951,+and+the+teams+were+individually+owned+from+1951+to+1954.+In+1947+and+1948,+spring+training+exhibition+games+were+held+at+the+Gran+Stadium+in+Havana,+Cuba. |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Baseball |last1=Heaphy |first1=Leslie A. |last2=May |first2=Mel Anthony |date=March 1, 2016 |publisher=McFarland |pages=9–16 |isbn=978-1-47666-594-8 |language=en}}</ref>
==Legacy==
The 1992 film ''[[A League of Their Own]]'', although fictionalized, covers the founding and play of this league. [[Geena Davis]], [[Lori Petty]], [[Rosie O'Donnell]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], and [[Tom Hanks]] were the stars of the film, which was directed by [[Penny Marshall]]. The league is the forerunner of later-day professional league sports played by women.<ref name=May/>
Lois Siegel documented the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in her film ''Baseball Girls'', which was produced by the National Film Board of Canada. [[Olive Little]] threw the first no-hitter in team and league history.<ref>{{cite book |title=Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport |first=M. Ann |last=Hall |page=57 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd. |location=Toronto |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-55277-021-4}}</ref>
Several histories of the AAGPBL have been published in book form.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macy |first=Sue |title=A Whole New Ball Game: The Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |year=1995 |isbn=0-14-037423-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Browne |first=Lois |title=Girls of Summer: The Real Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |year=1993 |isbn=0-00-637902-8}}</ref>
Although the AAGPBL was the first recorded professional women's baseball league, women had played baseball since the nineteenth century. The first known women's baseball team played at [[Vassar College]] in 1866,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Debra A. |last=Shattuck |url=http://innovators.vassar.edu/innovator.html?id=76 |title=Bats, Balls and Books: Baseball and Higher Education for Women at Three Eastern Women's Colleges, 1866–1891 |journal=Journal of Sport History |date=Summer 1992}}</ref> while barnstorming Bloomer Girls teams.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlage |first=Gai Ingham |title=Women in Baseball |year=1994 |isbn=0-275-94735-1}}</ref> (sometimes including men<ref>{{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It |date=June 1981 |isbn=0-941372-08-1}}</ref>)
[[Baseball Hall of Fame]] members [[Max Carey]] and [[Jimmie Foxx]] managed teams in the AAGPBL. The character of Jimmy Dugan, played by [[Tom Hanks]] in ''[[A League of Their Own]]'', was loosely based on Foxx's tenure in the league. However, several of his former AAGPBL players said that, unlike Hanks’ character in the movie, Foxx was always gentlemanly around them.<ref>{{sabrbio1|e34a045d|Jimmie Foxx|John Bennett|November 16, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:AAGSBL logo.jpg|thumb|100px|Logo of the All-American Girls Softball League, 1943]]The league went through a series of name changes during its history. It was founded as the '''All-American Girls Softball League''',<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> but midway through its first season of 1943, the name was changed to the '''All-American Girls Baseball League''' (AAGBBL).<ref name="leaguehistory"/> After the 1943 season, the official League name was again changed, to the '''All-American Girls Professional Ball League''' (AAGPBL), reflecting that players were paid from the start and further separating it from existing amateur leagues.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player Marg Callaghan Sliding into Home Plate as Umpire Norris Ward Watches|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4025/|work=[[World Digital Library]]|date=April 22, 1948|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=December 31, 2013}}</ref> This name was used until the end of the 1945 season, when the league reverted to '''All-American Girls Baseball League''' (AAGBBL), which it would use through 1950. When teams were sold to independent owners at the end of the 1950 season, the official League name was changed to the '''American Girls Baseball League''' (AGBL), although it continued to be popularly identified as the '''All-American League''' or the '''All-American Girls Baseball League''' (AAGBBL). When the Players' Association organized in 1986, and gained recognition by the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988, it was finally named '''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League''' (AAGPBL).<ref name="leaguehistory"/>
==Rules of play==
{{Main|All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_rules_of_play|l1=AAGPBL Rules of Play}}
==Uniforms==
[[File:ChicksUniform MillerPark.jpg|thumb|150px|Reproduction 1944 Milwaukee Chicks uniform on display at Miller Park]]The uniform was a one-piece short-skirted flared tunic with a team patch in the center of the chest. The base uniform was designed by [[Wrigley Company]] art director [[Otis Shepard]], assisted by Wrigley's wife Helen and Chicago softball player Ann Harnett, the first player signed by the league.<ref name="leaguehistory">{{cite web |title=League History |url=https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-history |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref> Shepard was also the longtime art director for the [[Chicago Cubs]] and spearheaded a series of innovative uniforms beginning in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thorn|first1=John|title=Otis Shepard, Baseball's Greatest Graphic Artist|url=https://ourgame.mlblogs.com/otis-shepard-2ac835a93d61|website=Our Game|publisher=Major League Baseball|access-date=May 3, 2018|date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lukas|first1=Paul|title=Possibly the Greatest Example of Uni-Watching Ever|url=https://uni-watch.com/2014/02/14/incredible-chicago-tribune-article-on-the-1937-cubs-uniforms/|website=Uni Watch|access-date=May 3, 2018|date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> Shepard designed all visual elements of the league, including game scorecards and promotional materials. For his work on the AAGPBL and the Cubs, Shepard was called the "chief visualizer of mid-century baseball."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hathaway |first1=Norman |last2=Nadel |first2=Dan |title=Dorothy and Otis: Designing the American Dream: The Pioneering Designers of Baseball, Billboards, and Chewing Gum |date=2014 |publisher=Harper Design |location=New York |isbn=978-0062262431 |page=231}}</ref>
Shepard modeled the uniform after the figure skating, field hockey, and tennis outfits of the period. The uniforms included satin shorts, knee-high baseball socks, and a baseball cap.<ref name="leaguehistory" /> The team patches were modeled after each respective city's seal.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=@AAGPBL |number=982178369725915137 |date = April 6, 2018 |title=On top are the logos used in #ALeagueofTheirOwn and on the bottom are the real logos. The logos are actually the city seal of the towns they played in. Why they changed the logos for the movie? Because it looked better on camera. }}</ref>
In the beginning, each team was issued one uniform style, to be worn in all games. Shepard unveiled the inaugural uniforms in a palette of pastel colors: green for Kenosha; yellow for Racine; blue for South Bend; and peach for Rockford. The accessories (cap, belt, stirrups) were bold darker shades of the team color. As new teams were added, they were given a new distinctive team color (gray for Milwaukee, pink for Minneapolis). Road uniforms were introduced to the league starting with the 1948 season.
