Ohio: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|U.S. state}}

{{about|the U.S. state}}

{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023|cs1-dates=l}}

{{Infobox U.S. state

| name = Ohio

| official_name = State of Ohio

| image_flag = Flag of Ohio.svg

| flag_border = no

| flag_link = Flag of Ohio

| image_seal = Seal of Ohio (B&W).svg

| seal_link = Seal of Ohio

| image_map = Ohio in United States.svg

| nicknames = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All

| motto = "[[With God, all things are possible]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

| anthem = "[[Beautiful Ohio]]"<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[File:Beautiful Ohio - Henry Burr & Ruth Lenox, 1919.ogg|center]]

| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=https://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web |title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>

| LargestCity = capital

| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (combined and urban)<br>[[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes){{efn|According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |date=December 27, 1996 }}, Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.}}<!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->

| Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>

| population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye<ref name="DNR"/> (colloq.)

| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Mike DeWine]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}

| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jon Husted]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}

| Legislature = [[Ohio General Assembly|General Assembly]]

| Upperhouse = [[Ohio Senate|Senate]]

| Lowerhouse = [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]

| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Ohio]]

| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Sherrod Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}<br />{{nowrap|[[J. D. Vance]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}

| Representative = 9 Republicans<br /> 5 Democrats<br />1 vacant

| TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.

| postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998

| url = https://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html

| access-date = March 26, 2009

| url-status = dead

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090328210335/https://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html

| archive-date = March 28, 2009

| df = mdy-all }}</ref>

| OfficialLang = ''[[De jure]]'': None<br />''[[De facto]]'': English

| area_rank = 34th

| area_total_sq_mi = 44,825

| area_total_km2 = 116,096

| area_land_sq_mi = 40,948

| area_land_km2 = 106,156

| area_water_sq_mi = 3,877

| area_water_km2 = 10,040

| area_water_percent = 8.7

| population_rank = 7th

| population_as_of = 2021

| 2010Pop = 11,780,017<ref name=2020census>{{cite web |title=Apportionment population and number of representatives by state: 2020 census |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |publisher=US Census Bureau |date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194028/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

| population_density_rank = 10th

| 2000DensityUS = 282

| 2000Density = 109

| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|36th]]

| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />{{Start date and age|1953|8|7}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1803|3|1}}<ref name="MS" />

| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]

| utc_offset1 = – 05:00

| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]

| utc_offset1_DST = – 04:00

| Latitude = 38°24′ N to 41°59′ N

| Longitude = 80°31′ W to 84°49′ W

| width_mi = 220

| width_km = 355

| length_mi = 220

| length_km = 355

| elevation_max_point = [[Campbell Hill (Ohio)|Campbell Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=July 22, 2012 }}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}

| elevation_max_ft = 1,549

| elevation_max_m = 472

| elevation_ft = 850

| elevation_m = 260

| elevation_min_point = [[Ohio River]] at {{nowrap|[[Indiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}}

| elevation_min_ft = 455

| elevation_min_m = 139

| iso_code = US-OH

| website = https://ohio.gov

| Capital = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]

| Representatives =

}}

{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States

| state = Ohio

| image_flag = Flag of Ohio.svg

| image_flag_border = no

| image_seal = Seal of Ohio (B&W).svg

| amphibian = [[Spotted salamander]]

| bird = [[Northern cardinal|Cardinal]] (1933)<ref name="GOVRES" />

| butterfly =

| crustacean =

| fish =

| flower = {{ubl|[[Dianthus caryophyllus|Red carnation]] (1904)<ref name="GOVRES" />

|[[Trillium grandiflorum|Great white trillium]] (1986)<ref name="GOVRES" /> (wildflower)}}

| grass =

|insect = [[Coccinellidae|Ladybug]] (1975)<ref name="GOVRES" />

|mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] (1987)<ref name="GOVRES">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Symbols| publisher = Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden| url = http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| access-date = March 26, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423055259/http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| archive-date = April 23, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>

| reptile = [[Coluber constrictor|Black racer snake]] (1995)<ref name="GOVRES" />

| tree = [[Aesculus glabra|Buckeye]] (1953)<ref name="GOVRES" />

| beverage = [[Tomato juice]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />

| colors =

| dance =

| dinosaur =

| firearm =

| food =

| fossil = ''[[Isotelus|Isotelus maximus]]'', a [[trilobite]] (1985)<ref name="GOVRES" />

| gemstone = Ohio [[flint]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />

| instrument =

| mineral =

| poem =

| rock =

| shell =

| ship =

| slogan = ''The Heart Of It All''

| soil =

| sport =

| tartan =

| toy =

| fruit = [[Asimina triloba|Pawpaw]]

| image_route = OH-7.svg

| image_quarter = 2002 OH Proof.png

| quarter_release_date = 2002

}}

'''Ohio''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|.|oʊ}} {{respell|oh|HY|oh}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ohio|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. Ohio borders [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[West Virginia]] to the southeast, [[Kentucky]] to the southwest, [[Indiana]] to the west, and [[Michigan]] to the northwest. Of the 50 [[List of states and territories of the United States|U.S. states]], it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|34th-largest by area]]. With a population of nearly 11.8 million, Ohio is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|seventh-most populous]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|tenth-most densely populated state]]. Its [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[List of cities in Ohio|most populous city]] is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], with other large [[Metropolitan statistical area|population centers]] including [[Cleveland]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]. Ohio is nicknamed the "Buckeye State" after its [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye trees]], and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".<ref name="DNR">{{cite web|date=November 1998|title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412012307/https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> [[State flag of Ohio|Its flag]] is the only [[List of non-rectangular flags|non-rectangular flag]] of all U.S. states.

Ohio derives its name from the [[Ohio River]] that forms its southern border, which, in turn, originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word ''{{Lang|see|ohiːyo'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |publisher=Ohio History Central |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river' |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state was home to several ancient indigenous civilizations, with humans present as early as 10,000 BCE. It arose from the lands west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] that were contested by various native tribes and European colonists from the 17th century through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. Ohio was partitioned from the [[Northwest Territory]], the first frontier of the new United States, becoming the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book |author=Mary Stockwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC&pg=PA88 |title=Ohio Adventure |publisher=Gibbs Smith |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3 |page=88 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC |archive-date=March 31, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog |year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> It was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although it has transitioned to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking [[List of U.S. states and territories by GDP|seventh in GDP]] {{As of|2019|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019 |website=Statista |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095452/https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the third-largest manufacturing sector and second-largest automobile production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Girardi-Schachter |first=Taylor |date=September 3, 2019 |title=Top 10 States For Manufacturing 2019 |url=https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ |access-date=December 31, 2019 |website=Global Trade Magazine |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203150536/https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Modeled on its federal counterpart, Ohio's government is composed of the executive branch, led by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor]]; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral [[Ohio General Assembly]]; and the judicial branch, led by the state [[Supreme Court of Ohio|Supreme Court]]. Ohio occupies 15 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]], the seventh-largest delegation.<ref>{{cite web| last=Berg-Andersson| first=Richard E.| title=The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives| website=The Green Papers| year=2000| url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| access-date=March 25, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106073829/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| archive-date=January 6, 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]], earning it the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State |url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/ |access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov |archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==

{{Main|Prehistory of Ohio|History of Ohio}}

===Indigenous settlement===

[[File:Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's conception of the [[Fort Ancient]] [[SunWatch Indian Village]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]].]]

Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by [[Nomad|nomadic people]] as early as 13,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9">Knepper (1989), p. 9.</ref> These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9" /> Between 1,000 and 800&nbsp;BC, the sedentary [[Adena culture]] emerged. The Adena established "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.<ref name="knepper10">Knepper (1989), p. 10.</ref> The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the [[Great Serpent Mound]], located in [[Adams County, Ohio]].<ref name="knepper10" />

Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people, who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian culture]] rose as the Hopewell culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the [[Whittlesey culture|Whittlesey Culture]]<ref name="knepper13" /> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13" /> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian culture was close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley.]]

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of Indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multiethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>

Some of the Indigenous nations that historically inhabited Ohio include the Iroquoian,{{efn|[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] and the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]}} the Algonquian,{{efn|[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] and [[Odawa]]}} and the Siouan.{{efn|[[Mosopelea]]}}<ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] and the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229222444/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===

{{Main|New France|Canada (New France)|Ohio Country|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Western theater of the American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}

During the 18th century, the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]] set up a system of [[trading post]]s to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, the [[Kingdom of France]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] fought in the [[French and Indian War]], with various Native American tribes on each side. As a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the [[Old Northwest]] to Great Britain in 1763.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763) |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |publisher=www.u-s-history.com |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204235607/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before the American Revolution, Britain thinly exercised sovereignty over Ohio Country by lackadaisical garrisoning of the French forts.{{efn|The last French Fort in Ohio Country, Fort Sandusky, was destroyed in 1763 during Pontiac's Rebellion.}} Just beyond Ohio Country was the great [[Miami Tribe|Miami]] capital of [[Kekionga]], which became the center of British trade and influence in Ohio Country and throughout the future [[Northwest Territory]]. By the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], British lands west of [[Appalachia]] were forbidden to settlement by colonists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Billington|first=Ray A.|title=The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768 |journal=New York History |year=1944 |volume=25 |issue=2 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|pages=182–194|jstor=23147791}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]] in 1768 explicitly reserved lands north and west of the Ohio as Native lands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sosin|first=Jack M.|title=Whitehall and the wilderness: the Middle West in British colonial policy, 1760–1775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146|year=1961|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=146|access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118044200/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146 |url-status=live}}</ref> British military occupation in the region contributed to the outbreak of [[Pontiac's War]] in 1763.<ref>{{cite book |last=White|first=Richard|title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815|isbn=0-521-42460-7 |year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=256}}</ref> Ohio tribes participated in the war until an armed expedition in Ohio led by [[Brigadier General]] [[Henry Bouquet]] brought about a truce. Another colonial military expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought [[Lord Dunmore's War]], kicked off by the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] in Ohio, to a conclusion. In 1774, Britain passed the [[Quebec Act]], which formally annexed Ohio and other western lands to the [[Province of Quebec]] in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the [[Montreal]]-based fur trade.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog/page/n22 12]|title=The Quebec Act 1774|url=https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog|author=Gerald E. Hart|year=1891|publisher=Gazette Printing Company |location=Montreal}}</ref> The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution.<ref>Gordon Wood, ''The American Revolution'' (New York: [[Random House]], 2002).</ref>

