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| ||''[[Rhinella inca]]'' {{small|(Stejneger, 1913)}} || Inca toad ||Peru. |
| ||''[[Rhinella inca]]'' {{small|(Stejneger, 1913)}} || Inca toad ||Peru. |
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| ||''[[Rhinella inopina]]'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012}} || || |
| ||''[[Rhinella inopina]]'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012}} || ||Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil |
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| ||''[[Rhinella iserni]]'' {{small|(Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)}} || Rio Perene toad || |
| ||''[[Rhinella iserni]]'' {{small|(Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)}} || Rio Perene toad ||Peru |
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|[[File:Instituto Butantan 2016 034 - "Cururu" toad.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella jimi]]'' {{small|(Stevaux, 2002)}} ||Cururu toad || |
|[[File:Instituto Butantan 2016 034 - "Cururu" toad.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella jimi]]'' {{small|(Stevaux, 2002)}} ||Cururu toad ||Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo) |
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| ||''[[Rhinella justinianoi]]'' {{small|(Harvey & Smith, 1994)}} || El Chape toad || |
| ||''[[Rhinella justinianoi]]'' {{small|(Harvey & Smith, 1994)}} || El Chape toad || Bolivia |
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| ||''[[Rhinella leptoscelis]]'' {{small|(Boulenger, 1912)}} || || |
| ||''[[Rhinella leptoscelis]]'' {{small|(Boulenger, 1912)}} || ||Peru |
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|[[File:Crested Toad (Rhinella lescurei) (38639489255).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella lescurei]]'' {{small|Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007}} || || |
|[[File:Crested Toad (Rhinella lescurei) (38639489255).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella lescurei]]'' {{small|Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007}} || ||French Guiana, Suriname |
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| [[File:Rhinella lilyrodriguezae.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella lilyrodriguezae]]'' {{small|Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017}} || Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad || |
| [[File:Rhinella lilyrodriguezae.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella lilyrodriguezae]]'' {{small|Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017}} || Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad ||Peru |
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| ||''[[Rhinella limensis]]'' {{small|(Werner, 1901)}} || Peru Coast toad || |
| ||''[[Rhinella limensis]]'' {{small|(Werner, 1901)}} || Peru Coast toad || Peru. |
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| ||''[[Rhinella lindae]]'' {{small|(Rivero & Castaño, 1990)}} || Murri beaked toad || |
| ||''[[Rhinella lindae]]'' {{small|(Rivero & Castaño, 1990)}} || Murri beaked toad || Colombia |
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| ||''{{extinct}}[[Rhinella loba]]'' {{small|Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Ben|first1=Celeste M.|last2=Gómez|first2=Raúl O.|last3=Báez|first3=Ana M.|date=2019-04-04|title=A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|language=en|pages=e1576183|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183|s2cid=133110392|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> || |
| ||''{{extinct}}[[Rhinella loba]]'' {{small|Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Ben|first1=Celeste M.|last2=Gómez|first2=Raúl O.|last3=Báez|first3=Ana M.|date=2019-04-04|title=A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|language=en|pages=e1576183|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183|s2cid=133110392|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> || ||Argentina. |
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|[[File:Rhinella macrorhina.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Rhinella macrorhina]]'' {{small|(Trueb, 1971)}} || Santa Rita beaked toad || |
|[[File:Rhinella macrorhina.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Rhinella macrorhina]]'' {{small|(Trueb, 1971)}} || Santa Rita beaked toad || |
Revision as of 08:48, 28 March 2022
Rhinella | |
---|---|
Cane toad (Rhinella marina) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Amphibia |
Order: | Anura |
Family: | Bufonidae |
Genus: | Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 |
Type species | |
Rhinella proboscidea Spix, 1824
| |
Species | |
94 species; see table | |
Synonyms | |
|
Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, and Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.
Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]
Etymology
- Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis (ῥίς, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.[2]
- Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek chaûnos (χαῦνος, ‘porous, spongy’).[3][4]
- Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’)[5] and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).[2]
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Rhinella:[6]
Image | Binomial name and author | Common name | Distribution | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) | southeastern Brazil w(eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina, and northern Rio Grande do Sul) | |||
Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972) | Cordoba toad | northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces). | ||
Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004) | Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). | |||
Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971) | Cerro Mali beaked toad | Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama | ||
Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824) | Brazil, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. | |||
Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884) | Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador | |||
Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003) | Loja Province, Ecuador | |||
Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993) | Cochabamba toad | Bolivia (Cochabamba Department) | ||
Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992) | Mendoza Pass toad | Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region) | ||
Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) | Common toad; Argentine toad | Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes | ||
Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959) | Rio Chili toad | Peru | ||
Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) | Arunco; Concepcion toad | Chile | ||
Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962) | Vallenar toad; Atacama toad | Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region) | ||
Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965) | Paraguay | |||
Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's Toad | Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad | ||
Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000) | Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. | |||
Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010 | Argentina | |||
Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014 | Brazil(Ceará) | |||
Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991) | Para toad | Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo), and eastern Peru | ||
Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009 | Panama(Chiriquí) | |||
Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882) | Horned toad | Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil | ||
Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007 | Brazil ( Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes) | |||
Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) | Peru (Huánuco) | |||
Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989) | Rio Viejo toad | Honduras | ||
Rhinella chullachaki (Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021) | Peru (Huánuco) | |||
Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002) | Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province) | |||
Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) | Striped toad | eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro | ||
Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945) | Bom Jardim toad | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. | ||
Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862) | Cope's toad; cururu toad | Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil | ||
Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | Dorbigny's toad | northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, and southeastern Brazil | ||
Rhinella exostosica Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020[7] | Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia), and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios). | |||
Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) | Bella Vista toad | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay | ||
Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) | Valle Santiago beaked toad | Ecuador and Peru | ||
Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) | Carabaya toad | Bolivia and Peru. | ||
Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992) | Gallardo's toad | Argentina | ||
Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 | Brazil | |||
Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967) | Rio Grande toad | Argentina | ||
Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) | Common lesser toad | Brazil. | ||
Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934) | Brazil. | |||
Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) | Brazil | |||
Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | Cane toad | north-western South America | ||
Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's toad | Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas | ||
Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) | Yellow Cururu toad | northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay | ||
Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913) | Inca toad | Peru. | ||
Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012 | Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil | |||
Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) | Rio Perene toad | Peru | ||
Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) | Cururu toad | Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo) | ||
Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994) | El Chape toad | Bolivia | ||
Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) | Peru | |||
Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 | French Guiana, Suriname | |||
Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017 | Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad | Peru | ||
Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) | Peru Coast toad | Peru. | ||
Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990) | Murri beaked toad | Colombia | ||
†Rhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019[8] | Argentina. | |||
Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971) | Santa Rita beaked toad | |||
Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007 | ||||
Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936) | ||||
Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007 | ||||
Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) | South American common toad | |||
Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Cane toad | |||
Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 | ||||
Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965) | ||||
Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) | ||||
Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005) | ||||
Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967) | ||||
Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979) | Laguna toad | |||
Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970) | Colombian beaked toad | |||
Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858) | Ocellated toad | |||
Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824 | ||||
Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014 | ||||
Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010 | ||||
Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) | Gray toad | |||
Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824) | Beaked toad | |||
Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952) | Rio Parahyba toad | |||
Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961) | Incachaca toad | |||
Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941) | ||||
Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920) | Mesopotamia beaked toad | |||
Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) | ||||
Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848) | Rusty toad | |||
Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000) | ||||
Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992) | Salta toad | |||
Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003) | ||||
Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001) | ||||
Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 | ||||
Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834) | Warty toad; Huanuco toad | |||
Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000) | ||||
Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858) | Falcon toad | |||
Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006) | ||||
Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Antioquia Beaked Toad | |||
Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Trueb's Beaked Toad | |||
Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978) | Alto Maranon toad | |||
Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857) | Veragua toad | |||
Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007) | ||||
Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007 | ||||
Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014) |
Notes
- ^ Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
- ^ a b Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
- ^ d'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.
- ^ χαῦνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ "rhamphoid". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
- ^ Ferrão, Miquéias; Lima, Albertina Pimentel; Ron, Santiago; Santos, Sueny Paloma dos; Hanken, James (2020-12-28). "New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia". Copeia. 108 (4): 967–986. doi:10.1643/CH2020043. ISSN 0045-8511.
- ^ Pérez-Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019-04-04). "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1576183. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 133110392.
References
- Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.
External links
Data related to Rhinella at Wikispecies
- Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Rhinella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York. (Accessed: 7 May 2008).