==Theme song==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:AAGPBL Victory Song.jpg|thumb|{{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 30 October 2019|PROD}}]] -->
The theme song made famous in the 1992 film ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' was the official song of the All-American Girls Baseball League, co-written by [[Pepper Paire]] and [[Nalda Bird]] (although in the movie, the word "Irishmen" was changed to "Irish ones").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song |title=Victory Song |website=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326063722/http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song |archive-date=March 26, 2018 }}</ref> In their annual reunions since 1998, it is usual to hear the original AAGPBL players singing the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_SqGGLs0Yw|title=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players |last=emilylasota|date=May 14, 2007|website=YouTube}}</ref>
==Teams==
=== Team timeline ===
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Define $now = 12/31/1954
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bar:2 color:BlueSox from:01/01/1943 till:12/31/1954 text:[[South Bend Blue Sox|South Bend]]
bar:3 color:Comets from:01/01/1943 till:12/31/1951 text:[[Kenosha Comets|Kenosha]]
bar:4 color:Belles from:01/01/1943 till:12/10/1950 text:[[Racine Belles|Racine]]
bar:5 color:Schnitts from:01/01/1944 till:12/10/1944 text:[[Milwaukee Chicks|Milwaukee]]
bar:6 color:Daisies from:01/01/1944 till:12/10/1944 text:[[Minneapolis Millerettes|Minneapolis]]
bar:5 color:Schnitts from:01/01/1945 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Grand Rapids Chicks|Grand Rapids]]
bar:6 color:Daisies from:01/01/1945 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Fort Wayne Daisies|Fort Wayne]]
bar:9 color:Lassies from:01/01/1946 till:12/10/1949 text:[[Muskegon Lassies|Muskegon]]
bar:10 color:Redwings from:01/01/1946 till:12/31/1951 text:[[Peoria Redwings|Peoria]]
bar:11 color:Colleens from:01/01/1948 till:12/31/1948 text:[[Chicago Colleens|Chicago]]
bar:12 color:Sallies from:01/01/1948 till:12/31/1948 text:[[Springfield Sallies|Springfield]]
bar:9 color:Lassies from:01/01/1950 till:12/31/1954 text:[[Kalamazoo Lassies|Kalamazoo]]
bar:4 color:Belles from:01/01/1951 till:12/10/1952 text:[[Battle Creek Belles|Battle Creek]]
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* [[Kenosha Comets]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1951)
* [[Racine Belles]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1950)
* [[Rockford Peaches]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1954)
* [[South Bend Blue Sox]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1943–1954)
* [[Milwaukee Chicks]] (1944)
* [[Minneapolis Millerettes]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1944)
* [[Fort Wayne Daisies]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1945–1954)
* [[Grand Rapids Chicks]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1945–1954)
* [[Muskegon Lassies]] (1946–1949)
* [[Peoria Redwings]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1946–1951)
* [[Chicago Colleens]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1948)
* [[Springfield Sallies]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1948)
* [[Kalamazoo Lassies]]<ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000"/> (1950–1954)
* [[Battle Creek Belles]] (1951–1952)
* [[Muskegon Belles]] (1953)
==League champions==
*[[1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1943]] – [[Racine Belles]]
*[[1944 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1944]] – [[Milwaukee Chicks]]
*[[1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1945]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1946 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1946]] – [[Racine Belles]]
*[[1947 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1947]] – [[Grand Rapids Chicks]]
*[[1948 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1948]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1949 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1949]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1950 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1950]] – [[Rockford Peaches]]
*[[1951 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1951]] – [[South Bend Blue Sox]]
*[[1952 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1952]] – [[South Bend Blue Sox]]
*[[1953 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1953]] – [[Grand Rapids Chicks]]
*[[1954 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season|1954]] – [[Kalamazoo Lassies]]<ref name=May/>
==AAGPBL Players Association==
When the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was unable to continue in 1955, its history and its significance were forgotten by baseball historians. Many people in the 1950s thought that women were not supposed to play baseball, so most female athletes competed on other fields of endeavor. Finally, in 1980, former pitcher [[June Peppas]] launched a newsletter project to get in touch with friends, teammates, and opponents that resulted in the league's first reunion in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] in 1982. The Players Association was formed after a 1986 Reunion held in Fort Wayne as part of Run, Jane, Run, a local Women's Bureau event. Historian and Baseball card publisher Sharon Roepke (author of Diamond Gals) who was circulating a petition to get the Baseball Hall of Fame to recognize the All American Girls Baseball League asked the players at the Reunion to organize to help the effort. A meeting was held at the South Bend home of Fran Janssen, and the Player's Association was born. June Peppas was nominated President.<ref>Minutes of AAGPBL origin meeting; personal recollection of participant Sharon Roepke</ref>
==National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame inductees==
*1999 – [[Claire Schillace]]
*2002 – [[Faye Dancer]]
*2003 – [[Dorothy Ferguson]] (Dottie Key)
*2005 – [[Joanne Winter]]
*2010 – [[Dorothy Kamenshek]]
*2012 – [[Jean Faut]]
*2012 – [[Doris Sams]]
*2013 – [[Pepper Paire]]
*2013 – [[Sophie Kurys]]
*2017 – [[Arleene Johnson]] (Noga)
*2018 – [[June Peppas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame |title=Inductees |website=National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184929/http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame/ |archive-date=January 14, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player of the Year Award]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League batting records]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielding records]]
*[[All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitching records]]
*[[List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players]]
*[[List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers]]
*[[Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame]], which includes AAGPBL exhibit
*[[Major women's sport leagues in North America]]
*[[Women in baseball]]
*[[Women's professional sports]]
*[[Women's sports]]
* [[Toni Stone]], [[Mamie Johnson]], [[Connie Morgan]] (the only three Black Women to play in the [[Negro leagues]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/playing-with-the-boys-gender-race-and-baseball-in-post-war-america/ |title=Playing With The Boys: Gender, Race, and Baseball in Post-War America |first=A.J. |last=Richard |date=2019 |website=Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*''A Whole New Ball Game'' by [[Sue Macy]]
*"Muscle in the Bud" (an article in ''Baseball As America'') by Barbara Gregorich
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|v=no|voy=no|n=no|wikt=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no|b=no|s=no|commons=Category:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|d=Q1052634|q=no}}
*{{Official website|http://www.aagpbl.org/}}
*{{Curlie|Sports/Baseball/Women/|Women's baseball}}
*[https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/collections/show/33 Grand Valley State University All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Oral History Project]
*[https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/38136 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, The Forgotten Champs: The 1944 Milwaukee Chicks Oral History Project]
*[https://www.nfb.ca/film/baseball_girls/"Baseball Girls" documentary, The National Film Board of Canada ]
{{All-American Girls Professional Baseball League|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Professional Baseball}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League| ]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1943]]
[[Category:1954 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct major baseball leagues in the United States]]
[[Category:Women's baseball leagues in the United States]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:History of Chicago]]
[[Category:Baseball in Chicago]]
[[Category:Sports leagues disestablished in 1954]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Illinois]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Indiana]]
[[Category:Baseball leagues in Michigan]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@
==Founding and play==
-[[File:All American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics.jpg|thumb|All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in [[Opa-locka, Florida]], on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): [[Fort Wayne Daisies]] (partially visible), [[Chicago Colleens]], [[Rockford Peaches]], [[South Bend Blue Sox]], [[Springfield Sallies]] and [[Peoria Redwings]].|alt=]]
+[[File:All Fortnite Professional Claps the girl basekball League members performing calisthenics.jpg|thumb|All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in [[Opa-locka, Florida]], on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): [[Fort Wayne Daisies]] (partially visible), [[Chicago Colleens]], [[Rockford Peaches]], [[South Bend Blue Sox]], [[Springfield Sallies]] and [[Peoria Redwings]].|alt=]]
With the entry of the United States into [[World War II]], several major league baseball executives started a new professional league with women players in order to maintain baseball in the public eye [[Major League Baseball#World War II era|while the majority of able men were away]]. The founders included [[Philip K. Wrigley]], [[Branch Rickey]], and [[Paul V. Harper]]. They feared that [[Major League Baseball]] might even temporarily cease due to the war because of the loss of talent,<ref name=WDL1/> as well as restrictions on team travel due to gasoline rationing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-women-baseball-wrigley-0624-20180612-story.html |title=Female players hit a home run for wartime baseball — but were seen, rarely heard |last=Grossman |first=Ron |date=2018-06-24 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2018-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
' |
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0 => '[[File:All Fortnite Professional Claps the girl basekball League members performing calisthenics.jpg|thumb|All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in [[Opa-locka, Florida]], on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): [[Fort Wayne Daisies]] (partially visible), [[Chicago Colleens]], [[Rockford Peaches]], [[South Bend Blue Sox]], [[Springfield Sallies]] and [[Peoria Redwings]].|alt=]]'
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0 => '[[File:All American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics.jpg|thumb|All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in [[Opa-locka, Florida]], on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): [[Fort Wayne Daisies]] (partially visible), [[Chicago Colleens]], [[Rockford Peaches]], [[South Bend Blue Sox]], [[Springfield Sallies]] and [[Peoria Redwings]].|alt=]]'
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12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374',
13 => 'https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/4/10/18373414/national-girls-baseball-league-s-kotch-kowell-dead-at-91',
14 => 'https://curlie.org/Sports/Baseball/Women/',
15 => 'https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/collections/show/33',
16 => 'https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/38136',
17 => 'https://ourgame.mlblogs.com/otis-shepard-2ac835a93d61',
18 => 'https://sabr.org/journal/article/playing-with-the-boys-gender-race-and-baseball-in-post-war-america/',
19 => 'https://sabr.org/journal/article/the-international-girls-baseball-league/',
20 => 'https://sites.google.com/site/softballnationalnews/past-present/national-girls-baseball-league-1944---1954',
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34 => 'https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?params=43.234167;-86.248333_dim:2000',
35 => 'https://twitter.com/@AAGPBL/status/982178369725915137',