By the start of the [[American Revolutionary War]], the movement of Natives and Americans between the Ohio Country and [[Thirteen Colonies]] had resulted in tension. [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] in Pennsylvania had become the main fort where expeditions into Ohio started. Intrusions into the area included General [[Edward Hand]]'s 1778 movement of 500 Pennsylvania [[militia (United States)|militiamen]] from Fort Pitt towards Mingo towns on the [[Cuyahoga River]], where the British stored military supplies which they distributed to Indian raiding parties;<ref>Downes, ''Council Fires'', 211; Nester, ''Frontier War'', 194; Nelson, ''Man of Distinction'', 101.</ref> Colonel [[Daniel Brodhead]]'s invasion in 1780 and [[Brodhead's Coshocton expedition|destruction of the Lenape Indian capital of Coshocton]];<ref>Downes, ''Council Fires'', 266.</ref> a detachment of one hundred of [[George Rogers Clark]]'s troops that were [[Lochry's Defeat|ambushed near the Ohio River]] by Indians led by [[Joseph Brant]] in the same year; a British and Native American attack on the U.S.' [[Fort Laurens]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Archeology of the Battles of Fort Recovery, Mercer County, Ohio: Education and Protection |url=https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi%2076-100/roi%2078%20public.pdf |publisher=National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program |via=Ball State University |first1=Christine |last1=Keller |first2=Colleen |last2=Boyd |first3=Mark |last3=Groover |first4=Mark |last4=Hill |year=2011 |page=61 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612080120/https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi%2076-100/roi%2078%20public.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 1782 detainment and murder of 96 [[Christian Munsee|Moravian Lenape]] pacifists by Pennsylvania militiamen in the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref>Weslager, ''Delaware Indians'', 316.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Moravians in the Middle: the Gnadenhutten Massacre |first=Eric |last=Sterner |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/02/moravians-middle-gnadenhutten-massacre |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |access-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930143616/https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/02/moravians-middle-gnadenhutten-massacre/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The western theatre never had a decisive victor. In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio Country to the new [[United States]] after its victory in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cogliano |first=Francis D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMAKWDQt1LAC |title=Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History |year=2003 |publisher=Francis and Taylor |isbn=978-1-134-67869-3 |ref=cogliano2003 |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153334/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolutionary_America_1763_1815/QMAKWDQt1LAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge |journal=International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|date=September 1983 |volume=5 |number=3 |pages=431–442 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322 |jstor=40105317 |ref=lskaplan1983}}</ref>

===Northwest Territory===

{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory}}

[[Image:Ohio Country en.png|thumb|left|The [[Ohio Country]] indicating battle sites between American settlers and Indigenous tribes, 1775–1794]]

The United States created the [[Northwest Territory]] under the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787.<ref name="cayton3">Cayton (2002), p. 3.</ref> [[Slave states and free states|Slavery was not permitted]] in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] by the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the [[Miami Purchase|Miami Company]] (also referred to as the "[[Symmes Purchase]]") claimed the southwestern section, and the [[Connecticut Land Company]] surveyed and settled the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]] in present-day [[Northeast Ohio]]. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the [[Seven Ranges]] at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as [[Ohio Country]] and [[Illinois Country]]. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the [[Indiana Territory]] was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] and the eastern tip of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the [[Western Confederacy]], was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795.

Under the [[Northwest Ordinance]], areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, [[United States Congress|Congress]] determined that it was growing rapidly enough and accelerated the process via the [[Enabling Act of 1802]]. In regard to the [[Leni Lenape]] natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the [[Muskingum River]] in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the [[Moravian Brethren]]&nbsp;... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89|date=June 4, 1998|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=April 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502224644/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|archive-date=May 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"====

[[File:LandingOfThePioneers.jpg|thumb|The landing of [[Rufus Putnam]] and the first settlers at [[Marietta, Ohio]] in 1788.]]

[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston. [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort, [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-615-50189-5}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David. ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref> He set substantial amounts of land aside for schools. In 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]). In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to the settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, President George Washington commissioned him as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-615-50189-5}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David. ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>

===Statehood and early years===

{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}

On February 19, 1803, U.S. President [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> But Congress had not passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name="Blue" /> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood, which was delivered to [[Washington, D.C.]], on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name="Blue">{{cite journal |last=Blue |first=Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to be near the state's geographic center.

[[File:Battle erie.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Battle of Lake Erie]]'' by [[William Henry Powell]]]]

Although many Native Americans migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. Starting around 1809, the [[Shawnee]] pressed resistance to encroachment again. Under Chief [[Tecumseh]], [[Tecumseh's War]] officially began in Ohio in 1811. When the [[War of 1812]] began, the British decided to attack from [[Upper Canada]] into Ohio and merge their forces with the Shawnee. This continued until Tecumseh was killed at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in 1813. Most of the Shawnee, excluding the [[Pekowi]] in Southwest Ohio, were forcibly relocated west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-shawnee-tribe-war-of-1812/|title=The Shawnee Tribe & War of 1812|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181201/https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-shawnee-tribe-war-of-1812/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio played a [[Ohio in the War of 1812|key role]] in the War of 1812, as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in [[Lake Erie]]. On September 10, 1813, the [[Battle of Lake Erie]], one of the major battles, took place near [[Put-in-Bay, Ohio]]. The British eventually surrendered to [[Oliver Hazard Perry]].

Ultimately, after the U.S. government used the [[Indian Removal Act of 1830]] to force countless Native American tribes on the [[Trail of Tears]], where all the southern states except for [[Florida]] were successfully emptied of Native peoples, the government panicked because most tribes did not want to be forced out of their own lands. Fearing further wars between Native tribes and American settlers, they pushed all remaining Native tribes in the East to migrate west against their will, including all remaining tribes in Ohio.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=The Other Trail of Tears: The Removal of the Ohio Indians |date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/columns-by-jim-blount/home/2017-articles/what-happened-to-indians-that-once-inhabited-ohio|title=What happened to Indians that once inhabited Ohio? - Columns by Jim Blount|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181159/https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/columns-by-jim-blount/home/2017-articles/what-happened-to-indians-that-once-inhabited-ohio|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1835, Ohio fought with the [[Michigan Territory]] in the [[Toledo War]], a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making [[Michigan]]'s admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]], in addition to the eastern third, which was already considered part of the territory.

===Civil War and industrialization===

[[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]] during the [[American Civil War]].]]

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. Ohio's industry made it one of the most important states in the Union during the war. It contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] recruited 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals—[[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]]—were all from Ohio.<ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>

[[File:Standard Oil.jpg|thumb|The first [[Standard Oil]] refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman [[John D. Rockefeller]].]]

During much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants, Hopewell Furnace, opened near [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] in 1804. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in Ohio, most in the southern part of the state.<ref name="HOS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|title=History of Ohio Steelmaking|website=OhioSteel.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010626/http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of Ohio's steel industry, and by 1853 Cleveland was the nation's third-largest iron and steel producer. The first [[Bessemer converter]] was purchased by the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill|Cleveland Rolling Mill Company]], which became part of the [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] after the merger of [[Federal Steel Company]] and [[Carnegie Steel]], the first billion-dollar American corporation.<ref name="HOS" /> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio was the second-largest steel-producing state, behind Pennsylvania.<ref name="HOS" /> [[Republic Steel]] was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. [[Armco]], now AK Steel, was founded in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] in 1899.

{{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}

===20th century===

The state legislature officially adopted the [[flag of Ohio]] on May 9, 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|title=Ohio's State Flag (1901)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222949/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|url-status=live}}</ref> Dayton natives [[Orville and Wilbur Wright]] made four brief flights at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]], on December 17, 1903, inventing the first successful airplane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|title=The Wright Brothers - The First Successful Airplane|publisher=National Air and Space Museum|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222940/https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio was hit by its greatest natural disaster in the [[Great Flood of 1913]], resulting in at least 428 fatalities and hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage, particularly around the [[Great Miami River]] basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222944/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in [[Canton, Ohio]] in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.<ref name="profootballhof.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |title=Timeline Detail &#124; Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site |access-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042600/http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It included [[Ohio League]] teams in five Ohio cities (Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton), none of which still exist. The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the [[Dayton Triangles]] beat the [[Columbus Panhandles]] 14–0 in Dayton.<ref name="daytonlocal.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | title=Triangle Park: Site of First Game In The NFL | access-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222947/https://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> Canton was enshrined as the home of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1963.<ref name="Akron-Canton Football Heritage">{{cite book |last1=Maroon |first1=Thomas |last2=Maroon |first2=Margaret |last3=Holbert |first3=Craig |title=Akron-Canton Football Heritage |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-4078-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107195147/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Iron]] being converted to [[steel]] for wartime efforts at Youngstown's [[Republic Steel]] in 1941.]]

During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. By 1933, more than 40% of factory workers and 67% of construction workers were unemployed in Ohio.<ref name="greatdepression">{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|title=Great Depression|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 50% of industrial workers in Cleveland and 80% in Toledo became unemployed, with the state unemployment rate reaching a high of 37.3%.<ref name="greatdepression"/> American Jews watched the rise of [[Nazi Germany]] with apprehension. Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm |title=The SS and Superman |first=Randall |last=Bytwerk |website=Calvin.edu |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626231453/http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/superman.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090521231811/http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 21, 2009 |title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El) |website=Adherents.com |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref> Approximately 839,000 Ohioans served in the U.S. armed forces during [[World War II]], of whom over 23,000 died or were missing in action.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=World War II|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222942/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|url-status=live}}</ref>

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities that were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before the company relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].

Two Ohio [[astronauts]] completed significant milestones in the [[space race]] in the 1960s: [[John Glenn]] becoming the [[Mercury-Atlas 6|first American to orbit the Earth]], and [[Neil Armstrong]] becoming the [[Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|first human to walk on the Moon]]. In 1967, [[Carl Stokes]] was [[1967 Cleveland mayoral election|elected]] mayor of Cleveland and became the first African American mayor of one of the nation's 10 most populous cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|title=Carl B. Stokes |publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1970, an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an antiwar protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus became violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>

Ohio was an important state in the developing ties between the [[China–United States relations|United States and the People's Republic of China]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=59}} Relations between the two countries normalized in 1979, during the second term of Ohio governor [[Jim Rhodes]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} Rhodes sought to encourage economic ties, viewing China as a potential market for Ohio machinery exports.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} In July 1979, Rhodes led a State of Ohio [[Trade mission|Trade Mission]] to China.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with [[Hubei|Hubei province]], long-running Chinese exhibitions at the [[Ohio State Fair]], and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and [[Wuhan University]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=113}} Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].

