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{{Short description|Bulaka River language spoken in Indonesia}} |
{{Short description|Bulaka River language spoken in Indonesia}} |
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{{distinguish|text = Yalimek language, part of [[Mek languages]] spoken by Yali people}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Yelmek |
|name=Yelmek |
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|nativename=''Jab'' |
|nativename=''Jab'', ''Yabega'' |
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|states=[[Indonesia]] |
|states=[[Indonesia]] |
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|region=[[ |
|region=[[Merauke Regency]], [[South Papua]] |
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|speakers=400 |
|speakers=400 |
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|date=1978 |
|date=1978 |
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'''Yelmek''', also rendered '''Jelmek''' or '''Jelmik''',<ref>{{glottolog|yelm1242}}</ref> is a language of the proposed [[Trans-Fly – Bulaka River languages|Trans-Fly – Bulaka River]] family in [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]]. |
'''Yelmek''', also rendered '''Jelmek''' or '''Jelmik''',<ref>{{glottolog|yelm1242}}</ref> is a language of the proposed [[Trans-Fly – Bulaka River languages|Trans-Fly – Bulaka River]] family in [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]]. |
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Yelmek is spoken west of [[Merauke]], between the [[Digul River]] and [[Mbian River]]. Notable villages are (from north to south) |
Yelmek is spoken west of [[Merauke]] Regency, between the [[Digul River]] and [[Mbian River]]. Notable villages are (from north to south) Wanam Village on the [[Wanam River]] and Bibikem in Ilwayab District; Woboyo and Dodalim (Dudaling) Village in Tubang District. In the same district, related [[Maklew language|Maklew]] is spoken in Welbuti Village.<ref name="Evans-Southern">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Southern New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=641–774 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> |
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The Wanam variety might be a distinct language.<ref>{{glottolog|wana1273|Wanam Yelmek}}</ref> |
The Wanam variety might be a distinct language.<ref>{{glottolog|wana1273|Wanam Yelmek}}</ref> |
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Petabahasa by Indonesian [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology]] used the name ''Yelmek'' for the variety of [[Mek languages]] used by the [[Yali people|Yalimek people]] in Wanam Village in Abenaho District, [[Yalimo Regency]],<ref name="Yalimek">{{cite web | title=Yelmek | website=Peta Bahasa | url=https://petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/infobahasa.php?idb=732 | language=ms | access-date=2024-05-25}}</ref><ref name="mdb">{{cite web | title=Yelmek | website=Master Data Bahasa | url=https://bahasa.data.kemdikbud.go.id/bahasa/view?id=C3653E2A-BBC4-4ACC-A518-038275A33E3C | access-date=2024-05-25}}</ref> while this language is called '''Yabega'''.<ref name="mdbybg">{{cite web | title=Yabega | website=Master Data Bahasa | url=https://bahasa.data.kemdikbud.go.id/bahasa/view?id=0DA74C87-5316-42FD-9179-87A6CF8E16C0 | access-date=2024-05-25}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
Yelmek proper: |
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| ⚫ | |||
:{| {{table}} |
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|*m || *n || || *ŋ |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|+Consonants |
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! colspan="2" | |
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! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]] |
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|*p || *t || || *k |
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!<small>[[voiceless]]</small> |
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| {{IPA link|p}} |
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| {{IPA link|t}} |
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| {{IPA link|k}} |
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|- |
|- |
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!<small>[[voiced]]</small> |
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|*b || *d || || *g |
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| {{IPA link|b}} |
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| {{IPA link|d}} |
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| {{IPA link|ɡ}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]] |
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| || *s || || |
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| |
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| ({{IPA link|s}}) |
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| ({{IPA link|h}}) |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|*w || *l || *j || |
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| {{IPA link|m}} |
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| {{IPA link|n}} |
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| {{IPA link|ŋ}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] |
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| {{IPA link|w}} |
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| {{IPA link|l}} |
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| {{IPA link|j}} |
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|} |
|} |
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The fricative phonemes are both marginal. /s/ appears in only a small number of words, most of which are known to be loans. Speakers are not consistent either between each other or themselves in which words contain /h/, with many words claimed to have it being pronounced without it, and words that lack it surfacing with it, in an apparent case of [[hypercorrection]].<ref>https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/220032</ref> |