36 => 'https://uni-watch.com/2014/02/14/incredible-chicago-tribune-article-on-the-1937-cubs-uniforms/',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184929/http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame/',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180326063722/http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song',
39 => 'https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-history',
40 => 'https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-structure',
41 => 'https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf',
42 => 'https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf',
43 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-01-11-9201030815-story.html',
44 => 'https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-',
45 => 'https://www.nationalgirlsbaseballleague.com/about',
46 => 'https://www.nfb.ca/film/baseball_girls/',
47 => 'https://www.sbnation.com/2018/5/30/17407798/women-baseball-trailblazers-reflect-aagpbl-75th-anniversary',
48 => 'https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/10-fun-facts-about-the-allamerican-girls-professional-baseball-league/a830a7a0-1f96-4737-8e13-0a7942f1e2bc',
49 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_SqGGLs0Yw'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">League for women's baseball teams in the United States</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg" class="image"><img alt="Logo of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg/180px-Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg/270px-Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg/360px-Logo_of_the_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Sport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_baseball" title="Women's baseball">Women's baseball</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1943_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1943</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Wrigley" title="Philip K. Wrigley">Philip K. Wrigley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Inaugural season</th><td class="infobox-data">1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Ceased</th><td class="infobox-data">September 5, 1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Do or die!</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">No. of teams</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Teams">15</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Last<br />champion(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies" title="Kalamazoo Lassies">Kalamazoo Lassies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Most titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a> (4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aagpbl.org/">aagpbl.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</b> (<b>AAGPBL</b>) was a professional <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_baseball" title="Women's baseball">women's baseball</a> league founded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Wrigley" title="Philip K. Wrigley">Philip K. Wrigley</a> which existed from 1943 to 1954. The AAGPBL is the forerunner of women's professional league sports in the United States. Over 600 women played in the league, which consisted of eventually 10 teams located in the American <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> In 1948, league attendance peaked at over 900,000 spectators. The most successful team, the <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a>, won a league-best four championships. The 1992 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i> is a mostly fictionalized account of the early days of the league and its stars.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Founding_and_play"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Founding and play</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rules_of_play"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Rules of play</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Uniforms"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Uniforms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Theme_song"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Theme song</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Teams"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Teams</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Team_timeline"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Team timeline</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#League_champions"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">League champions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#AAGPBL_Players_Association"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">AAGPBL Players Association</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#National_Women's_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_inductees"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame inductees</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Founding_and_play">Founding and play</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding and play">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=All_Fortnite_Professional_Claps_the_girl_basekball_League_members_performing_calisthenics.jpg" class="new" title="File:All Fortnite Professional Claps the girl basekball League members performing calisthenics.jpg">File:All Fortnite Professional Claps the girl basekball League members performing calisthenics.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in <a href="/wiki/Opa-locka,_Florida" title="Opa-locka, Florida">Opa-locka, Florida</a>, on April 22, 1948. The different baseball clubs are (L-R): <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Daisies" title="Fort Wayne Daisies">Fort Wayne Daisies</a> (partially visible), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Colleens" title="Chicago Colleens">Chicago Colleens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Sallies" title="Springfield Sallies">Springfield Sallies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peoria_Redwings" title="Peoria Redwings">Peoria Redwings</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>With the entry of the United States into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, several major league baseball executives started a new professional league with women players in order to maintain baseball in the public eye <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball#World_War_II_era" title="Major League Baseball">while the majority of able men were away</a>. The founders included <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Wrigley" title="Philip K. Wrigley">Philip K. Wrigley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branch_Rickey" title="Branch Rickey">Branch Rickey</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_V._Harper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul V. Harper (page does not exist)">Paul V. Harper</a>. They feared that <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> might even temporarily cease due to the war because of the loss of talent,<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-2">[2]</a></sup> as well as restrictions on team travel due to gasoline rationing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The women's initial tryouts were held at <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Scouted from amateur <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> games across the country, over 200 women were invited to try out, and about 60 were selected for the league roster. Like the male major-league, the 'girls' league was also <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">informally segregated</a>, thus no African Americans were recruited or hired. Women were selected for their skilled play, but the player also needed to fit what was seen by marketers as a wholesome feminine ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-May_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup> The first league game was played on May 30, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scouts for the Chicago-based All-American Girls Professional Baseball League initially sought and recruited talent from the Chicago softball Metropolitan League, among with several others. However, after seeing many of their players leave for the AAGPL, it was decided to then turn the amateur Metropolitan League to a professional league. The result was the creation of the six-team <a href="/wiki/National_Girls_Baseball_League" title="National Girls Baseball League">National Girls Baseball League</a>, which began in 1944, composed entirely of Chicago-area teams. The National Girls baseball League was founded by Emery Parichy, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bidwill" title="Charles Bidwill">Charles Bidwill</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Cardinals">Chicago Cardinals</a> football team and politician Ed Kolski. Pirachy operated the Metropolitan League. Football star <a href="/wiki/Red_Grange" title="Red Grange">Red Grange</a> was hired to preside over the league. The NGBL was much less publicized than the AAGPL, but it paralleled the AAGPL, as it also lasted until 1954 and drew up to 500,000 fans per season. For a time, the two leagues were involved in a strong rivalry for players, before meeting and calling a <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> truce in 1946. Many players and several managers appeared in both leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-sabr.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabr.org-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the winter of 1952–1953, players from both the AAGPL and National Girls Baseball League played together in the four–team <a href="/wiki/International_Girls_Baseball_League" title="International Girls Baseball League">International Girls Baseball League</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sabr.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabr.org-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League went through three periods of ownership. It was owned by chewing gum mogul Wrigley<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> from 1943 to 1945, wealthy publicist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meyerhoff" title="Arthur Meyerhoff">Arthur Meyerhoff</a> from 1945 to 1951, and the teams were individually owned from 1951 to 1954. The teams generally played in <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> cities. The <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a> were the only two teams that stayed in their home cities for the full period of the AAGPBL's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-May_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1042089871">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:LightSteelBlue"><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball" title="History of baseball">History of</a> <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_baseball" title="Origins of baseball">Origins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1845_to_1868_in_baseball" title="1845 to 1868 in baseball">Early years</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Rules" title="Knickerbocker Rules">Knickerbocker Rules</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Massachusetts_Game" title="The Massachusetts Game">The Massachusetts Game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Town_ball" title="Town ball">Town ball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cartwright" title="Alexander Cartwright">Alexander Cartwright</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Adams" title="Doc Adams">Doc Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_myth" title="Doubleday myth">Doubleday myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Base Ball Players">First league</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings" title="Cincinnati Red Stockings">First pro team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Professional Base Ball Players">First pro league</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_team_nicknames" title="History of baseball team nicknames">Team nicknames</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue">
By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_States" title="History of baseball in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_States" title="History of baseball outside the United States">Outside the United States</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Australia" title="Baseball in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Canada" title="Baseball in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Baseball in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Germany" title="Baseball in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_India" title="Baseball in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Ireland" title="Baseball in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Israel" title="Baseball in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_South_Korea" title="Baseball in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_Netherlands" title="Baseball in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_Nicaragua" title="History of baseball in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Palau" title="Baseball in Palau">Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_Philippines" title="Baseball in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Baseball in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Spain" title="Baseball in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Baseball in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Venezuela" title="Baseball in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue">