===21st century===

Ohio's economy has undergone significant change in the 21st century, as the trend of [[deindustrialization]] has greatly impacted the [[Midwestern United States|American Midwest]] and the [[Rust Belt]]. Manufacturing in the Midwest experienced a stark decline during the early 21st century,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Arden |first1=Scott |last2=DeCarlo |first2=Christopher |date=November 2021 |title=Exploring Midwest manufacturing employment from 1990 to 2019 |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/exploring-midwest-manufacturing-employment-from-1990-to-2019.htm |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |language=en-us |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/exploring-midwest-manufacturing-employment-from-1990-to-2019.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> a trend that greatly impacted Ohio. From 1990 to 2019, it lost over 300,000 manufacturing jobs, but added over 1,000,000 non-manufacturing jobs.<ref name=":0" /> Coinciding with this decline, Ohio has seen a large decline in union membership: 17.4% of Ohioan workers were union members in 2000, while 12.8% were union members in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Membership Historical Table for Ohio : Midwest Information Office |url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/unionmembershiphistorical_ohio_table.htm |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203211/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/unionmembershiphistorical_ohio_table.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the wake of these economic changes, Ohio's state government has looked to promoting new industries to offset manufacturing losses, such as the production of [[solar energy]] and [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woody |first=Todd |date=November 23, 2009 |title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417072333/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23 |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |via=LA Times}}</ref> One major program the state government launched was the "Third Frontier" program, created during the governorship of [[Bob Taft]], which aims to increase investment in Ohio and boost its technology sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio Third Frontier – History |url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Ohio.gov}}</ref> As of 2010, the Ohio Department of Development attributes the creation of 9,500 jobs to this program, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name="TF">{{cite press release |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html |title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans |publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition |website=PRNewswire |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818005812/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with a [[return on investment]] of 9:1.<ref name="TF" /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name="AE">[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/|date=August 5, 2010}}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2023}} [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2023}} [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">{{cite journal |date=November 20, 2009 |title="Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009. |url=http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ |url-status=live |journal=Christian Science Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123072937/http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ |archive-date=November 23, 2009 |access-date=February 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub |url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060838/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7530129 |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=ABCLocal.go.com}}</ref>

Ohio's economy was also heavily afflicted by the [[Great Recession]], as the state's [[Unemployment|unemployment rate]] rose from 5.6% in the first two months of 2008 up to a peak of 11.1% in December 2009 and January 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=January 1, 1976 |title=Unemployment Rate in Ohio |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHUR |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221155857/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHUR |url-status=live }}</ref> It took until August 2014 for the unemployment rate to return to 5.6%.<ref name=":1" /> From December 2007 to September 2010, Ohio lost 376,500 jobs.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 12, 2010 |title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses |url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html |archive-date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Dispatch.com }}</ref> In 2009, Ohio had 89,053 foreclosures filings, a then-record for the state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grzegorek |first=Vince |date=May 20, 2010 |title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again |url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818090050/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=CleveScene.com}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% from 2006–07 to 2008–09, and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2010 |title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818012409/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Cleveland.com}}</ref>

In 2015, Ohio [[gross domestic product]] was $608.1 billion, the [[List of U.S. states by Gross State Product (GSP)|seventh-largest economy among the 50 states]].<ref name="LSC2016">[http://www.lsc.ohio.gov/fiscal/ohiofacts/2016/economy.pdf Ohio Facts 2016: Ohio's Economy Ranks 7th Largest Among States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131050344/http://www.lsc.ohio.gov/fiscal/ohiofacts/2016/economy.pdf |date=January 31, 2017 }}, Ohio Legislative Service Commission.</ref> In 2015, Ohio's total GDP accounted for 3.4% of U.S. GDP and 0.8% of world GDP.<ref name="LSC2016" />

Politically, Ohio has been long regarded as a [[swing state]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Kevin |date=September 2, 2021 |title=What Happened?: The 2020 election confirmed that Ohio is no longer a swing state. |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/09/02/what-happened-the-2020-election-confirmed-that-ohio-is-no-longer-a-swing-state/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=blogs.lse.ac.uk |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/09/02/what-happened-the-2020-election-confirmed-that-ohio-is-no-longer-a-swing-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but the success of many [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates in Ohio since the late 2000s has led many to question whether Ohio remains an electoral battleground.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=LeBlanc |first1=Paul |last2=Diaz |first2=Daniella |date=December 4, 2022 |title=Sen. Sherrod Brown says Ohio is still a swing state ahead of 2024 election {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/04/politics/sherrod-brown-ohio-2024-swing-state-cnntv/index.html |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203211/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/04/politics/sherrod-brown-ohio-2024-swing-state-cnntv/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangitano |first=Alex |date=September 9, 2022 |title=Ohio shows signs of becoming swing state again for Democrats |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3635032-democrats-aim-to-make-ohio-a-swing-state-again/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3635032-democrats-aim-to-make-ohio-a-swing-state-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 9, 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] reached Ohio, with three cases reported.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Ohio Coronavirus Map and Case Count |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/ohio-covid-cases.html |access-date=February 22, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222003328/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/ohio-covid-cases.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of February 2023, over 41,600 Ohioans have died from COVID-19.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus (Covid-19) |url=https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=coronavirus.ohio.gov |publisher=[[Ohio Department of Health]] |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222102033/https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home |url-status=live }}</ref> Ohio's economy was also heavily impacted by the pandemic, as the state saw large job losses in 2020, as well as large amounts of subsequent [[Stimulus (economics)|stimulus spending]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ellerbrock |first1=Matthew |last2=Demko |first2=Iryna |last3=Lendel |first3=Iryna |last4=Henrichsen |first4=Erica |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ohio |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_facpub/1730 |journal=All Maxine Goodman Levin School of Urban Affairs Publications |pages=1–7 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072405/https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_facpub/1730/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==

{{Further|List of Ohio counties|List of cities in Ohio|List of villages in Ohio|List of Ohio townships|Ohio public lands|List of lakes in Ohio}}

[[File:PEVI-view-of-Put-in-Bay.jpg|thumb|[[Put-in-Bay, Ohio|Put-in-Bay]] is located on [[South Bass Island]], one of Ohio's [[List of Lake Erie Islands|Lake Erie Islands]].]]

Ohio's location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because it links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th-largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-date=January 24, 2008 |url=http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp |place=Ohio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp |date=February 12, 2003 |title=Transportation delivers for Ohio |publisher=Department of Transportation |access-date=December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx |title=Ohio Coastal Counties |publisher=Department of Natural Resources |place=Ohio |access-date=September 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx |archive-date=August 30, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:

{{blockquote |Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the [[Great Miami River]], on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of [[Lake Michigan]], running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.}}

[[File:Ohioriver bridge8475.JPG|thumb|View of the [[Ohio River]] near [[Portsmouth, Ohio]]]]

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by [[Virginia]] (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.<ref name="Ohio_v_Kentucky">{{Cite web | url = http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | publisher = Find law | title = Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335 | date = January 21, 1980 | access-date = August 15, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140828231503/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | archive-date = August 28, 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the [[Toledo War]], to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

[[File:Geographic regions ohio.svg|thumb|Geographic regions of Ohio]]

Much of Ohio features [[Glacial till plains (Ohio)|glaciated till plains]], with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the [[Great Black Swamp]]. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the [[glaciated Allegheny Plateau]], and then by another belt known as the [[unglaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau [[Appalachian Ohio|features rugged hills and forests]].

Ohio's rugged southeastern quadrant, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965, Congress passed the [[Appalachian Regional Development Act]], an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> It defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref>[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005, data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>

[[File:Map of Ohio NA.png|thumb|right|Map of Ohio cities and rivers]]

Significant Ohio rivers include the [[Cuyahoga River]], [[Great Miami River]], [[Maumee River]], [[Muskingum River]], and [[Scioto River]]. The rivers in northern Ohio drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via [[Lake Erie]] and the [[St. Lawrence River]], and those in southern Ohio drain into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] via the [[Ohio River]] and the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]].

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the [[Great Dayton Flood]], the entire [[Great Miami River|Miami River]] watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. As a result, the [[Miami Conservancy District]] was created as the first major floodplain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.<ref name="MCDAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|access-date=January 13, 2007|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref>

[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112728/http://stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |url-status=live }}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to their location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Ohio also includes [[Bass Islands]] and [[Kelleys Island, Ohio|Kelleys Island]].<ref name="Law2015">{{cite book|author=Gwillim Law|title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ|accessdate=October 26, 2023|date=May 20, 2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0447-3|page=396}}</ref>

=== Fauna ===

Ohio has wide variety of unique animal species.

[[File:Hellbender Cryptobranchus.jpg|thumb|[[Hellbender|Eastern Hellbender]] in captivity]]

Rare and endangered species include the [[Hellbender|Eastern Hellbender]], which is found in the Southeastern Appalachian region of Ohio and is classified as state endangered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASTERN HELLBENDER |url=https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/animals/reptiles-amphibians/eastern-hellbender |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Ohio Department of Natural Resources |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321061019/https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/animals/reptiles-amphibians/eastern-hellbender |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eastern Hellbender is the 3rd largest [[amphibian]] in the world, and can grow up to 27 inches in length. It is fully aquatic and breathes almost entirely through its skin. Due to this, it is only found in pristine, cool, clear, fast flowing streams and rivers. It is highly threatened by [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]], [[Water pollution in the United States|water pollution]], and [[sedimentation]] due to logging and other human activities.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/59077/82473431 |title=Cryptobranchus alleganiensis: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T59077A82473431 |last=IUCN |date=2021-07-15 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-2.rlts.t59077a82473431.en |access-date=30 November 2023 |language=en |doi-access=free |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120114609/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/59077/82473431 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Climate===

{{See also|Climate change in Ohio}}

[[File:Köppen Climate Types Ohio.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Ohio, using 1991–2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]].]]

The climate of Ohio is a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa/Dfb'') throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's [[Bluegrass region]] section, which are located on the northern periphery of the [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') and [[Upland South]] region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer [[tornado]] reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the [[Tornado Alley]]. Severe [[lake effect snow]]storms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of [[Lake Erie]], which is located in an area designated as the [[Snowbelt]].

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the [[blackjack oak]], ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to a continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''([[Magnolia grandiflora]])'', [[Albizia julibrissin]] (mimosa), [[Crape Myrtle]], and even the occasional [[Needle Palm]] are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the [[Bluegrass region]] of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|Interstate 75]] from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's [[common wall lizard]], one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"

|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio<ref name="Ohio climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|title=Ohio climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031514/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-

!Location

!Region

!July (°F)

!July (°C)

!January (°F)

!January (°C)

|-

|[[Athens, Ohio|Athens]] || [[Appalachian Ohio|Appalachian]] || 85/61 || 29/16 || 40/21 || 4/−6

|-

|[[Cincinnati]] || [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Southwest]] || 86/66 || 30/19 || 39/23 || 3/−5

|-

|[[Cleveland]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 82/64 || 28/18 || 34/21 || 1/−5

|-

|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Central Ohio|Central]] || 85/65 || 29/18 || 36/22 || 2/−5

|-

|[[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] || [[Miami Valley]] || 87/67 || 31/19 || 36/22 || 2/−5

|-

|[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] || [[Northwest Ohio|Northwest]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/18 || 0/−7

|-

|[[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 81/60 || 27/15 || 32/19 || 0/−7

|}

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|113|F|C|lk=on}}, near [[Gallipolis, Ohio|Gallipolis]] on July 21, 1934.<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Maximums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html

| archive-date = March 3, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-39|F|C}}, at [[Milligan, Ohio|Milligan]] on February 10, 1899,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Minimums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922153636/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| archive-date = September 22, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref> during the [[Great Blizzard of 1899]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |title=The Great Blizzard of 1899: Deep South, Deep Freeze |last1=McLeod |first1=Jaime |date=February 6, 2012 |website=The Farmer's Almanac |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206103807/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Earthquakes====

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.<ref name=in-ohio>{{cite web|first=Michael C.|last=Hansen|title=Earthquakes in Ohio |url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|date=2015|publisher=[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224035942/https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] are located in the state, and numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]] lie under the surface.<ref name=in-ohio/><ref>{{cite web|first=Mark T.|last=Baranoski |title=Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features |publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey |url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps&Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|date=2013|access-date=June 13, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192416/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps%26Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref>

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, with a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007}}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref>

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.