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:{| {{table}} |
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|*i || || *u |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|+Vowels |
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! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Close vowel|Close]] |
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|*e || (*ə) || *o |
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| {{IPA link|i}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʉ}} |
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| {{IPA link|u}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| || *a || |
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| {{IPA link|e}} |
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| {{IPA link|ə}} |
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| {{IPA link|o}} |
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|- |
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! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|a}} |
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| |
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|} |
|} |
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== Grammar == |
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Nouns in Yelmek are not morphologically complex. They have gender and number, but these are not marked on the noun itself, but on other parts of the sentence; number and gender are marked on the verb, and number is also marked on attributive modifiers of the noun. Modifiers in Yelmek occur in their underived root form when functioning as the predicate of a clause, but to serve as an attributive modifier within a noun phrase, must take an attributive suffix, which agrees in number with the head noun. Case marking occurs at the level of the noun phrase, not the noun, with the final element of the noun phrase being followed by a case assigning clitic or postposition.<ref>https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/220032</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 09:05, 25 May 2024
| Yelmek | |
|---|---|
| Jab, Yabega | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Merauke Regency, South Papua |
Native speakers | (400 cited 1978)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jel |
| Glottolog | jelm1234 |
Yelmek, also rendered Jelmek or Jelmik,[2] is a language of the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family in West Papua.
Yelmek is spoken west of Merauke Regency, between the Digul River and Mbian River. Notable villages are (from north to south) Wanam Village on the Wanam River and Bibikem in Ilwayab District; Woboyo and Dodalim (Dudaling) Village in Tubang District. In the same district, related Maklew is spoken in Welbuti Village.[3]
The Wanam variety might be a distinct language.[4]
Petabahasa by Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology used the name Yelmek for the variety of Mek languages used by the Yalimek people in Wanam Village in Abenaho District, Yalimo Regency,[5][6] while this language is called Yabega.[7]
Phonology[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |
| Fricative | (s) | (h) | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Approximant | w | l | j | |
The fricative phonemes are both marginal. /s/ appears in only a small number of words, most of which are known to be loans. Speakers are not consistent either between each other or themselves in which words contain /h/, with many words claimed to have it being pronounced without it, and words that lack it surfacing with it, in an apparent case of hypercorrection.[8]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ʉ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Grammar[edit]
Nouns in Yelmek are not morphologically complex. They have gender and number, but these are not marked on the noun itself, but on other parts of the sentence; number and gender are marked on the verb, and number is also marked on attributive modifiers of the noun. Modifiers in Yelmek occur in their underived root form when functioning as the predicate of a clause, but to serve as an attributive modifier within a noun phrase, must take an attributive suffix, which agrees in number with the head noun. Case marking occurs at the level of the noun phrase, not the noun, with the final element of the noun phrase being followed by a case assigning clitic or postposition.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Yelmek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yelmek language". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Wanam Yelmek". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Yelmek". Peta Bahasa (in Malay). Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ "Yelmek". Master Data Bahasa. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ "Yabega". Master Data Bahasa. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ^ https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/220032
- ^ https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/220032
Further reading[edit]
- Donohue, Mark. n.d. Disagreement in the Yelmek NP. Unpublished MS.
- Gregor, Tina (2020). A Documentation and Description of Yelmek (PhD thesis). The Australian National University. doi:10.25911/2GHT-ZP82. hdl:1885/220032.
- Gregor, Tina (2021). "A Phonetic Description of Yelmek". In Lindsey, Kate L.; Schokkin, Dineke (eds.). Phonetic Fieldwork in Southern New Guinea. Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 24. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 13–32. hdl:10125/24992. ISBN 978-0-9979673-2-6.
External links[edit]
- Paradisec has a collection of Yelmek materials
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