International competitions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation" title="World Baseball Softball Confederation">World Baseball Softball Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic" title="World Baseball Classic">World Baseball Classic</a></li>
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<p>In the first season, the league played a game that was a hybrid of baseball and softball. The ball was 12 inches in circumference, the size of a regulation softball (regulation baseballs are 9 to 9<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1020198016">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac" role="math"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches). The pitcher's mound was only forty feet from home plate, closer even than in regulation softball and much closer than the baseball distance of 60 feet, 6 inches. Pitchers threw underhand windmill, like in softball, and the distance between bases was 65 feet, five feet longer than in softball, but 25 feet shorter than in baseball. Major similarities between the AAGPBL and baseball included nine player teams and the use of a pitcher's mound (softball pitchers throw from flat ground). By 1948, the ball had shrunk to 10<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1020198016"/><span class="frac" role="math"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches, overhand pitching was allowed, and the mound was moved back to 50 feet. Over the history of the league, the rules continued to gradually approach those of baseball. By the final season in 1954, the ball was regulation baseball size, the mound was moved back to 60 feet, and the basepaths were extended to 85 feet (still five feet shorter than in regulation baseball).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Teams were generally <a href="/wiki/Baseball_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball manager">managed</a> by men who knew competitive athletics and were former major league players, in part to demonstrate to fans that the league was serious.<sup id="cite_ref-May_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Salaries were above average for women and ranged from $45–$85 (or $673–$1271 in 2020 dollars<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-13">[13]</a></sup>) a week during the first years of play to about $125 (or $1246 in 2020 dollars<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-13">[13]</a></sup>) per week in later years. The women's league generally went along with the men's late spring to early autumn season.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The uniforms worn by the female ballplayers consisted of a belted, short-sleeved tunic dress with a slight flare of the skirt. Rules stated that skirts were to be worn no more than six inches above the knee, but the regulation was most often ignored in order to facilitate running and fielding. A circular team logo was sewn on the front of each dress, and baseball caps featured elastic bands in the back so that they were one-size-fits-all.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Spring_training" title="Spring training">spring training</a>, the girls were required to attend <a href="/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein" title="Helena Rubinstein">Helena Rubinstein</a>'s evening charm school classes. The proper etiquette for every situation was taught, and every aspect of personal hygiene, mannerisms, and dress code was presented to all the players. In an effort to make each player as physically attractive as possible, each received a beauty kit and instructions on how to use it. As a part of the league's 'Rules of Conduct', the 'girls' were not permitted to have short hair, they could not smoke or drink in public places, they were not allowed to wear pants, and they were required to wear lipstick at all times. Fines for not following the league's rules of conduct were five dollars for the first offense, ten for the second, and suspension for the third.<sup id="cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaguehistory-16">[16]</a></sup> In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_D%27Angelo" title="Josephine D'Angelo">Josephine "JoJo" D'Angelo</a> was fired for cutting her hair short.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The women's contracts were much stricter about behavior than in the men's league, and each team was also assigned its own <a href="/wiki/Chaperone_(social)" title="Chaperone (social)">chaperone</a> by the league.<sup id="cite_ref-May_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The AAGPBL received extensive publicity from its inception throughout the 1940s. The league was featured in both national periodicals such as <i>Time</i>, <i>Life</i>, <i>Seventeen</i>, <i>Newsweek</i>, and American Magazine<i>,</i> as well as in local city newspapers. Philip Wrigley, the league's founder, believed in the value of advertising, which may have attributed to the league's extensive exposure and marketing focus. Wrigley learned to appreciate advertising from his father, William Wrigley, who had success with his chewing gum company in large part due to marketing methods. The league remained under Wrigley's advertising influence until 1951, when individual team directors took over the publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The league's principle advertising agent was Arthur E. Meyerhoff who handled the league's publicity from 1943 through 1950. Meyerhoff's promotional efforts focused on the value of national exposure in popular periodicals. These magazine articles attracted new fans and new players to the AAGPBL. The major publicity themes that characterized the league were “Recreation for War Workers,” “Femininity,” “Community Welfare,” and “Family Entertainment.”<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The league shifted to decentralized league administration from 1951 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Thus, the responsibility was on individual team management to publicize and promote the teams. However, local managers were not always effective due to their lack of expertise in advertising. In the 1951 season, the league president Fred Leo asked all team presidents to provide publicity on games and training events. Only one team complied with Fred Leo's request, which led to an early 1952 preseason board meeting to discuss inadequate promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to the decentralized league administration, many of the promotion efforts from team management were aimed exclusively at local populaces. There were many promotional events with players, children's benefits, civic groups, and holiday celebrations. Along with daily newspaper reports, the primary advertising strategy was radio broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The AAGPBL peaked in attendance during the 1948 season, when 10 teams attracted 910,000 paid fans.<sup id="cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaguehistory-16">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a> won the most league championships with four (1945, 1948, 1949, 1950). The Milwaukee/Grand Rapids Chicks were second with three (1944 in Milwaukee, 1947 and 1953 in Grand Rapids). The Racine Belles (1943 and 1946) and the South Bend Blue Sox (1951 and 1952) each won two, and the Kalamazoo Lassies won in the league's final season (1954).<sup id="cite_ref-May_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The 1992 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i>, although fictionalized, covers the founding and play of this league. <a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis" title="Geena Davis">Geena Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lori_Petty" title="Lori Petty">Lori Petty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell" title="Rosie O'Donnell">Rosie O'Donnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> were the stars of the film, which was directed by <a href="/wiki/Penny_Marshall" title="Penny Marshall">Penny Marshall</a>. The league is the forerunner of later-day professional league sports played by women.<sup id="cite_ref-May_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Lois Siegel documented the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in her film <i>Baseball Girls</i>, which was produced by the National Film Board of Canada. <a href="/wiki/Olive_Little" title="Olive Little">Olive Little</a> threw the first no-hitter in team and league history.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several histories of the AAGPBL have been published in book form.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although the AAGPBL was the first recorded professional women's baseball league, women had played baseball since the nineteenth century. The first known women's baseball team played at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> in 1866,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> while barnstorming Bloomer Girls teams.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> (sometimes including men<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>)
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Hall of Fame">Baseball Hall of Fame</a> members <a href="/wiki/Max_Carey" title="Max Carey">Max Carey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Foxx" title="Jimmie Foxx">Jimmie Foxx</a> managed teams in the AAGPBL. The character of Jimmy Dugan, played by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i>, was loosely based on Foxx's tenure in the league. However, several of his former AAGPBL players said that, unlike Hanks’ character in the movie, Foxx was always gentlemanly around them.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AAGSBL_logo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AAGSBL_logo.jpg/100px-AAGSBL_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AAGSBL_logo.jpg/150px-AAGSBL_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AAGSBL_logo.jpg/200px-AAGSBL_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="270" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AAGSBL_logo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Logo of the All-American Girls Softball League, 1943</div></div></div><p>The league went through a series of name changes during its history. It was founded as the <b>All-American Girls Softball League</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> but midway through its first season of 1943, the name was changed to the <b>All-American Girls Baseball League</b> (AAGBBL).<sup id="cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaguehistory-16">[16]</a></sup> After the 1943 season, the official League name was again changed, to the <b>All-American Girls Professional Ball League</b> (AAGPBL), reflecting that players were paid from the start and further separating it from existing amateur leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-2">[2]</a></sup> This name was used until the end of the 1945 season, when the league reverted to <b>All-American Girls Baseball League</b> (AAGBBL), which it would use through 1950. When teams were sold to independent owners at the end of the 1950 season, the official League name was changed to the <b>American Girls Baseball League</b> (AGBL), although it continued to be popularly identified as the <b>All-American League</b> or the <b>All-American Girls Baseball League</b> (AAGBBL). When the Players' Association organized in 1986, and gained recognition by the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988, it was finally named <b>All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</b> (AAGPBL).<sup id="cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaguehistory-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rules_of_play">Rules of play</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rules of play">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_rules_of_play" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League rules of play">AAGPBL Rules of Play</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uniforms">Uniforms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uniforms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg/150px-ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg/225px-ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg/300px-ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ChicksUniform_MillerPark.