===Cities===

{{See also|List of cities in Ohio}}

[[File:Ohio population map.png|thumb|Ohio population density map]]

There are 13 [[metropolitan statistical area]]s in Ohio, anchored by 16 cities, as defined by the U.S. [[Office of Management and Budget]]. Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of [[micropolitan statistical area]]s, urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]].

Columbus is the capital of the state, near its geographic center, and is well known for [[Ohio State University]]<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.-->. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |title=Top 100 U.S. metro economies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2010 |publisher=U.S. Conference of Mayors |access-date=April 22, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html |title=Plano set to lose Fortune 500 HQ as Alliance Data Systems shifts to Ohio |work=Dallas Business Journal |last=Womack |first=Brian |date=June 10, 2019 |access-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023459/https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), high tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information-based companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], and financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.

Located in [[Northeast Ohio]] along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its [[New England]] heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, of which the industrial cities of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] and [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] are constituent parts. [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], [[Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky]] and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] are also major cities in the region. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire and Rubber]] and [[Timken Company|Timken]], top-ranked colleges [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kent State University]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], and cultural attractions including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Big Five member [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]], [[Playhouse Square]], the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].

[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] anchors Southwest Ohio and the [[Cincinnati metropolitan area]], which also encompasses counties in Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to [[Miami University]] and the [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], and various Fortune 500 companies, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Kroger]], [[Macy's, Inc.]], and [[Fifth Third Bank]]. [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] and [[Springfield, Ohio|Springfield]] are in the Miami Valley, which is home to the [[University of Dayton]], the [[Dayton Ballet]], and the extensive [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]].

[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to [[Owens Corning]] and [[Owens-Illinois]], two [[Fortune 500]] corporations.

[[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] is the only metropolitan city in [[Appalachian Ohio]], a region known for its [[Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests|mixed mesophytic forests]]. Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio but are primarily in other states include the [[Huntington, West Virginia]] and [[Wheeling, West Virginia]] areas. Ohio is the US state with the highest number of cities with the same name as UK cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://matthewjmiller07.github.io/uscities |title=Map of UK cities which share names with US cities |access-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821100348/https://matthewjmiller07.github.io/uscities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Largest cities

|country = Ohio

|stat_ref = Source: 2020 U.S. Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202181905/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221|url-status=live}}</ref>

|list_by_pop =

|div_name =

|div_link = Counties of Ohio{{!}}County

|city_1 = Columbus, Ohio{{!}}Columbus

|div_1 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin

|pop_1 = 905,748

|img_1 = Downtown Columbus View from Main St Bridge.jpg

|city_2 = Cleveland

|div_2 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga

|pop_2 = 372,624

|img_2 = CLE skyline.png

|city_3 = Cincinnati

|div_3 = Hamilton County, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton

|pop_3 = 309,317

|img_3 = Downtown Cincinnati at dusk.jpg

|city_4 = Toledo, Ohio{{!}}Toledo

|div_4 = Lucas County, Ohio{{!}}Lucas

|pop_4 = 270,871

|img_4 = Toledo, Ohio Skyline, July 2022.jpg

|city_5 = Akron, Ohio{{!}}Akron

|div_5 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit

|pop_5 = 190,469

|img_5 =

|city_6 = Dayton, Ohio{{!}}Dayton

|div_6 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery

|pop_6 = 137,644

|img_6 =

|city_7 = Parma, Ohio{{!}}Parma

|div_7 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga

|pop_7 = 81,146

|img_7 =

|city_8 = Canton, Ohio{{!}}Canton

|div_8 = Stark County, Ohio{{!}}Stark

|pop_8 = 70,872

|img_8 =

|city_9 = Lorain, Ohio{{!}}Lorain

|div_9 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain

|pop_9 = 65,211

|img_9 =

| city_10 = Hamilton, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton

| div_10 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler

| pop_10 = 62,082

| img_10 =

| city_11 = Youngstown, Ohio{{!}}Youngstown

| div_11 = Mahoning County, Ohio{{!}}Mahoning

| pop_11 = 60,068

| img_11 =

| city_12 = Springfield, Ohio{{!}}Springfield

| div_12 = Clark County, Ohio{{!}}Clark

| pop_12 = 58,662

| img_12 =

| city_13 = Kettering, Ohio{{!}}Kettering

| div_13 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery

| pop_13 = 57,862

| img_13 =

| city_14 = Elyria, Ohio{{!}}Elyria

| div_14 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain

| pop_14 = 52,656

| img_14 =

| city_15 = Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga Falls

| div_15 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit

| pop_15 = 51,114

| img_15 =

| city_16 = Middletown, Ohio{{!}}Middletown

| div_16 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler

| pop_16 = 50,987

| img_16 =

| city_17 = Lakewood, Ohio{{!}}Lakewood

| div_17 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga

| pop_17 = 50,942

| img_17 =

| city_18 = Newark, Ohio{{!}}Newark

| div_18 = Licking County, Ohio{{!}}Licking

| pop_18 = 49,934

| img_18 =

| city_19 = Euclid, Ohio{{!}}Euclid

| div_19 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga

| pop_19 = 49,692

| img_19 =

| city_20 = Dublin, Ohio{{!}}Dublin

| div_20 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin

| pop_20 = 49,328

| img_20 =

}}

==Demographics==

{{US Census population

| 1800 = 45365

| 1810 = 230760

| 1820 = 581434

| 1830 = 937903

| 1840 = 1519467

| 1850 = 1980329

| 1860 = 2339511

| 1870 = 2665260

| 1880 = 3198062

| 1890 = 3672329

| 1900 = 4157545

| 1910 = 4767121

| 1920 = 5759394

| 1930 = 6646697

| 1940 = 6907612

| 1950 = 7946627

| 1960 = 9706397

| 1970 = 10652017

| 1980 = 10797630

| 1990 = 10847115

| 2000 = 11353140

| 2010 = 11536504

| 2020 = 11799448

| estyear =

| estimate =

| align-fn = center

| footnote = Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

}}

===Population===

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the [[1940 census]]) until the [[1970 United States Census|1970 census]], which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Population: 1970, Part 37—Ohio, Section 1|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|year=1970|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415053910/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|archive-date=April 15, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Growth then slowed for the next four decades.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balistreri |first=Kelly |title=Ohio Population News: Why did Ohio lose a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives? |publisher=Center for Family and Demographic Research at [[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 2001 |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516165832/http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2008 }}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] counted 11,808,848 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], a 2.4% increase since the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]].<ref name="2020census" /> Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and [[White Americans|whites]] are found in a greater density than the U.S. average. {{As of|2000}}, Ohio's [[center of population]] is located in [[Morrow County, Ohio|Morrow County]],<ref name="POPCENTER">{{cite web|title=2000 Population and Geographic Centers of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research |date=March 2001 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124004820/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2005 }}</ref> in the [[county seat]] of [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]].<ref name="POPCEN">{{cite web|title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 6, 2008 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref> This is approximately {{convert|6346|ft|m}} south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.<ref name="POPCENTER" />

{{Image frame

| caption=Graph of Ohio's population from 1800 to 2020 census.

| content =

{{Graph:Chart

| width=200

| height=100

| xAxisTitle=Date

| yAxisTitle=million residents

| legend=Legend

| type=line

| xType=date

| xAxisFormat =

| x= 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020

| xAxisAngle=-60

| y1= .045365, .230760, .581434, .937903, 1.519467, 1.980329, 2.339511, 2.665260, 3.198062, 3.672329, 4.157545, 4.767121, 5.759394, 6.646697, 6.907612, 7.946627, 9.706397, 10.652017, 10.797630, 10.847115, 11.353140, 11.536504, 11.799448

| y1Title=Population

| xGrid=

| yGrid=

| showValues=

| interpolate=

| colors=black

}}

}}

[[file:Ohio change in population by county 2010 to 2020.svg|thumb|right|Population growth by county in Ohio between the 2010 and 2020 censuses. {{legend|#800000|-10 to -5 percent}}

{{legend|#ff0000|-5 to -2 percent}}

{{legend|#ff8080|-2 to 0 percent}}

{{legend|#80ff80|0 to 2 percent}}

{{legend|#00ff00|2 to 5 percent}}

{{legend|#00aa00|5 to 10 percent}}

{{legend|#005500|10 to 20 percent}}

{{legend|#002b00| More than 20 percent}} ]]

As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref> Approximately 6.2% of Ohio's population was under five years of age, 23.7% under 18 years of age, and 14.1% were 65 or older; females made up an estimated 51.2% of the population.

