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William Johnson House Museum at Natchez National Historical Park in Natchez, Mississippi.

William T. Johnson (c. 1809 – June 17, 1851) was a free African American barber of biracial parentage, who lived in Natchez, Mississippi.

He was born into slavery but his owner, also named William Johnson and thought to be his father, emancipated him in 1820. His mother, Amy, had been freed in 1814 and his sister Adelia in 1818. Johnson trained with his brother-in-law James Miller as a barber, and began working in Port Gibson, Mississippi. He returned to Natchez, becoming a successful entrepreneur with a barbershop, bath house, bookstore, and land holdings. Though a former slave, William Johnson went on to own sixteen slaves himself.^[1] He began a diary in 1835, which he continued through the remainder of his life. Also in 1835, he married Ann Battle, a free woman of color with a similar background to his, and they had eleven children. Johnson loaned money to many people, including the governor of Mississippi who had signed his emancipation papers.

Johnson was murdered in 1851 after an adjudicated boundary dispute, by a mixed-race neighbor named Baylor Winn, in front of his son, a free black apprentice, and a slave.^[1] Winn was held in prison for two years and brought to trial twice; Johnson was such a well-respected businessman that the outrage over his murder caused the trial to be held in a neighboring town. In that town no one knew Winn, so they didn't know that he was half-black. Since Mississippi law forbade blacks from testifying against whites in criminal cases, Winn's defense was that he was half-white and half-Native American, making him white by law. The defense worked, none of the (black) witnesses could testify, and Winn escaped conviction.^[1]

Johnson's diary was rediscovered in 1938 and published in 1951. It reveals much of the daily life of a 19th-century Mississippi businessman, including the fact that he was himself later a slaveholder. His papers are archived at Louisiana State University.

Through an act of Congress, the home of William Johnson became a part of the Natchez National Historical Park in 1990.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Van Cleave, Timothy. "The Barber of Natchez". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-03-30.

Davis, Edwin Adams and William Ransom Hogan. The Barber of Natchez. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973.
Salvatore, Nick. William Johnson's Natchez: The ante-bellum diary of a free Negro. -book reviews. African American Review. Winter, 1995.

[Van_Cleave-1] Van Cleave, Timothy. "The Barber of Natchez". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-03-30.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Other persons|William Johnson}}
+{{Other people|William Johnson}}
-'''William T. Johnson''' ([[1809]]-June 17, 1851) was a free [[African American]] barber, who lived in [[Natchez, Mississippi]].
+[[File:William Johnson House Museum Natchez MS.jpg|thumb|William Johnson House Museum at [[Natchez National Historical Park]] in [[Natchez, Mississippi]].]]
+'''William T. Johnson''' (c. 1809 &ndash; June 17, 1851) was a [[Free negro|free African American]] barber of biracial parentage, who lived in [[Natchez, Mississippi]].
-Johnson was born into [[slavery]], but his slaveholder (also named William Johnson) emancipated him in 1820.  His mother Amy was freed in 1814 and his sister Adelia in 1818.  He trained with his brother-in-law James Miller as a [[barber]], and began working in [[Port Gibson, Mississippi]].  He returned to Natchez, becoming a successful entrepreneur with a [[barbershop]], [[bath house]], [[bookstore]] and land holdings.  He began a diary in 1835, which he continued through the rest of his life.  Also in 1835, he married Ann Battle, and the two had 10 children.  Johnson loaned money to many people, including the governor of Mississippi who had signed his emancipation papers.
+He was born into [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] but his owner, also named William Johnson and thought to be his father, [[Manumission|emancipated]] him in 1820.  His mother, Amy, had been freed in 1814 and his sister Adelia in 1818.  Johnson trained with his brother-in-law James Miller as a [[barber]], and began working in [[Port Gibson, Mississippi]].  He returned to Natchez, becoming a successful entrepreneur with a [[barber]]shop, [[bath house]], [[bookstore]], and land holdings.  Though a former slave, William Johnson went on to own sixteen slaves himself.<ref name="Van Cleave">{{cite web|last1=Van Cleave|first1=Timothy|title=The Barber of Natchez|url=http://www.nps.gov/natc/learn/historyculture/williamjohnson.htm|website=National Park Service|accessdate=2015-03-30|ref=3}}</ref> He began a diary in 1835, which he continued through the remainder of his life.  Also in 1835, he married Ann Battle, a free woman of color with a similar background to his, and they had eleven children.  Johnson loaned money to many people, including the governor of Mississippi who had signed his emancipation papers.
-Johnson was killed in a land dispute in 1851.  His murderer was held in prison for two years and brought to trial twice; but was freed because he claimed to be white and the only witness to the murder was a black man, who under Mississippi law at that time could not testify against a white man.
+Johnson was murdered in 1851 after an adjudicated boundary dispute, by a mixed-race neighbor named Baylor Winn, in front of his son, a free black apprentice, and a slave.<ref name="Van Cleave"/> Winn was held in prison for two years and brought to trial twice; Johnson was such a well-respected businessman that the outrage over his murder caused the trial to be held in a neighboring town.  In that town no one knew Winn, so they didn't know that he was half-black.  Since Mississippi law forbade blacks from testifying against whites in criminal cases, Winn's defense was that he was half-white and half-Native American, making him white by law.  The defense worked, none of the (black) witnesses could testify, and Winn escaped conviction.<ref name="Van Cleave"/>
-Johnson's diary was rediscovered in 1938, and published in 1951.  It reveals much of the daily life of a Mississippi businessman, including the fact that he was himself later a slaveholder.  His papers are archived at [[Louisiana State University]].
+Johnson's diary was rediscovered in 1938 and published in 1951.  It reveals much of the daily life of a 19th-century Mississippi businessman, including the fact that he was himself later a slaveholder.  His papers are archived at [[Louisiana State University]].
-The home of William Johnson became a part of the [[Natchez National Historical Park]] in 1990, through an act of [[United States Congress|Congress]].
+Through an act of [[United States Congress|Congress]], the [[William Johnson House (Natchez, Mississippi)|home of William Johnson]] became a part of the [[Natchez National Historical Park]] in 1990.
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-* Davis, Edwin Adams and William Ransom Hogan.  ''The Barber of Natchez.'' Baton Rouge: [[Louisiana State University Press]], 1973.
+* [[Edwin Adams Davis|Davis, Edwin Adams]] and William Ransom Hogan.  ''The Barber of Natchez.'' Baton Rouge: [[Louisiana State University Press]], 1973.
 * Salvatore, Nick.  William Johnson's Natchez: The ante-bellum diary of a free Negro. -book reviews. ''African American Review.''  Winter, 1995.
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Johnson, William
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1809
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Natchez, Mississippi
-| DATE OF DEATH     = 1851
-| PLACE OF DEATH    = Adams County, Mississippi
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, William}}
-[[Category:1851 deaths|Johnson, William T.]]
+[[Category:1851 deaths]]
-[[Category:1809 births|Johnson, William T.]]
+[[Category:1800s births]]
-[[Category:African-American people]]
+[[Category:19th-century African-American businesspeople]]
-[[Category:American diarists]]
+[[Category:19th-century American diarists]]
 [[Category:American booksellers]]
 [[Category:Barbers]]
 [[Category:People from Natchez, Mississippi]]
 [[Category:People murdered in Mississippi]]
+[[Category:Murdered African-American people]]
+[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]

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