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Reproduction 1944 Milwaukee Chicks uniform on display at Miller Park</div></div></div><p>The uniform was a one-piece short-skirted flared tunic with a team patch in the center of the chest. The base uniform was designed by <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Company" title="Wrigley Company">Wrigley Company</a> art director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otis_Shepard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otis Shepard (page does not exist)">Otis Shepard</a>, assisted by Wrigley's wife Helen and Chicago softball player Ann Harnett, the first player signed by the league.<sup id="cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaguehistory-16">[16]</a></sup> Shepard was also the longtime art director for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> and spearheaded a series of innovative uniforms beginning in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Shepard designed all visual elements of the league, including game scorecards and promotional materials. For his work on the AAGPBL and the Cubs, Shepard was called the "chief visualizer of mid-century baseball."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shepard modeled the uniform after the figure skating, field hockey, and tennis outfits of the period. The uniforms included satin shorts, knee-high baseball socks, and a baseball cap.<sup id="cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaguehistory-16">[16]</a></sup> The team patches were modeled after each respective city's seal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the beginning, each team was issued one uniform style, to be worn in all games. Shepard unveiled the inaugural uniforms in a palette of pastel colors: green for Kenosha; yellow for Racine; blue for South Bend; and peach for Rockford. The accessories (cap, belt, stirrups) were bold darker shades of the team color. As new teams were added, they were given a new distinctive team color (gray for Milwaukee, pink for Minneapolis). Road uniforms were introduced to the league starting with the 1948 season.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Theme_song">Theme song</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theme song">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The theme song made famous in the 1992 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i> was the official song of the All-American Girls Baseball League, co-written by <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Paire" title="Pepper Paire">Pepper Paire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nalda_Bird" title="Nalda Bird">Nalda Bird</a> (although in the movie, the word "Irishmen" was changed to "Irish ones").<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> In their annual reunions since 1998, it is usual to hear the original AAGPBL players singing the song.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Teams">Teams</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teams">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Team_timeline">Team timeline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Team timeline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_bb02abd3b9ad46ba1d337acd18fec90b"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muskegon_Belles" coords="723,61,804,82" title="Muskegon Belles" alt="Muskegon Belles" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_Belles" coords="576,61,679,82" title="Battle Creek Belles" alt="Battle Creek Belles" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies" coords="503,115,589,136" title="Kalamazoo Lassies" alt="Kalamazoo Lassies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Springfield_Sallies" coords="356,169,453,190" title="Springfield Sallies" alt="Springfield Sallies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Chicago_Colleens" coords="356,151,431,172" title="Chicago Colleens" alt="Chicago Colleens" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Peoria_Redwings" coords="210,133,279,154" title="Peoria Redwings" alt="Peoria Redwings" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muskegon_Lassies" coords="210,115,290,136" title="Muskegon Lassies" alt="Muskegon Lassies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Daisies" coords="136,97,228,118" title="Fort Wayne Daisies" alt="Fort Wayne Daisies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Chicks" coords="136,79,239,100" title="Grand Rapids Chicks" alt="Grand Rapids Chicks" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Millerettes" coords="63,97,160,118" title="Minneapolis Millerettes" alt="Minneapolis Millerettes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Chicks" coords="63,79,149,100" title="Milwaukee Chicks" alt="Milwaukee Chicks" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Racine_Belles" coords="-10,61,59,82" title="Racine Belles" alt="Racine Belles" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kenosha_Comets" coords="-10,43,65,64" title="Kenosha Comets" alt="Kenosha Comets" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" coords="-10,25,81,46" title="South Bend Blue Sox" alt="South Bend Blue Sox" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" coords="-10,7,70,28" title="Rockford Peaches" alt="Rockford Peaches" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_bb02abd3b9ad46ba1d337acd18fec90b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/bb02abd3b9ad46ba1d337acd18fec90b.png" /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; font-size:70%; color:grey"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw="interface" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/42.5/-88.25/en" data-zoom="7" data-lat="42.5" data-lon="-88.25" data-overlays="["_76bccef9995129a9ea75500c150bd175f3ded3b8"]">[Interactive fullscreen map]</a></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha_Comets" title="Kenosha Comets">Kenosha Comets</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1943–1951)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racine_Belles" title="Racine Belles">Racine Belles</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1943–1950)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1943–1954)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1943–1954)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Chicks" title="Milwaukee Chicks">Milwaukee Chicks</a> (1944)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Millerettes" title="Minneapolis Millerettes">Minneapolis Millerettes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1944)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Daisies" title="Fort Wayne Daisies">Fort Wayne Daisies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1945–1954)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Chicks" title="Grand Rapids Chicks">Grand Rapids Chicks</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1945–1954)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon_Lassies" title="Muskegon Lassies">Muskegon Lassies</a> (1946–1949)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_Redwings" title="Peoria Redwings">Peoria Redwings</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1946–1951)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Colleens" title="Chicago Colleens">Chicago Colleens</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1948)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Sallies" title="Springfield Sallies">Springfield Sallies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1948)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies" title="Kalamazoo Lassies">Kalamazoo Lassies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1">[1]</a></sup> (1950–1954)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_Belles" title="Battle Creek Belles">Battle Creek Belles</a> (1951–1952)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon_Belles" title="Muskegon Belles">Muskegon Belles</a> (1953)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="League_champions">League champions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: League champions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1943_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1943</a> – <a href="/wiki/Racine_Belles" title="Racine Belles">Racine Belles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1944_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1944 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1944</a> – <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Chicks" title="Milwaukee Chicks">Milwaukee Chicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1945_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1945</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1946_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1946 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1946</a> – <a href="/wiki/Racine_Belles" title="Racine Belles">Racine Belles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1947_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1947 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1947</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Chicks" title="Grand Rapids Chicks">Grand Rapids Chicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1948_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1948 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1948</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1949_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1949 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1949</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1950_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1950 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1950</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1951_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1951 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1951</a> – <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1952_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1952 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1952</a> – <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1953_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1953 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1953</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Chicks" title="Grand Rapids Chicks">Grand Rapids Chicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1954_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1954 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1954</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies" title="Kalamazoo Lassies">Kalamazoo Lassies</a><sup id="cite_ref-May_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="AAGPBL_Players_Association">AAGPBL Players Association</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: AAGPBL Players Association">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>When the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was unable to continue in 1955, its history and its significance were forgotten by baseball historians. Many people in the 1950s thought that women were not supposed to play baseball, so most female athletes competed on other fields of endeavor. Finally, in 1980, former pitcher <a href="/wiki/June_Peppas" title="June Peppas">June Peppas</a> launched a newsletter project to get in touch with friends, teammates, and opponents that resulted in the league's first reunion in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a> in 1982. The Players Association was formed after a 1986 Reunion held in Fort Wayne as part of Run, Jane, Run, a local Women's Bureau event. Historian and Baseball card publisher Sharon Roepke (author of Diamond Gals) who was circulating a petition to get the Baseball Hall of Fame to recognize the All American Girls Baseball League asked the players at the Reunion to organize to help the effort. A meeting was held at the South Bend home of Fran Janssen, and the Player's Association was born. June Peppas was nominated President.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="National_Women.27s_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_inductees"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="National_Women's_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_inductees">National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame inductees</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame inductees">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Claire_Schillace" title="Claire Schillace">Claire Schillace</a></li>
<li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Faye_Dancer" title="Faye Dancer">Faye Dancer</a></li>
<li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ferguson" title="Dorothy Ferguson">Dorothy Ferguson</a> (Dottie Key)</li>
<li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Winter" title="Joanne Winter">Joanne Winter</a></li>
<li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Kamenshek" title="Dorothy Kamenshek">Dorothy Kamenshek</a></li>
<li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Faut" title="Jean Faut">Jean Faut</a></li>
<li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Doris_Sams" title="Doris Sams">Doris Sams</a></li>