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 10,654 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314020239/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Part 1: point-in-time estimates of homelessness |work=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |date=December 2022 |publisher=HUD USER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115000413/https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2023 }}</ref>

{{See also|Homelessness in Ohio}}

===Birth data===

''Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"

|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother

|-

! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]

! 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |series=Volume 64, Number 1 |date=January 15, 2015 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=S. C. |last4=Curtin |first5=T.J. |last5=Mathews |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=December 23, 2015 |series=Volume 64, Number 12 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=S. C. |last4=Curtin |first5=T.J. |last5=Mathews |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=January 5, 2017 |series=Volume 66, Number 1 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=T.J. |last5=Mathews |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=January 31, 2018 |series=Volume 67, Number 1 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=P. |last5=Drake |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=November 7, 2018 |series=Volume 67, Number 8 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=P. |last5=Drake |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=November 27, 2019 |series=Volume 68, Number 13 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J. K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=March 23, 2021 |series=Volume 70, Number 2 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324160631/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=February 7, 2022 |series=Volume 70, Number 17 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=C. P. |last5=Valenzuela |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210175206/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |date=January 31, 2023 |series=Volume 72, Number 1 |first1=B. E. |last1=Hamilton |first2=J. A. |last2=Martin |first3=M. J.K. |last3=Osterman |first4=A. K. |last4=Driscoll |first5=C. P. |last5=Valenzuela |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201003942/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

! 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05 |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404230758/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-

| [[White Americans|White]]

| 109,749 (79.0%)

| 110,003 (78.9%)

| 109,566 (78.7%)

| ...

| ...

| ...

| ...

| ...

| ...

| ...

|-

| > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]]

| 104,059 (74.9%)

| 104,102 (74.6%)

| 103,586 (74.4%)

| 100,225 (72.6%)

| 98,762 (72.1%)

| 97,423 (72.1%)

| 95,621 (71.1%)

| 92,033 (71.2%)

| 92,761 (71.5%)

| 90,671 (70.7%)

|-

| [[African Americans|Black]]

| 24,952 (18.0%)

| 24,931 (17.9%)

| 25,078 (18.0%)

| 22,337 (16.2%)

| 22,431 (16.4%)

| 22,201 (16.4%)

| 22,555 (16.8%)

| 21,447 (16.6%)

| 20,748 (16.0%)

| 20,380 (15.9%)

|-

| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]

| 3,915 (2.8%)

| 4,232 (3.0%)

| 4,367 (3.1%)

| 4,311 (3.1%)

| 4,380 (3.2%)

| 4,285 (3.2%)

| 4,374 (3.3%)

| 3,995 (3.1%)

| 3,862 (3.0%)

| 3,923 (3.1%)

|-

| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]

| 320 (0.2%)

| 301 (0.2%)

| 253 (0.2%)

| 128 (0.1%)

| 177 (0.1%)

| 169 (0.1%)

| 204 (0.2%)

| 102 (>0.1%)

| 107 (>0.1%)

| 204 (0.2%)

|-

| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)

| ''6,504'' (4.7%)

| ''6,884'' (4.9%)

| ''6,974'' (5.0%)

| ''7,420'' (5.4%)

| ''7,468'' (5.5%)

| ''7,432'' (5.5%)

| ''7,725'' (5.7%)

| ''7,669'' (5.9%)

| ''8,228'' (6.3%)

| ''9,062'' (7.1%)

|-

| '''Total Ohio'''

| '''138,936''' (100%)

| '''139,467''' (100%)

| '''139,264''' (100%)

| '''138,085''' (100%)

| '''136,832''' (100%)

| '''135,134''' (100%)

| '''134,461''' (100%)

| '''129,191''' (100%)

| '''129,791''' (100%)

| '''128,231''' (100%)

|}

* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Ancestry===

[[File:Ethnic Origins in Ohio.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Ohio]]

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"

|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]

|-

! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Alone

! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Total

|-

| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]]

|align=right| {{bartable|75.9|%|2||background:gray}}

|align=right| {{bartable|79.9|%|2||background:gray}}

|-

| [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]]

|align=right| {{bartable|12.3|%|2||background:mediumblue}}

|align=right| {{bartable|14.0|%|2||background:mediumblue}}

|-

| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}

|align=right| {{bartable}}

|align=right| {{bartable|4.4|%|2||background:green}}

|-

| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]

|align=right| {{bartable|2.5|%|2||background:purple}}

|align=right| {{bartable|3.1|%|2||background:purple}}

|-

| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]

|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:gold}}

|align=right| {{bartable|1.7|%|2||background:gold}}

|-

| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]

|align=right| {{bartable|0.04|%|2||background:pink}}

|align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}}

|-

| Other

|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}}

|align=right| {{bartable|1.2|%|2||background:brown}}

|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"

|+ '''Ohio historic racial breakdown of population'''

|-

! Racial and ethnic composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 25, 2008|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|date=September 2002 |website= U. S. Census Bureau |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/OH|title=Population of Ohio: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts|website=Censusviewer.com|access-date=April 17, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=US Census Bureau 2010 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=December 6, 2017|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US39 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Ohio |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416221848/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US39 |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-

| [[White American|White]] || 87.8% || 85.0% || 82.7% || 77.0%

|-

| [[African American]] || 10.6% || 11.5% || 12.2% || 12.5%

|-

| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.8% || 1.2% || 1.7% || 2.5%

|-

| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.3%

|-

| [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || – || –

|-

| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.5% || 0.8% || 1.1% || 1.9%

|-

| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.4% || 2.1% || 5.8%

|}

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

Ancestry groups (which the census defines as not including racial terms) in the state were:<ref name="census1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref> 26.5% [[German American|German]], 14.1% [[Irish American|Irish]], 9.0% [[English American|English]], 6.4% [[Italian American|Italian]], 3.8% [[Polish American|Polish]], 2.5% [[French American|French]], 1.9% [[Scottish American|Scottish]], 1.7% [[Hungarian Ohioans|Hungarian]], 1.6% [[Dutch American|Dutch]], 1.5% [[Mexican American|Mexican]], 1.2% [[Slovak American|Slovak]], 1.1% [[Welsh American|Welsh]], and 1.1% [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]]. Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include [[Sub-Saharan African]], [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]], [[Swiss American|Swiss]], [[Swedish American|Swedish]], [[Arab American|Arab]], [[Greek American|Greek]], [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]], [[Romanian American|Romanian]], [[Austrian American|Austrian]], [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanian]], [[Finnish American|Finnish]], [[West Indian American|West Indian]], [[Portuguese American|Portuguese]] and [[Slovene American|Slovene]].

===Languages===

About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition, 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===

{{Pie chart

| thumb = left

| caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2021 ''American Values Survey''<ref name="Values Atlas">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Ohio |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2021/States/religion/m/US-OH |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2021/States/religion/m/US-OH |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]

| value1 = 46

| color1 = Blue

| label2 = [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]

| value2 = 18

| color2 = Purple

| label3 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]

| value3 = 30

| color3 = White

| label4 = [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]]

| value4 = 2

| color4 = Teal

| label5 = [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]]

| value5 = 1

| color5 = Orange

| label6 = Other

| value6 = 3

| color6 = Black

}}

[[File:Amish - On the way to school by Gadjoboy-crop.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Amish]] children on their way to school]]

According to [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2021 ''American Values Survey'', 64% of Ohioans identified as [[Christian]]. Specifically, 19% of Ohio's population identified as [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline Protestant]], 17% as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]], 7% as [[Black church|Historically Black Protestant]], and 18% as [[Catholic]]. Roughly 30% of the population were unaffiliated with any religious body. Small minorities of [[Judaism|Jews]] (2%), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (1%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (<1%), [[Islam|Muslims]] (<1%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<1%), [[Mormonism|Mormons]] (<1%), and other faiths exist according to this study.<ref name="Values Atlas" /> Altogether, those identifying with a religion or spiritual tradition were 70% of the state's population.

Per the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]]'s (ARDA) 2020 study, Christianity remained the predominant religion. [[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]], numbering 1,411,863, were the largest Protestant cohort, although Catholicism remained the single-largest denomination with 1,820,233 adherents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.usreligioncensus.org |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the ARDA, in 2010 the largest Christian denominations by adherents were the [[Catholic Church]] with 1,992,567; the [[United Methodist Church]] with 496,232; the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 223,253, the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the [[United Church of Christ]] with 118,000, and the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] with 110,000.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217025357/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio had the [[List of U.S. states by Amish population|second largest Amish population]] of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies">{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |title=Amish Population Profile, 2020 |date=August 18, 2019 |website=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111151807/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to a [[Pew Forum]] poll in 2014, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, felt religion was "very important", 25% that it was "somewhat important", and 19% that religion was "not too important/not important at all". Among them, 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=May 11, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164701/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|archive-date=March 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==

{{Main|Economy of Ohio}}

{{See also|Ohio locations by per capita income}}

[[File:Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters.jpg|thumb|upright|Cincinnati's [[Procter & Gamble]] is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.]]

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number of people employed in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Ohio |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054436/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest among all 50 states and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web |title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref>[http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710132703/http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120901/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html |date=May 10, 2018 }}, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''{{'}}s 2010 rankings,<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084520/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ |date=December 2, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210235/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref>

Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> {{As of|2023}}, Ohio's per capita income was $60,402, ranking 38th in the U.S., and the state's [[median household income]] was $65,720.<ref name="r095">{{cite web | last=Account | first=Economic | title=Personal Income by State | website=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) | date=2024-03-29 | url=https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income-by-state | access-date=2024-05-24 | archive-date=May 20, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520010339/https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income-by-state | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="u858">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=U.S. Census | title=S1901: Income in the Past 12 Months | website=Explore Census Data | url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1901 | access-date=2024-05-24 | archive-date=May 20, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520023444/https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1901 | url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 2023, 13.4% of the population was living below the poverty line.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608133925/https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ |date=June 8, 2021 }} Statista.</ref>

The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref>[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref>[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the [[health care industry|health care]] and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.<ref name="DDOH" /> Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber]], [[AK Steel]], [[Timken Company|Timken]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], and [[Wendy's]].<ref name="CORPLIST">{{cite magazine| title = Fortune 500 2008| magazine = [[Money (magazine)| ]]| date = May 5, 2008| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040210/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| archive-date = February 26, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref>[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/ Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608142545/https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/ |date=June 8, 2021 }} The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>

[[Income inequality]] in Ohio, both before and after taxes, has risen significantly since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2011|url = https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49440|website = Congressional Budget Office|date = 12 November 2014|accessdate = 2015-12-10|archive-date = February 25, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200225015444/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49440|url-status = live}}</ref> Ohio's overall income grew in Ohio from 2009 to 2012, with an overall 7.1% increase in income growth. The top 1% had a 37.0% in income growth, while the bottom 99% grew their income by only 2.3%. The top 1% accounted for 71.9% of the overall shared income during this period.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Increasingly Unequal States of America: Income Inequality by State, 1917 to 2012|url = http://www.epi.org/publication/income-inequality-by-state-1917-to-2012/|website = Economic Policy Institute|accessdate = 2015-11-12|archive-date = December 5, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231205153618/https://www.epi.org/publication/income-inequality-by-state-1917-to-2012/|url-status = live}}</ref> The burden of [[income tax]] falls disproportionately on lower-income [[tax bracket]]s. In 2018, the bottom 20% of earners contributed 12.3% of their income towards various taxes, while the top 1% only paid 6.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schladen |first=Marty |date=2023-04-18 |title=Economists: Ohio flat-tax would worsen inequality |url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2023/04/18/economists-ohio-flat-tax-would-worsen-inequality/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Ohio Capital Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108152429/https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2023/04/18/economists-ohio-flat-tax-would-worsen-inequality/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==

[[File:Map of Ohio showing Interurban Railways c 1907.png|thumb|Map of Ohio showing Interurban Railways {{Circa|1907}}]]

[[File:Ohio welcome sign (2019).jpg|thumb|Ohio welcome sign in 2019]]

===Roads===

{{See also|List of Interstate Highways in Ohio|List of U.S. Routes in Ohio|List of state routes in Ohio}}

Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic [[Lincoln Highway]] which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]], and [[Van Wert, Ohio|Van Wert]]. The Lincoln Highway's arrival in Ohio was a major influence on the state's development. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became [[U.S. Route 30 in Ohio|U.S. Route 30]].

Ohio is home to {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} of the [[National Road]], now [[U.S. Route 40 in Ohio|U.S. Route 40]].

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the [[Ohio Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 80 in Ohio|I-80]]/[[Interstate 90 in Ohio|I-90]]) in the north, [[Interstate 76 in Ohio|I-76]] through [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] to [[Pennsylvania]], [[Interstate 70 in Ohio|I-70]] through [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], and the [[Appalachian Highway (Ohio)|Appalachian Highway]] ([[Ohio State Route 32|State Route 32]]) running from [[West Virginia]] to [[Cincinnati]]. Major north–south routes include [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|I-75]] in the west through [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], Dayton, and Cincinnati, [[Interstate 71|I-71]] through the middle of the state from [[Cleveland]] through Columbus and Cincinnati into [[Kentucky]], and [[Interstate 77 in Ohio|I-77]] in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[New Philadelphia, Ohio|New Philadelphia]] and [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of Ohio's most heavily traveled sections of interstate.

===Trails===

Ohio has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow [[rail trail]]s, with conversion ongoing. The [[Ohio to Erie Trail]] (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. [[U.S. Bicycle Route 50]] traverses Ohio from [[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] to the Indiana state line outside [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]].<ref name="USRN USBR 50">{{cite web|title=Report to SCOH|first=Marty|last=Vitale|location=Louisville, Kentucky|publisher=Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering, [[American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials]]|date=May 29, 2014|access-date=June 1, 2014|url=http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx|format=Office Open XML|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105136/http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx|archive-date=May 31, 2014}}</ref>

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the [[Buckeye Trail]], which extends {{convert|1444|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} in a loop around the state. Part of it is on roads and part on wooded trail. Additionally, the [[North Country Trail]] (the longest of the 11 [[National Scenic Trail]]s authorized by [[United States Congress|Congress]]) and the [[American Discovery Trail]] (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the [[United States]]) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

===Rail===

{{Ohio rail network}}

{{See also|List of Ohio railroads|List of Ohio train stations}}

Ohio has an extensive rail network, though today most lines carry only freight traffic. Three [[Class I railroads|Class I]] freight railroads operate in Ohio: [[CSX Transportation]], [[Norfolk Southern Railway]], and [[Canadian National Railway]]. Many local freight carriers also exist in the state.

[[Amtrak]], the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Ohio. The ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' serves {{amtk|Cleveland}}, {{amtk|Elyria}}, {{amtk|Toledo}}, {{amtk|Sandusky}}, and {{amtk|Bryan}}. The ''[[Capitol Limited]]'' stops in those cities as well as in {{amtk|Alliance}}. The ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'' serves [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]]. From Ohio, passengers can ride directly to {{amtk|Chicago}}, {{amtk|New York}}, [[South Station|Boston]], {{amtk|Washington, D.C.}}, {{amtk|Indianapolis}}, {{amtk|Pittsburgh}}, {{amtk|Buffalo}}, and dozens of destinations in-between.

Columbus is the largest city in the U.S. with no passenger rail. Its [[Union Station (Columbus, Ohio)|Union Station]] was last served in 1979 by the ''[[National Limited (Amtrak train)|National Limited]].''

Ohio is home to several [[Heritage railway|scenic railways]] and museums, including the [[Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad]] through [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]], the [[Age of Steam Roundhouse]] museum, and the [[Hocking Valley Scenic Railway]] near [[Hocking Hills State Park]].

===Transit===

[[File:Cincinnati-bell-connector station-1-the-banks 09-11-2016.jpg|thumb|Cincinnati [[Connector (Cincinnati)|Connector]] [[tram|streetcar]]]]

Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems. The [[Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority]] (GCRTA) operates the [[RTA Rapid Transit]] system, which consists of one heavy rail line, three [[Light rail in the United States|light rail]] lines, and three [[bus rapid transit]] lines. Cincinnati is served by the [[Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority]] (SORTA) bus network as well as a {{convert|3.6|mi|adj=on}} [[streetcar]] line, the [[Cincinnati Bell Connector]]. Other major transit agencies in Ohio include the [[Central Ohio Transit Authority]] (COTA) serving Columbus and the [[Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority]] (GDRTA) serving Dayton.

===Air travel===

{{See also|List of airports in Ohio}}

Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]], [[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]], [[Dayton International Airport]], and [[Rickenbacker International Airport]] (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is [[Wright Patterson Air Force Base]] which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are in [[Toledo Express Airport|Toledo]] and [[Akron-Canton Airport|Akron]]. Cincinnati's main airport, [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]], is in [[Hebron, Kentucky]], and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.

===Waterways===

{{Main|Lake Erie|List of rivers of Ohio|Historic Ohio Canals}}

==Law and government==

{{Main|Government of Ohio}}

[[file:Gov-Mike-DeWine.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Current governor [[Mike DeWine]]]]

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The political culture of Ohio has been described as [[Political moderate|moderate]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mayer |first=Jane |date=2022-08-06 |title=State Legislatures Are Torching Democracy |language=en-US |work=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/15/state-legislatures-are-torching-democracy |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230210851/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/15/state-legislatures-are-torching-democracy |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Executive branch===

The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web |title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216234435/https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>

===Legislative branch===

[[File:Ohio Statehouse exterior.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ohio Statehouse]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], home to the [[Ohio General Assembly]].]]

The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio General Assembly |publisher=Ohio History Central |date=July 1, 2005 |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators |title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives has 99 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the majority party in both houses as of the [[2022 Ohio elections|2022 election cycle]].

In order to be enacted into law, a bill must be adopted by both houses of the General Assembly and signed by the governor. If the governor vetoes a bill, the General Assembly can override the veto with a three-fifths supermajority of both houses. A bill will also become a law if the governor fails to sign or veto it within 10 days of its being presented. The [[session laws]] are published in the official ''[[Law of Ohio]]''.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=31-32}} These in turn have been [[codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Ohio Revised Code]]''.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=65-66}}

The General Assembly, with the approval of the governor, draws the U.S. congressional district lines for Ohio's 16 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. The [[Ohio Apportionment Board]] draws state legislative district lines in Ohio.

===Judicial branch===

[[File:Ohio State Office Building 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center]] holds the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]].]]

There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web |title=Constitution Online |publisher=Ohio General Assembly |url=https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio District Courts of Appeal |publisher=Ohio Judiciary System |url=http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ |archive-date=May 14, 2009}}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />

The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Local government===

{{see also|List of counties in Ohio|List of municipalities in Ohio|List of townships in Ohio}}

There are also several levels of local government in Ohio: [[List of counties in Ohio|counties]], municipalities ([[List of cities in Ohio|cities]] and [[List of villages in Ohio|villages]]), [[List of townships in Ohio|townships]], special districts, and school districts.

Ohio is divided into 88 counties.<ref>{{citation|title=Individual State Descriptions: 2007|series=2007 Census of Governments|date=November 2012|page=235|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/isd_book.pdf|ref={{harvid|Census|2007}}|access-date=February 27, 2022|archive-date=November 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123173109/http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/isd_book.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio law defines a structure for county government, although they may adopt charters for home rule.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ohiolegalresearc0000putn/page/106 106]–114}} [[Summit County, Ohio|Summit County]]{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} and [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://council.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_council/en-US/Legislation/Charter/2018/COUNTY%20CHARTER%20WITH%20EXECUTED%20CERTIFICATE%20PAGE%20AS%20OF%2011-6-2018.pdf |title=Charter |date=2018 |website=council.cuyahogacounty.us |access-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121224/http://council.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_council/en-US/Legislation/Charter/2018/COUNTY%20CHARTER%20WITH%20EXECUTED%20CERTIFICATE%20PAGE%20AS%20OF%2011-6-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> have chosen an alternate form of government. The other counties have a government with a three-member board of county commissioners,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 305.01 ''et seq.''</ref> a sheriff,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 311.01</ref> coroner,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 313.01</ref> auditor,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 319.01</ref> treasurer,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 321.01</ref> clerk of the court of common pleas<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 2303.01</ref> prosecutor,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 309.01</ref> engineer,<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 315.01</ref> and recorder.<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 317.01</ref>

There are two kinds of incorporated municipalities, 251 cities and 681 villages.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}<ref name="Ohio Secretary of State">{{cite book |last=Ohio Secretary of State |title=The Ohio Municipal, Township and School Board Roster |url=http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/publications.aspx#munros |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719184750/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/publications.aspx#munros |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL1.ST13&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=July 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070753/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL1.ST13&prodType=table|archive-date=December 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> If a municipality has five thousand or more residents as of the last [[United States Census]] it is a city, otherwise it is a village.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01 |title=Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A) |access-date=September 12, 2007 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075908/http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Municipalities have full home rule powers, may adopt a charter, ordinances and resolutions for self-government.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=106-114}} Each municipality chooses its own form of government, but most have elected mayors and city councils or city commissions. City governments provide much more extensive services than county governments, such as police forces and paid (as opposed to volunteer) fire departments.

The entire area of the state is encompassed by townships.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} When the boundaries of a township are coterminous with the boundaries of a city or village, the township ceases to exist as a separate government (called a [[paper township]]).{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} Townships are governed by a three-member board of township trustees.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} Townships may have limited home rule powers.{{sfn|Putnam|Schaefgen|1997|pp=110-111}}

There are more than 600 city, local, and exempted village school districts providing K-12 education in Ohio, as well as about four dozen joint vocation school districts, which are separate from the K-12 districts. Each city school district, local school district, or exempted village school district is governed by an elected board of education.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}} A school district previously under state supervision (municipal school district) may be governed by a board whose members either are elected or appointed by the mayor of the municipality containing the greatest portion of the district's area.{{sfn|Census|2007|p=235}}

==Politics==

{{Main|Politics of Ohio}}

{{See also|Elections in Ohio|Political party strength in Ohio}}

{| class="wikitable floatright"

! colspan = 6 | Party affiliation as of May 2024<ref>{{cite web

|title=SECRETARY OF STATE PROVIDES UPDATE ON PARTY AFFILIATION DATA

|access-date=May 15, 2022

|url=https://www.sciotopost.com/democrats-or-republicans-in-ohio-one-party-has-more-voters/

|archive-date=May 15, 2024

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515072055/https://www.sciotopost.com/democrats-or-republicans-in-ohio-one-party-has-more-voters/

|url-status=live

}}</ref>

|-

! colspan = 2 | Party

! Registered voters

! Percentage

|-

| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}

| [[Independent voter|Unaffiliated]]

| align=center | 5,734,850

| align=center | 71.15%

|-

| {{party color cell|Republican Party (US)}}

| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]

| align=center | 1,508,641

| align=center | 18.72%

|-

| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (US)}}

| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]

| align=center | 817,063

| align=center | 10.13%

|-

! colspan = 2 | Total

! align=center | 8,060,554

! align=center | 100%

|}

==="Mother of presidents"===

Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents", in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].