<li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Paire" title="Pepper Paire">Pepper Paire</a></li>
<li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Kurys" title="Sophie Kurys">Sophie Kurys</a></li>
<li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Arleene_Johnson" title="Arleene Johnson">Arleene Johnson</a> (Noga)</li>
<li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/June_Peppas" title="June Peppas">June Peppas</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_All-Star_Team" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_Player_of_the_Year_Award" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player of the Year Award">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player of the Year Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_batting_records" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League batting records">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League batting records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_fielding_records" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielding records">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielding records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_pitching_records" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitching records">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitching records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_players" title="List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players">List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_managers" title="List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers">List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams_Museum_and_Hitters_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame">Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame</a>, which includes AAGPBL exhibit</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Major_women%27s_sport_leagues_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Major women's sport leagues in North America">Major women's sport leagues in North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Women in baseball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_professional_sports" title="Women's professional sports">Women's professional sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women's sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Stone" title="Toni Stone">Toni Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Johnson" title="Mamie Johnson">Mamie Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connie_Morgan" title="Connie Morgan">Connie Morgan</a> (the only three Black Women to play in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro leagues">Negro leagues</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCullen-DuPont2000" class="citation book cs1">Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (August 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374"><i>Encyclopedia of Women's History in America</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4100-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-4100-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women%27s+History+in+America&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8&rft.aulast=Cullen-DuPont&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIro7MtiFuYC%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WDL1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4025/">"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player Marg Callaghan Sliding into Home Plate as Umpire Norris Ward Watches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. April 22, 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League+Player+Marg+Callaghan+Sliding+into+Home+Plate+as+Umpire+Norris+Ward+Watches&rft.date=1948-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F4025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2018" class="citation news cs1">Grossman, Ron (June 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-women-baseball-wrigley-0624-20180612-story.html">"Female players hit a home run for wartime baseball — but were seen, rarely heard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Female+players+hit+a+home+run+for+wartime+baseball+%E2%80%94+but+were+seen%2C+rarely+heard&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fct-perspec-flash-women-baseball-wrigley-0624-20180612-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-May-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHeaphyMay2016" class="citation book cs1">Heaphy, Leslie A.; May, Mel Anthony (March 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BK3iCwAAQBAJ&q=from+1943+to+1945,+Arthur+Meyerhoff+from+1945+to+1951,+and+the+teams+were+individually+owned+from+1951+to+1954.+In+1947+and+1948,+spring+training+exhibition+games+were+held+at+the+Gran+Stadium+in+Havana,+Cuba."><i>Encyclopedia of Women and Baseball</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 9–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47666-594-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47666-594-8"><bdi>978-1-47666-594-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Baseball&rft.pages=9-16&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-47666-594-8&rft.aulast=Heaphy&rft.aufirst=Leslie+A.&rft.au=May%2C+Mel+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBK3iCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfrom%2B1943%2Bto%2B1945%2C%2BArthur%2BMeyerhoff%2Bfrom%2B1945%2Bto%2B1951%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bteams%2Bwere%2Bindividually%2Bowned%2Bfrom%2B1951%2Bto%2B1954.%2BIn%2B1947%2Band%2B1948%2C%2Bspring%2Btraining%2Bexhibition%2Bgames%2Bwere%2Bheld%2Bat%2Bthe%2BGran%2BStadium%2Bin%2BHavana%2C%2BCuba.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/10-fun-facts-about-the-allamerican-girls-professional-baseball-league/a830a7a0-1f96-4737-8e13-0a7942f1e2bc">"10 Fun Facts About The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League"</a>. <i>WBEZ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WBEZ&rft.atitle=10+Fun+Facts+About+The+All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbez.org%2Fshows%2Fwbez-news%2F10-fun-facts-about-the-allamerican-girls-professional-baseball-league%2Fa830a7a0-1f96-4737-8e13-0a7942f1e2bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHasse2018" class="citation web cs1">Hasse, Nicole (May 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbnation.com/2018/5/30/17407798/women-baseball-trailblazers-reflect-aagpbl-75th-anniversary">"Women's baseball trailblazers reflect on the league, 75 years after its founding"</a>. <i>SBNation.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBNation.com&rft.atitle=Women%27s+baseball+trailblazers+reflect+on+the+league%2C+75+years+after+its+founding&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=Hasse&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbnation.com%2F2018%2F5%2F30%2F17407798%2Fwomen-baseball-trailblazers-reflect-aagpbl-75th-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sabr.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sabr.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabr.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabr.org/journal/article/the-international-girls-baseball-league/">"The International Girls Baseball League"</a>. <i>Society for American Baseball Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+American+Baseball+Research&rft.atitle=The+International+Girls+Baseball+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabr.org%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fthe-international-girls-baseball-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/softballnationalnews/past-present/national-girls-baseball-league-1944---1954">"National Girls Baseball League"</a>. <i>Softball National News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Softball+National+News&rft.atitle=National+Girls+Baseball+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fsoftballnationalnews%2Fpast-present%2Fnational-girls-baseball-league-1944---1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgirlsbaseballleague.com/about">"Their Turn at Bat: The Story of the National Girls Baseball League"</a>. <i>National Girls Baseball League</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Girls+Baseball+League&rft.atitle=Their+Turn+at+Bat%3A+The+Story+of+the+National+Girls+Baseball+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgirlsbaseballleague.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2017" class="citation web cs1">O'Donnell, Maureen (April 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/4/10/18373414/national-girls-baseball-league-s-kotch-kowell-dead-at-91">"National Girls Baseball League's 'Kotch' Kowell dead at 91"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=National+Girls+Baseball+League%27s+%27Kotch%27+Kowell+dead+at+91&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2F2017%2F4%2F10%2F18373414%2Fnational-girls-baseball-league-s-kotch-kowell-dead-at-91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCrimmins1992" class="citation news cs1">Crimmins, Jerry (November 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-01-11-9201030815-story.html">"Obituary: Girls Baseball League Founder Emery A. Parichy"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Girls+Baseball+League+Founder+Emery+A.+Parichy&rft.date=1992-11-01&rft.aulast=Crimmins&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1992-01-11-9201030815-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/20/rules-of-play">"Rules of Play"</a>. <i>All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>. January 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.atitle=Rules+of+Play&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aagpbl.org%2Findex.cfm%2Fpages%2Fleague%2F20%2Frules-of-play&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-inflation-US-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634 to 1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1">McCusker, J. J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy ofthe United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+ofthe+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span> 1700-1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1">McCusker, J. J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How much is that in real money?: a historical price index for use as a deflator of money values in the economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+much+is+that+in+real+money%3F%3A+a+historical+price+index+for+use+as+a+deflator+of+money+values+in+the+economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Anne Janette (1996). <i>Great Women in Sports</i>. Detroit: Visible Ink Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+in+Sports&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Anne+Janette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org/dressed_to_the_nines/timeline_1943.htm">"Dressed to the Nines - Timeline"</a>. <i>National Baseball Hall of Fame</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Baseball+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Dressed+to+the+Nines+-+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexhibits.baseballhalloffame.org%2Fdressed_to_the_nines%2Ftimeline_1943.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-leaguehistory-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaguehistory_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-history">"League History"</a>. <i>All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League+Players+Association&rft.atitle=League+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aagpbl.org%2Fhistory%2Fleague-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cretaz2018" class="citation web cs1">de la Cretaz, Britni (May 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narrative.ly/the-hidden-queer-history-behind-a-league-of-their-own/">"The Hidden Queer History Behind "A League of Their Own<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>Narratively</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Narratively&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Queer+History+Behind+%22A+League+of+Their+Own%22&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=de+la+Cretaz&rft.aufirst=Britni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarrative.ly%2Fthe-hidden-queer-history-behind-a-league-of-their-own%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFidler2006" class="citation book cs1">Fidler, Merrie A. (2006). "Establishing the Public Image: Publicity and Promotion, 1943–1944". <i>The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 50–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Establishing+the+Public+Image%3A+Publicity+and+Promotion%2C+1943%E2%80%931944&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+History+of+the+All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=50-68&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fidler&rft.aufirst=Merrie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aagpbl.org/history/league-structure">"League Structure"</a>. <i>All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.atitle=League+Structure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aagpbl.org%2Fhistory%2Fleague-structure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFidler2006" class="citation book cs1">Fidler, Merrie A. (2006). "Decentralization of Publicity and Promotion, 1951–1954". <i>The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 136–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decentralization+of+Publicity+and+Promotion%2C+1951%E2%80%931954&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+History+of+the+All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=136-142&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fidler&rft.aufirst=Merrie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, M. Ann (2008). <i>Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport</i>. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55277-021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55277-021-4"><bdi>978-1-55277-021-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immodest+and+Sensational%3A+150+Years+of+Canadian+Women+in+Sport&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55277-021-4&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=M.+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMacy1995" class="citation book cs1">Macy, Sue (1995). <i>A Whole New Ball Game: The Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-037423-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-037423-X"><bdi>0-14-037423-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Whole+New+Ball+Game%3A+The+Story+of+the+All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-14-037423-X&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1993" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Lois (1993). <i>Girls of Summer: The Real Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-637902-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-637902-8"><bdi>0-00-637902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+of+Summer%3A+The+Real+Story+of+the+All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-00-637902-8&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFShattuck1992" class="citation journal cs1">Shattuck, Debra A. (Summer 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://innovators.vassar.edu/innovator.html?id=76">"Bats, Balls and Books: Baseball and Higher Education for Women at Three Eastern Women's Colleges, 1866–1891"</a>. <i>Journal of Sport History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+History&rft.atitle=Bats%2C+Balls+and+Books%3A+Baseball+and+Higher+Education+for+Women+at+Three+Eastern+Women%27s+Colleges%2C+1866%E2%80%931891&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Shattuck&rft.aufirst=Debra+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finnovators.vassar.edu%2Finnovator.html%3Fid%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBerlage1994" class="citation book cs1">Berlage, Gai Ingham (1994). <i>Women in Baseball</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94735-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94735-1"><bdi>0-275-94735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Baseball&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-275-94735-1&rft.aulast=Berlage&rft.aufirst=Gai+Ingham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRitter1981" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Lawrence S. (June 1981). <i>The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941372-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-941372-08-1"><bdi>0-941372-08-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Their+Times%3A+The+Story+of+the+Early+Days+of+Baseball+Told+by+the+Men+Who+Played+It&rft.date=1981-06&rft.isbn=0-941372-08-1&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/e34a045d">Jimmie Foxx</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research" title="Society for American Baseball Research">SABR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioproj.sabr.org/">Baseball Biography Project</a>, by John Bennett, Retrieved November 16, 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFThorn2017" class="citation web cs1">Thorn, John (August 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourgame.mlblogs.com/otis-shepard-2ac835a93d61">"Otis Shepard, Baseball's Greatest Graphic Artist"</a>. <i>Our Game</i>. Major League Baseball<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Game&rft.atitle=Otis+Shepard%2C+Baseball%27s+Greatest+Graphic+Artist&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft.aulast=Thorn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourgame.mlblogs.com%2Fotis-shepard-2ac835a93d61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLukas2014" class="citation web cs1">Lukas, Paul (February 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni-watch.com/2014/02/14/incredible-chicago-tribune-article-on-the-1937-cubs-uniforms/">"Possibly the Greatest Example of Uni-Watching Ever"</a>. <i>Uni Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uni+Watch&rft.atitle=Possibly+the+Greatest+Example+of+Uni-Watching+Ever&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funi-watch.com%2F2014%2F02%2F14%2Fincredible-chicago-tribune-article-on-the-1937-cubs-uniforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHathawayNadel2014" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Norman; Nadel, Dan (2014). <i>Dorothy and Otis: Designing the American Dream: The Pioneering Designers of Baseball, Billboards, and Chewing Gum</i>. New York: Harper Design. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062262431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062262431"><bdi>978-0062262431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dorothy+and+Otis%3A+Designing+the+American+Dream%3A+The+Pioneering+Designers+of+Baseball%2C+Billboards%2C+and+Chewing+Gum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Harper+Design&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0062262431&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF@@AAGPBL2018" class="citation web cs1">@@AAGPBL (April 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/@AAGPBL/status/982178369725915137">"On top are the logos used in #ALeagueofTheirOwn and on the bottom are the real logos. The logos are actually the city seal of the towns they played in. Why they changed the logos for the movie? Because it looked better on camera"</a> (Tweet) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+top+are+the+logos+used+in+%23ALeagueofTheirOwn+and+on+the+bottom+are+the+real+logos.+The+logos+are+actually+the+city+seal+of+the+towns+they+played+in.+Why+they+changed+the+logos+for+the+movie%3F+Because+it+looked+better+on+camera.&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.au=%40%40AAGPBL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2F%40AAGPBL%2Fstatus%2F982178369725915137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326063722/http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song">"Victory Song"</a>. <i>All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/21/victory-song">the original</a> on March 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League&rft.atitle=Victory+Song&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aagpbl.org%2Findex.cfm%2Fpages%2Fleague%2F21%2Fvictory-song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFemilylasota2007" class="citation web cs1">emilylasota (May 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_SqGGLs0Yw">"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=All-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League+Players&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.au=emilylasota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DM_SqGGLs0Yw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minutes of AAGPBL origin meeting; personal recollection of participant Sharon Roepke</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184929/http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame/">"Inductees"</a>. <i>National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eteamz.com/hallfame">the original</a> on January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%27s+Baseball+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Inductees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eteamz.com%2Fhallfame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRichard2019" class="citation web cs1">Richard, A.J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabr.org/journal/article/playing-with-the-boys-gender-race-and-baseball-in-post-war-america/">"Playing With The Boys: Gender, Race, and Baseball in Post-War America"</a>. <i>Society for American Baseball Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+American+Baseball+Research&rft.atitle=Playing+With+The+Boys%3A+Gender%2C+Race%2C+and+Baseball+in+Post-War+America&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabr.org%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fplaying-with-the-boys-gender-race-and-baseball-in-post-war-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-American+Girls+Professional+Baseball+League" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i>A Whole New Ball Game</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sue_Macy" title="Sue Macy">Sue Macy</a></li>
<li>"Muscle in the Bud" (an article in <i>Baseball As America</i>) by Barbara Gregorich</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0;background:#f9f9f9"><div style="padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center"><b style="display:block">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto"><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" class="extiw" title="c:Category:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052634" class="extiw" title="d:Q1052634">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aagpbl.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Sports/Baseball/Women/">Women's baseball</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/collections/show/33">Grand Valley State University All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Oral History Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/38136">University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, The Forgotten Champs: The 1944 Milwaukee Chicks Oral History Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/baseball_girls/">"Baseball Girls" documentary, The National Film Board of Canada </a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Template:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Template talk:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_Belles" title="Battle Creek Belles">Battle Creek Belles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Colleens" title="Chicago Colleens">Chicago Colleens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Daisies" title="Fort Wayne Daisies">Fort Wayne Daisies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Chicks" title="Grand Rapids Chicks">Grand Rapids Chicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies" title="Kalamazoo Lassies">Kalamazoo Lassies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha_Comets" title="Kenosha Comets">Kenosha Comets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Chicks" title="Milwaukee Chicks">Milwaukee Chicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Millerettes" title="Minneapolis Millerettes">Minneapolis Millerettes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon_Belles" title="Muskegon Belles">Muskegon Belles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon_Lassies" title="Muskegon Lassies">Muskegon Lassies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_Redwings" title="Peoria Redwings">Peoria Redwings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racine_Belles" title="Racine Belles">Racine Belles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Peaches" title="Rockford Peaches">Rockford Peaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Sallies" title="Springfield Sallies">Springfield Sallies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seasons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1943_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1943</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1944_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1944 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1945_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1946_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1946 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1947_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1947 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1948_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1948 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1949_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1949 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1949</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1950_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1950 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1951_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1951 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1952_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1952 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1953_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1953 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1954_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season" title="1954 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season">1954</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and recognition</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_All-Star_Team" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team">All-Star Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_Player_of_the_Year_Award" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player of the Year Award">Player of the Year</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_batting_records" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League batting records">Batting records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_fielding_records" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielding records">Fielding records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_pitching_records" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitching records">Pitching records</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_managers" title="List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers">List of managers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_players" title="List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players">List of players</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_rules_of_play" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League rules of play">Rules of play</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own" title="A League of Their Own">A League of Their Own</a></i> (film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own_(1993_TV_series)" title="A League of Their Own (1993 TV series)">A League of Their Own</a></i> (TV series)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Allington" title="Bill Allington">Bill Allington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meyerhoff" title="Arthur Meyerhoff">Arthur Meyerhoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Wrigley" title="Philip K. Wrigley">Philip K. Wrigley</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Professional_baseball_leagues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Professional_Baseball" title="Template:Professional Baseball"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_Baseball" title="Template talk:Professional Baseball"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Professional_Baseball&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Professional_baseball_leagues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_leagues#Baseball" title="List of professional sports leagues">Professional baseball leagues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Americas"><b>Americas</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Major</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_League" title="National League">National League</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_East" title="Triple-A East">Triple-A East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_West" title="Triple-A West">Triple-A West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-A_Central" title="Double-A Central">Double-A Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Double-A_Northeast" title="Double-A Northeast">Double-A Northeast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Double-A_South" title="Double-A South">Double-A South</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/High-A" title="High-A">High-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-A_Central" title="High-A Central">High-A Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High-A_East" title="High-A East">High-A East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High-A_West" title="High-A West">High-A West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)" title="Class A (baseball)">Low-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-A_East" title="Low-A East">Low-A East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Low-A_Southeast" title="Low-A Southeast">Low-A Southeast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Low-A_West" title="Low-A West">Low-A West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball#Rookie" title="Minor League Baseball">Rookie</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Complex_League" title="Arizona Complex League">Arizona Complex League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League" title="Dominican Summer League">Dominican Summer League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Complex_League" title="Florida Complex League">Florida Complex League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Independent_baseball_league" title="Independent baseball league">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">MLB Partner Leagues</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Professional_Baseball" title="American Association of Professional Baseball">American Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball" title="Atlantic League of Professional Baseball">Atlantic League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">Frontier League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_League_(baseball)" title="Pioneer League (baseball)">Pioneer League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Non-partnered leagues</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Empire Professional Baseball League">Empire League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_League" title="Mexican League">Mexican League</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Norte_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Liga Norte de México">Liga Norte de México</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Association" title="Pacific Association">Pacific Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_League" title="Pecos League">Pecos League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Shore_Professional_Baseball_League" title="United Shore Professional Baseball League">United Shore League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Off-season</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">MLB-affiliated</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League" title="Arizona Fall League">Arizona Fall League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Dominican Professional Baseball League">Dominican Professional Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Paralela_de_B%C3%A9isbol_en_Venezuela" title="Liga Paralela de Béisbol en Venezuela">Liga Paralela</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Pacific_League" title="Mexican Pacific League">Mexican Pacific League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liga_de_B%C3%A9isbol_Profesional_Roberto_Clemente" title="Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente">Puerto Rico Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Venezuelan Professional Baseball League">Venezuelan Professional Baseball League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Independent</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Baseball_League" title="Argentine Baseball League">Argentine Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Colombian Professional Baseball League">Colombian Professional Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League">Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Panamanian Professional Baseball League">Panamanian Professional Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Invernal_Veracruzana" title="Liga Invernal Veracruzana">Veracruz Winter League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">MLB-recognized</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)" title="American Association (19th century)">American Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_League" title="Federal League">Federal League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Players%27_League" title="Players' League">Players' League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_Association" title="Union Association">Union Association</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Other major</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_League" title="Continental League">Continental League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_League" title="Cuban League">Cuban League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Professional Base Ball Players">National Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Baseball_League" title="United States Baseball League">United States Baseball League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_minor_baseball_leagues_in_the_United_States" title="List of defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States">List of defunct minor leagues</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Asia"><b>Asia</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">China</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Baseball_League" title="China National Baseball League">China National Baseball League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Nippon Professional Baseball">Nippon Professional Baseball</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_League" title="Central League">Central League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_League" title="Pacific League">Pacific League</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_(Japanese_baseball)" title="Eastern League (Japanese baseball)">Eastern League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_League_(Japanese_baseball)" title="Western League (Japanese baseball)">Western League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Off-season</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_Phoenix_League" title="Miyazaki Phoenix League">Miyazaki Phoenix League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Independent</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_Challenge_League" title="Baseball Challenge League">Baseball Challenge League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_Island_League_Plus" title="Shikoku Island League Plus">Shikoku Island League Plus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Women's</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Women%27s_Baseball_League" title="Japan Women's Baseball League">Japan Women's Baseball League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/KBO_League" title="KBO League">KBO League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/KBO_Futures_League" title="KBO Futures League">KBO Futures League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Chinese Professional Baseball League">Chinese Professional Baseball League</a> (Defunct: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Major_League" title="Taiwan Major League">Taiwan Major League</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Chinese Professional Baseball League">Chinese Professional Baseball League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Independent</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Baseball_Summer_League" title="Taiwan Baseball Summer League">Popcorn League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Europe"><b>Europe</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Italy and San Marino</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baseball_League" title="Italian Baseball League">Italian Baseball League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Hoofdklasse" title="Honkbal Hoofdklasse">Honkbal Hoofdklasse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Overgangsklasse" title="Honkbal Overgangsklasse">Honkbal Overgangsklasse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">Rookie</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Rookie_League" title="Honkbal Rookie League">Honkbal Rookie League</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="MLB-affiliated:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">MLB-affiliated:</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Inter-league"><b>Inter-league</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Professional_Baseball_Championship" title="Asia Professional Baseball Championship">Asia Professional Baseball Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Winter_Baseball_League" title="Asia Winter Baseball League">Asia Winter Baseball League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Series" title="Caribbean Series">Caribbean Series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Series" title="Latin American Series">Latin American Series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_National_Championship_Game" title="Triple-A National Championship Game">Triple-A National Championship Game</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1631286551 |