===Electoral history===

[[File:Ohio Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|thumb|[[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|Presidential election results]] by county for 2020 {{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]

Ohio has been considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As such, it is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|title=The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing|date=November 1, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013034/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980 and considered a [[bellwether]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref> This status was called into question after incumbent Republican [[Donald Trump]] won the state by an eight-point margin in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] despite losing nationally to Democratic challenger [[Joe Biden]].<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1247507 'Ohio has taken a different turn' - Why Ohio no longer appears to be a swing state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724201809/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1247507 |date=July 24, 2022 }}. [[NBC News]], November 12, 2020</ref>

Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb".<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as are all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.

Losing one seat in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2020 census, Ohio has 15 seats for the two presidential elections of the decade in 2024 and 2028.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2022 Ohio elections|2022 cycle]], ten federal representatives are Republicans while five are Democrats. [[Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[J. D. Vance]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Senators of the 111th Congress| publisher = [[United States Senate]]| url = https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325143416/http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| archive-date = March 25, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Allegations of voter suppression ===

Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the [[National Voter Registration Act of 1993|National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993]]<ref name="aclu-husted" /> and the [[Help America Vote Act of 2002]].<ref name="atlantic-husted">{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |website=The Atlantic |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Use It or Lose It? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004540/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]]. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters<!-- ACLU says 7500 voters, the Atlantic says tens of thousands --> would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.<ref name="aclu-husted">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |website=ACLU |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute |author=Jennifer Safstrom |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428200540/https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glueck |first=Katie |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Vance Elected Senator in Ohio; Once Anti-Trump, He Benefited From His Support |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/us/politics/jd-vance-wins-ohio.html |access-date=January 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102214209/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/us/politics/jd-vance-wins-ohio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was estimated in 2017 that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref>Clinton, Hillary Rodham, ''What Happened'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419</ref>{{Better source needed|True or not, Hillary Clinton's post 2016 book is not the best source for accurately estimating such a controversial stat, especially with regards to a state where she lost|date=October 2022}}

In a 2020 study, Ohio was ranked as the 17th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Education==

{{Main|Education in Ohio}}

Ohio's system of [[public education]] is outlined in Article VI of the [[Ohio Constitution|state constitution]], and in Title XXXIII of the [[Ohio Revised Code]]. [[Ohio University]], the first university in the [[Northwest Territory]], was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in [[Education in the United States|other states]]. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the [[Ohio State Board of Education]], governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The [[Ohio Board of Regents]] coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the [[University System of Ohio]] under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

===Colleges and universities===

{{Main|List of colleges and universities in Ohio}}

[[File:Ohio-Columbus-University-Hall-2017-10-21-001.jpg|thumb|[[University Hall (Ohio State University)|University Hall]] at the [[Ohio State University]] in Columbus, Ohio's largest university by enrollment.<ref name="headcount">As of fall 2021. {{cite web | title=Preliminary Headcount, Fall Term 2021 | url=https://www.ohiohighered.org/sites/default/files/uploads/hei/data-updates/final_ph_rpt_2021.xlsx | publisher=Ohio Department of Higher Education | access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>]]

Ohio is home to several public and private institutions of higher learning. Prior to statehood, the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787 included a provision to establish an institution of higher education in the region, which resulted in the establishment of [[Ohio University]] in 1804 as Ohio's first college.<ref>See [[College Lands]]: Ohio University Chartered, and [[Land Ordinance of 1785]], and {{cite book|title = A compilation of laws, treaties, resolutions, and ordinances: of the general and state governments, which relate to lands in the state of Ohio; including the laws adopted by the governor and judges; the laws of the territorial legislature; and the laws of this state, to the years 1815–16 | publisher = G. Nashee, State Printer | year = 1825 |url = https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog|page = [https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog/page/n24 17] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Ohio Lands: A Short History |url = http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggie/ohio-lands/ohl5.html |access-date = March 27, 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040556/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggie/ohio-lands/ohl5.html |archive-date = May 20, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Historical Collections of Ohio ... an Encyclopedia of the State | edition = The Ohio Centennial|volume = 1| editor = Henry Howe |publisher = The State of Ohio |year = 1907 |chapter = The Public Lands of Ohio | author = John Kilbourne |page=226}} [https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog/page/n235 <!-- pg=226 quote=College Lands. --> ''Act of February 18, 1804, v. 2, L. O. p. 193, An act establishing a University in the town of Athens''].</ref>

Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' of liberal arts colleges include members of the “[[Five Colleges of Ohio]]”: [[Denison University]], [[Kenyon College]] and [[Oberlin College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |title=2019 Best Colleges in Ohio &#124; US News Rankings |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224120917/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* 13 state universities

** [[Bowling Green State University]] ([[Bowling Green, Ohio|Bowling Green]])

** [[Central State University]] ([[Wilberforce, Ohio|Wilberforce]])

** [[Cleveland State University]] ([[Cleveland]])

** [[Kent State University]] ([[Kent, Ohio|Kent]])

** [[Miami University]] ([[Oxford, Ohio|Oxford]])

** [[Ohio State University]],<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.--> ([[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]])

** [[Ohio University]] ([[Athens, Ohio|Athens]])

** [[Shawnee State University]] ([[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]])

** [[University of Akron]] ([[Akron, Ohio|Akron]])

** [[University of Cincinnati]] ([[Cincinnati]])

** [[University of Toledo]] ([[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]])

** [[Wright State University]] ([[Dayton]])

** [[Youngstown State University]] ([[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]])

* 24 state university branch and regional campuses

[[File:Oberlin College - Bosworth Hall.jpg|thumb|right|Bosworth Hall at [[Oberlin College]] in northeast Ohio, the first college in the U.S. to admit women<ref name="Jones-WilsonAsbury1996">{{cite book |author1=Faustine Childress Jones-Wilson |author2=Charles A. Asbury |author3=D. Kamili Anderson |author4=Sylvia M. Jacobs |author5=Margo Okazawa-Rey |title=Encyclopedia of African-American Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2qhq1n1d4C&pg=PA339 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28931-6 |pages=339– |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217022314/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2qhq1n1d4C&pg=PA339 |url-status= live}}</ref>]]

* 46 private colleges and universities

* 6 free-standing state-assisted [[medical school]]s

** [[Boonshoft School of Medicine]], Wright State University

** [[Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine]], Ohio University

** [[Northeast Ohio Medical University]]

** [[OSU College of Medicine and Public Health|The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health]]

** [[University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center#University of Cincinnati College of Medicine|University of Cincinnati College of Medicine]]

** [[University of Toledo Medical Center|University of Toledo College of Medicine]] (formerly Medical University of Ohio)

* 15 community colleges

* 8 technical colleges

* 24 independent non-profit colleges

===Libraries===

Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|title=Average Statewide Scores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029041442/http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|archive-date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>

* 500,000 books or more

** [[Columbus Metropolitan Library]] (First)

** [[Cuyahoga County Public Library]] (Second)

** [[Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County]] (Tenth)

The [[Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN)]] is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

Ohio also offers the [[OhioLINK]] program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.

==Culture==

===Arts===

====Music====

{{Main|Music of Ohio}}

[[File:Rock hall at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in Cleveland]]

The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] and the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] are both located in [[Cleveland]]. Cleveland [[disc jockey]] [[Alan Freed]] is credited with coining the term and promoting [[rock and roll]] in the early 1950s. [[Cincinnati]] is home to the [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum]]. Six Ohio musicians are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members, [[Dave Grohl]] ([[Nirvana]] and [[Foo Fighters]]), [[the Isley Brothers]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Bobby Womack]], [[Benjamin Orr]] ([[The Cars]]), and [[Chrissie Hynde]] ([[The Pretenders]]). Also inducted was disk jockey [[Alan Freed]].

Other popular musicians from Ohio include [[Mamie Smith]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Tyler Joseph]] and [[Josh Dun]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]], [[Frankie Yankovic]], [[Doris Day]], [[the McGuire Sisters]], [[Howard Hewett]], [[Shirley Murdock]], [[Boz Scaggs]], [[John Legend]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Starset]], [[Dan Auerbach]] and [[Patrick Carney]] of [[the Black Keys]], [[Griffin Layne]], [[Joe Dolce]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[William "Bootsy" Collins]], Stephanie Eulinberg of [[Kid Rock]]'s [[Twisted Brown Trucker]] Band, and [[Devo]].

====Performing arts====

[[File:The Cleveland Orchestra with Franz Welser-Möst.jpg|thumb|The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] (pictured performing at the [[Teatro Regio (Turin)|Teatro Regio]]) is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S.]]

[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the nation's second-largest performing arts center, home to ten theaters.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare| title = About Playhouse Square| access-date = October 4, 2020| archive-date = May 14, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160514113908/http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare| url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S. and considered among the best worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras|website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224060051/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including [[Akron Symphony Orchestra|Akron]], [[Blue Ash Montgomery Symphony Orchestra|Blue Ash]], [[Canton Symphony Orchestra|Canton]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|Cincinnati]], [[Columbus Symphony Orchestra|Columbus]], [[Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra|Dayton]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra|Youngstown]]. Cincinnati is home to its own [[Cincinnati Ballet|ballet]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|symphony orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra|pops orchestra]], and [[Cincinnati Opera|opera]], all housed at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]]. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the [[Dayton Performing Arts Alliance]].

The [[Columbus Association for the Performing Arts]] manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.<ref name="bfoc">{{cite news |title=CAPA to manage Toledo theater |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html |date=June 22, 2009 |newspaper=Business First of Columbus |access-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161842/https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within the marching arts, [[Winter Guard International]] has hosted national championships in performing arts at the [[University of Dayton]] 18 times between 1983 and 2003, and has permanently since 2005. The [[Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps]] are Ohio's highest fielding [[Drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum corps]], competing in the [[Drum Corps International]] World Class circuit out of [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].

====Visual arts====

[[File:Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|With about 770,000 annual visitors, the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is among the most visited art museums in the United States.<ref name="RecordAttendence">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2019/01/cleveland-museum-of-art-hit-record-attendance-in-2018-thanks-to-kusama-front-and-new-programs.html|title=Cleveland Museum of Art hit record attendance in 2018, thanks to Kusama, FRONT and new programs|last=Litt|first=Steven|date=January 15, 2019|work=[[cleveland.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116043636/https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2019/01/cleveland-museum-of-art-hit-record-attendance-in-2018-thanks-to-kusama-front-and-new-programs.html|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the [[Columbus Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati Art Museum]], [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], and other entities. The full list includes:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

*[[Akron Art Museum]], [[Akron]]

*[[Allen Memorial Art Museum]], [[Oberlin College]]

*[[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]], [[Ohio State University]]

*[[Burchfield Homestead]], [[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]

*[[Butler Institute of American Art]], [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]]

*[[Canton Museum of Art (Ohio)|Canton Museum of Art]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]]

*[[Cincinnati Art Museum]], [[Cincinnati]]

*[[Cleveland Museum of Art]], [[Cleveland]]

*[[Columbus Museum of Art]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]

*[[Contemporary Arts Center]], [[Cincinnati]]

*[[Dayton Art Institute]], [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]

*[[Frank Museum of Art]], [[Otterbein University]]

*[[Imperial Glass Company|National Imperial Glass Museum]], [[Bellaire, Ohio|Bellaire]]

*[[Kennedy Museum of Art]], [[Ohio University]]

*[[Maltz Performing Arts Center|Temple Museum of Religious Art]], [[Case Western Reserve University]]

*[[Mansfield Art Center]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]]

*[[McDonough Museum of Art]], [[Youngstown State University]]

*[[Miami University Art Museum]], [[Miami University]]

*[[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]], [[East Liverpool, Ohio|East Liverpool]]

*[[Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland]], [[Cleveland]]

*[[Lancaster, Ohio#Ohio Glass Museum|Ohio Glass Museum]], [[Lancaster, Ohio|Lancaster]]

*[[Richard Ross Museum of Art]], [[Ohio Wesleyan University]]

*[[Springfield Center for the Arts at Wittenberg University]], [[Wittenberg University]]

*[[Taft Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati]]

*[[Toledo Museum of Art]], [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]

*[[Toy and Plastic Brick Museum]], [[Bellaire, Ohio|Bellaire]]

*[[University of Findlay's Mazza Museum]], [[University of Findlay]]

*[[Wexner Center for the Arts]], [[Ohio State University]]

*[[Whitby Mansion]], [[Sidney, Ohio|Sidney]]

{{div col end}}

The [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the [[Midwest]]. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, [[Sandro Botticelli]] (''Judith with Head of Holofernes''), [[Matteo di Giovanni]], [[Domenico Tintoretto]] (''Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani''), [[Mattia Preti]], [[Bernardo Strozzi]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]] (''St. Thomas of Villanueva''), [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (''[[Samson and Delilah (Rubens)|Samson and Delilah]]'') and [[Aert van der Neer]]. The collection also includes works by [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Claude Monet]] (''Rocks At Belle Isle''), and [[Pablo Picasso]]. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter [[Frank Duveneck]] (''Elizabeth B. Duveneck'').

The [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of [[Asian art|Asian]] and [[Art of ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] art, and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.<ref name="cmageneralinformation">{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information |title=General Museum Information |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016164810/http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the [[United States]].<ref name=newdirector2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |title=After triumph and trauma, the Cleveland Museum of Art seeks committed, long-term leadership: CMA 2014 |author=Steven Litt |date=March 26, 2014 |access-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133600/http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Columbus Museum of Art]] holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early [[Cubist]] paintings by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Juan Gris]], works by [[François Boucher]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Mary Cassatt]], [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Edward Hopper]], and [[Norman Rockwell]], and installations by [[Mel Chin]], [[Josiah McElheny]], [[Susan Philipsz]], and [[Allan Sekula]]. Also in Columbus, the [[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]] collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and {{convert|3000|ft|m}} of manuscript materials, plus 2.5&nbsp;million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.

Youngstown's [[Butler Institute of American Art]] was the first museum dedicated exclusively to [[Visual arts of the United States|American art]].<ref name="vindy-yo-12-29-27">{{cite news| title = Art Institute Gets Bulk of $1,5000,000 J. G. Butler Estate| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator| date = December 29, 1927}}</ref>

===Sports===

{{main|Sports in Ohio}}

====Professional sports teams====

[[File:10Cincinnati 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Great American Ball Park]], home to the [[Cincinnati Reds]] baseball team.]]

Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Guardians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Guardians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>

Ohio has brought home seven [[World Series]] titles (Reds 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, 1990; Indians 1920, 1948), three [[MLS Cup]]s (Crew [[MLS Cup 2008|2008]], [[MLS Cup 2020|2020]], [[MLS Cup 2023|2023]]), one [[NBA Finals|NBA Championship]] (Cavaliers 2016), and nine [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Championships]] ([[1920 Akron Pros season|Pros 1920]]; [[1922 Canton Bulldogs season|Bulldogs 1922]], [[1923 Canton Bulldogs season|1923]], [[1924 Cleveland Bulldogs season|1924]]; [[1945 NFL Championship Game|Rams 1945]]; Browns [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]). Despite this success in the [[NFL]] in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the [[Super Bowl]] since its inception in [[Super Bowl I|1967]]. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].

[[File:Pro Football Hall of Fame (23945852607).jpg|thumb|The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in Canton]]

Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008| url-status = dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the modern NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The NFL itself was founded in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.<ref name="profootballhof.com"/> The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the [[Dayton Triangles]] beat the [[Columbus Panhandles]] 14–0 in Dayton.<ref name="daytonlocal.com"/> Canton was enshrined as the home of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1963.<ref name="Akron-Canton Football Heritage"/>

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts [[minor league baseball]], [[arena football]], [[indoor American football|indoor football]], mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

====Individual sports====

The [[Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course]] has hosted several auto racing championships, including [[CART World Series]], [[IndyCar Series]], NASCAR [[Nationwide Series]], [[Can-Am]], [[Formula 5000]], [[IMSA GT Championship]], [[American Le Mans Series]] and [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. The [[Grand Prix of Cleveland]] also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The [[Eldora Speedway]] is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR [[Camping World Truck Series]], [[World of Outlaws]] Sprint Cars and [[USAC Silver Crown Series]] races.

Ohio hosts two [[PGA Tour]] events, the [[WGC-Bridgestone Invitational]] and [[Memorial Tournament]]. The [[Cincinnati Masters]] is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] and [[WTA Premier tournaments|WTA Premier 5]] tennis tournament.

====College sports====

{{main|List of college athletic programs in Ohio}}

[[File:Ohio Stadium, Columbus.jpg|thumb|[[Ohio Stadium]] in Columbus, home to the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team, is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|fifth-largest stadium]] in the world.]]

Ohio has eight [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision]] college football teams, divided among three different [[List of NCAA conferences|conferences]]. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

There are two programs in the [[Power Five conferences]]; the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]] of the [[Big Ten Conference]] and the [[Cincinnati Bearcats]] of the [[Big 12 Conference]]. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 931–327–53 overall record and a 25–26 [[Bowl game|bowl record]] as of [[2020 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2020]]. The program has produced seven [[Heisman Trophy]] winners, forty conference titles, and eight undisputed national championships. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball|men's basketball]] program has appeared in the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]] 27 times.

The [[Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball]] team has over 1,800 wins and 33 [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|March Madness]] appearances, whilst the [[Cincinnati Bearcats football|Bearcats football]] team became the first [[Group of Five conferences|so-called "Group of Five"]] team to qualify to the [[College Football Playoff]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[New York Times]] |last=Blinder |first=Alan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/sports/ncaafootball/alabama-michigan-georgia-cincinnati-college-football-playoff.html |title=Alabama, Michigan, Georgia and Cincinnati Make College Football Playoff |date=December 5, 2021 |accessdate=December 5, 2021 |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205173134/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/sports/ncaafootball/alabama-michigan-georgia-cincinnati-college-football-playoff.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Group of Five conferences, six teams are represented in the [[Mid-American Conference]]: the [[Akron Zips]], [[Bowling Green Falcons]], [[Kent State Golden Flashes]], [[Miami RedHawks]], [[Ohio Bobcats]] and the [[Toledo Rockets]]. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The [[Victory Bell (Cincinnati–Miami)|Cincinnati–Miami]] rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference [[NCAA football]] rivalry.

Other Division I schools, either part of the [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision]] or not fielding in football include the [[Cleveland State Vikings]], [[Xavier Musketeers]], [[Wright State Raiders]], and [[Youngstown State Penguins]]. Xavier's [[Xavier Musketeers men's basketball|men's basketball]] has performed particularly well, with 27 [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|March Madness]] appearances. Youngstown State's [[Youngstown State Penguins football|football]] has the third most [[NCAA Division I Football Championship]] wins, with 3.

There are 12 [[NCAA Division II]] universities and 22 [[NCAA Division III]] universities in Ohio.

==See also==

{{portal|Ohio|United States}}

* [[Index of Ohio-related articles]]

* [[Outline of Ohio]]

{{clear}}

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* ''Profiles of Ohio: history, statistics, demographics for all 1,339 populated places in Ohio, with detailed state and government histories, plus comparative statistics & rankings.'' (6th ed. Grey House Publishing, 2021). 828pp {{ISBN|1-64265-827-8}}; covers 88 counties, 248 cities and 689 villages.

* Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). ''Ohio: The History of a People''. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. {{ISBN|0-8142-0899-1}}

* Kern, Kevin F., and Gregory S. Wilson. (2013) ''Ohio: A History of the Buckeye State'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 544pp

* Knepper, George W. (1989). ''Ohio and Its People''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-87338-791-0}}

* Holli, Melvin G. (1999). ''The American Mayor''. State College, PA: [[Pennsylvania State University]] Press. {{ISBN|0-271-01876-3}}

* Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). ''A History of Ohio''. Columbus: The [[Ohio Historical Society]].

* {{cite book| title=Ohio Legal Research Guide |first1=Melanie K |last1= Putnam |first2=Susan M |last2= Schaefgen |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-57588-087-7 |publisher=William S Hein & Co }}

* Schmidlin, Thomas; Schmidlin, Jeanne Appelhans (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QANPLARGXFMC ''Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405043025/https://books.google.com/books?id=QANPLARGXFMC |date=April 5, 2023 }}. The Kent State university Press. Kent, Ohio. {{isbn|978-0-87338-549-7}}.

== External links ==

{{Sister project links|voy=Ohio}}

* [https://www.ohio.gov/ State of Ohio official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503125351/https://ohio.gov/ |date=May 3, 2024 }}

* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=39&StateName=Ohio#.U85uE_ldVu0 Ohio State Facts from USDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824213016/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=39&StateName=Ohio#.U85uE_ldVu0 |date=August 24, 2016 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060922195548/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OH USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio]

* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Ohio}}

* {{OSM relation|162061}}

{{Navboxes

|title =Topics related to Ohio

|list =

{{Ohio|expanded}}

{{Protected areas of Ohio}}

{{Midwestern United States}}

{{New France}}

{{United States political divisions}}

|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|40|-83|dim:300000_region:US-OH_type:adm1st|name=State of Ohio|display=title}}

[[Category:Ohio| ]]

[[Category:States of the United States]]

[[Category:Midwestern United States]]

[[Category:States and territories established in 1803]]

[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]

[[Category:Former French colonies]]

[[Category:1803 establishments in the United States]]

[[Category:Contiguous United States]]